Presupuestos éticos de la visión de la economía en la obra periodística de Andrés Bello (1831-1843)

Consideración sobre la obra periodística de Andrés Bello, uno de los autores decimonónicos que asumieron los valores e ideas ilustradas y liberales, derivadas de los pensadores ingleses y franceses de comienzos del siglo XIX. Estas ideas aparecen en sus textos académicos y sobre todo en los periódicos en los que colaboró. Entre sus ideas económicas más importantes, que generaron “opinión pública", se destaca la valorización de la libre iniciativa, la propiedad privada y la búsqueda del aumento de la riqueza como estrategia para el progreso de los países. Se analiza este trasfondo social y económico porque se trata de ideas y perspectivas éticas donde convergen la moralidad, la política y el derecho, cuya importancia es destacable frente a un mundo globalizado.

Horizontal profiles of longwave and shortwave radiation components over sea ice near Barrow, Alaska during the 2011 melt

An integrated instrument package for measuring and understanding the surface radiation budget of sea ice is presented, along with results from its first deployment. The setup simultaneously measures broadband fluxes of upwelling and downwelling terrestrial and solar radiation (four components separately), spectral fluxes of incident and reflected solar radiation, and supporting data such as air temperature and humidity, surface temperature, and location (GPS), in addition to photographing the sky and observed surface during each measurement. The instruments are mounted on a small sled, allowing measurements of the radiation budget to be made at many locations in the study area to see the effect of small-scale surface processes on the large-scale radiation budget. Such observations have many applications, from calibration and validation of remote sensing products to improving our understanding of surface processes that affect atmosphere-snow-ice interactions and drive feedbacks, ultimately leading to the potential to improve climate modelling of ice-covered regions of the ocean. The photographs, spectral data, and other observations allow for improved analysis of the broadband data. An example of this is shown by using the observations made during a partly cloudy day, which show erratic variations due to passing clouds, and creating a careful estimate of what the radiation budget along the observed line would have been under uniform sky conditions, clear or overcast. Other data from the setup's first deployment, in June 2011 on fast ice near Point Barrow, Alaska, are also shown; these illustrate the rapid changes of the radiation budget during a cold period that led to refreezing and new snow well into the melt season.