Geotecnologias aplicadas à análise do assoreamento de reservatórios de hidrelétricas em cenário de escassez de dados de séries históricas

Pós-graduação em Engenharia Mecânica - FEG

Modelagem do aporte de sedimentos aplicada à bacia hidrográfica contribuinte da PCH Costa Rica (MS) e proposta de mitigação do assoreamento

Pós-graduação em Engenharia Mecânica - FEG

Studio degli eventi erosivi in quattro aree campione della costa emiliano-romagnola

Il progetto di tesi ha analizzato i processi erosivi in atto in quattro aree della costa emilianoromagnola settentrionale, situate davanti a importanti foci fluviali: Volano, Reno, F. Uniti e Savio. Il lavoro di tesi si colloca all’interno di un progetto più ampio, che prevede la collaborazione tra la Regione Emilia Romagna, Servizio Geologico, Sismico e dei Suoli e l’Istituto di Scienze Marine ISMAR-CNR, sede di Bologna. Quest’ultimo ha acquisito, durante la campagna ERO2010, 210 km di profili sismici ad alta risoluzione in un’area sotto-costa, posta tra i 2 e gli 8 metri di profondità. Il lavoro di tesi ha usufruito di una nuova strategia di analisi, la sismica ad alta risoluzione (Chirp sonar), che ha permesso di identificare ed esaminare l’architettura geologica riconoscibile nei profili ed approfondire la conoscenza dell’assetto sub-superficiale dei depositi, ampliando le conoscenze di base riguardanti la dinamica dei litorali. L’interpretazione dei dati disponibili è avvenuta seguendo differenti fasi di studio: la prima, più conoscitiva, ha previsto l’identificazione delle evidenze di erosione nelle aree in esame mediante l’analisi della variazione delle linee di riva, l’osservazione delle opere poste a difesa del litorale e lo studio dell’evoluzione delle principali foci. Nella fase successiva le facies identificate nei profili sismici sono state interpretate in base alle loro caratteristiche geometriche ed acustiche, identificando le principali strutture presenti e interpretando, sulla base delle informazioni storiche apprese e delle conoscenze geologiche a disposizione, i corpi sedimentari riconosciuti. I nuovi profili Chirp sonar hanno consentito la ricostruzione geologica mediante la correlazione dei dati a mare (database ISMAR-CNR, Bologna, Carta geologica dei mari italiani 1:250.000) con quelli disponibili a terra, quali Carta dell’evoluzione storica dei cordoni costieri (Servizio Geologico e Sismico dei Suoli, Bo) e Carta geologica 1:50.000 (Servizio Geologico d’Italia e Progetto CARG). La conoscenza dei termini naturali e antropici dello stato fisico dei sistemi costieri è il presupposto necessario per l'esecuzione di studi ambientali atti a una corretta gestione integrata della costa. L’analisi approfondita della geologia superficiale fornisce un’opportunità per migliorare il processo decisionale nella gestione dei litorali e nella scelta degli interventi da attuare sulla costa, che devono essere fatti consapevolmente considerando l’assetto geologico e prevedendo una strategia di manutenzione della costa a medio termine. Un singolo intervento di ripascimento produce effetti di breve durata e non sufficienti a sanare il problema e a mitigare il rischio costiero. Nei tratti costieri scarsamente alimentati, soggetti a persistenti fenomeni erosivi, occorre, pertanto, mettere in atto ripetuti interventi di ripascimento accompagnati da un idoneo piano di monitoraggio.

Studio geologico-geofisico Marino del Golfo di Corigliano (Costa Calabra Orientale)

In questo lavoro di tesi sono stati utilizzati profili sismici a riflessione a varie scale, acquisiti nel Golfo di Corigliano (Margine Ionico della Calabria) con lo scopo di studiare la deformazione tettonica e l’organizzazione dei depositi superficiali (tardo Pleistocenici) di quest’area di transizione tra il fronte di collisione Appenninico e il retroarco della subduzione Calabra. Lo studio della Dorsale dell’Amendolara si è dimostrato essere un elemento chiave per la comprensione geologica di questo settore crostale, considerato relativamente stabile ma sede di una significativa sismicità. L’analisi dei profili sismici ha rivelato la presenza di un fronte tettonico attivo (Faglia dell’Amendolara) che corre lungo il fianco occidentale dell’omonima Dorsale e che, secondo numerose evidenze geologico-strutturali, sembrerebbe caratterizzato attualmente da una cinematica trascorrente sinistra. L’attuale regime si è probabilmente sovraimposto ai fronti compressivi Neogenico-Quaternari, legati alla convergenza Appenninica. Queste evidenze fanno ipotizzare che la genesi della depressione confinata tra la costa calabrese e la Dorsale dell’Amendolara, coincidente con il Bacino di Sibari-Corigliano, sia stata causata da flessura della litosfera in seguito all’avanzamento delle coltri compressive da NNE. I dati a disposizione mostrano che la depressione del Bacino di Sibari-Corigliano, si trova attualmente in una situazione di riempimento “passivo” da parte dei depositi provenienti dal Fiume Crati e da fenomeni di instabilità gravitativa, probabilmente innescati da terremoti localizzati soprattutto lungo il fianco occidentale della Dorsale dell’Amendolara.

Chemical, and Sr and Li isotopic composition of pore fluids and sediments from ODP Leg 170 and Leg 205 sites

Pore fluid and sediment chemical and isotopic data were obtained for samples from Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Leg 205 Sites 1253, 1254, and 1255 in the Costa Rica subduction zone. The chemical and isotopic data reported here were generated in our shore-based laboratories to complement shipboard inorganic geochemical data. Li isotopic analyses were carried out by L.-H. Chan at Louisiana State University (USA). The data reported herein include fluoride, bromide, rubidium, cesium, and barium concentrations; Li and Sr isotopic compositions in pore fluids; and Rb, Cs, and Ba concentrations in representative bulk sediments. The data also include new pore fluid fluoride and bromide concentrations from corresponding ODP Leg 170 Sites 1039, 1040, and 1043. O.M. Saether's Site 1039 and 1040 fluoride concentration data are shown for comparison. Basal sediment fluoride concentrations and Li and Sr isotope ratios at both Sites 1253 and 1039 show reversals that approach modern seawater values. Br/Cl ratios are, however, conservative throughout the sediment section at Sites 1039 and 1253. The observed sharp F and Br concentration maxima, Rb and K concentration minima, the most radiogenic 87Sr/86Sr ratios, and highest 7Li values along the décollement and fracture zone (Sites 1040, 1043, 1254, and 1255) strengthen the evidence obtained during Leg 170 that a deeply sourced fluid, originating from fluid-rock reactions at ~150°C and corresponding to between 10 and 15 km depth, is transporting solutes to the ocean.

Mineralogy and diagenesis of slope sediments at DSDP Leg 84 holes

The distribution and composition of minerals in the silt and clay fraction of the fine-grained slope sediments were examined. Special interest was focused on diagenesis. The results are listed as follows. (1) Smectite, andesitic Plagioclase, quartz, and low-Mg calcite are the main mineral components of the sediment. Authigenic dolomite was observed in the weathering zones of serpentinites, together with aragonite, as well as in clayey silt. (2) The mineralogy and geochemistry of the sediments is analogous to that of the andesitic rocks of Costa Rica and Guatemala. (3) Unstable components like volcanic glass, amphiboles, and pyroxenes show increasing etching with depth. (4) The diagenetic alteration of opal-A skeletons from etching pits and replacement by opal-CT to replacement by chalcedony as a final stage corresponds to the typical opal diagenesis. (5) Clinoptilolite is the stable zeolite mineral according to mineral stability fields; its neoformation is well documented. (6) The early diagenesis of smectites is shown by an increase of crystallinity with depth. Only the smectites in the oldest sediments (Oligocene and early Eocene) contain nonexpanding illite layers.

Benthic foraminiferal composition at the inner wall of the Middle America Trench, Costa Rica

The sediments of Deep Sea Drilling Project Site 565 and University of Texas Marine Science Institute Cores IG-24-7-38 to -42 taken on the landward slope of the Middle America Trench exhibit characteristics of material subject to reworking during downslope mass flow. These characteristics include a generally homogeneous texture, lack of sedimentary structures, pervasive presence of a penetrative scaly fabric, and presence of transported benthic foraminifers. Although these features occur throughout the sediments examined, trends in bulk density, porosity, and water content, and abrupt shifts in these index physical properties and in sediment magnetic properties at Site 565 indicate that downslope sediment creep is presently most active in the upper 45 to 50 m of sediment. It cannot be determined whether progressive dewatering of sediment has brought the material at this depth to a plastic limit at which sediment can no longer flow (thus resulting in its accretion to the underlying sediments) or whether this depth represents a surface along which slumping has occurred. We suspect both are true in part, that is, that mass movements and downslope reworking accumulate sediments in a mobile layer of material that is self-limiting in thickness.

Planktonic foraminifera abundance in sediments of ODP Leg 170 sites

From October to December in 1996, Sites 1039 through 1043 were drilled on the lower continental slope and the bottom of the Middle American Trench. Planktonic foraminifers were obtained from 377 samples of the total 487 examined. The Pliocene- to Pleistocene-age sediments of Sites 1039 and 1043 are continuous from Zones N19 through N23. At Sites 1039 and 1040, middle Miocene sediments are also continuous, encompassing Zones N8 through N12. The sequences of the upper part of Sites 1040, 1041, 1042, and 1043 are décollements, tentatively assignable to Zone N19 for Sites 1040, 1041, and 1042 and to Zone N22 for Site 1043. The oldest sediments of these sites are assigned to Zone N7 (latest early Miocene), ~17 Ma in age.

Calcareous nannofossil range-distribution and zonation of sediments from three ODP Leg 205 holes

Ocean Drilling Program Leg 205 of the research vessel JOIDES Resolution was a return expedition to the Leg 170 sites located on the Costa Rica subduction zone. Here the entire sediment cover on the incoming Cocos plate, including significantly large sections of calcareous nannofossil ooze and chalk, is underthrust beneath the overriding Caribbean plate. The large amount of subducted carbonate produces characteristic styles of volcanic and seismic activity that differ from those found farther along strike in Nicaragua and elsewhere. An understanding of the fate of subducted carbonate sediment sections is an essential component to our understanding of the global biogeochemical cycling of carbon dioxide. Because Leg 205 drilling operations were performed within meters of the Leg 170 drill sites occupied during October-December 1996, minimal coring was done during Leg 205. Although the biostratigraphy of the Leg 170 sites has since been documented in detail, questions remained regarding the age and nature of a gabbro sill that was only partially penetrated by coring during Leg 170. Coring operations during Leg 205 fully penetrated the gabbro sill, followed by an additional 12 m of sediments below the sill, and then ~160 m of gabbro. Coring halted at 600 meters below seafloor (mbsf). Calcareous nannofossil age dating of the sediments immediately above the igneous sill, as well as the sediment between the sill and the lower igneous unit, indicates a minimum age of 15.6 Ma and a maximum age of 18.2 Ma for the sediments. This implies that the sill was emplaced more recently than 18.2 Ma. The calcareous nannofossil assemblage in baked sediments in contact with the top of the lower igneous unit also suggests that the maximum age for emplacement is 18.2 Ma. At Site 1254, coring was accomplished between 150 and 230 mbsf (prism section), and from 300 to 367.5 mbsf (prism and through the décollement into the underthrust section). In the interval from 150 to 322 mbsf, the biostratigraphic analysis of calcareous nannofossils suggests that the sediments are early Pleistocene age between 150 and 161 mbsf, late Pliocene age from 161 to 219 mbsf, and early Pliocene age from 219 to 222 mbsf (no younger than 3.75 Ma). The lack of marker fossils in the interval of sediments cored from 300 to 350.6 mbsf does not allow for any age determinations; however, sediments from 351.6 to 359.81 mbsf could be age dated and are also early Pliocene age, but no younger than 3.75 Ma.

Calcareous nannofossil abundance and datums of sediments from ODP Leg 170 sites

Three Pleistocene, five Pliocene, and thirteen late and middle Miocene calcareous nannofossil datums have been identified in the Leg 170 cored sequences collected from a transect across the Middle America Trench off the Nicoya Peninsula. Although some nannofossil zones could not be delineated, particularly in the Pliocene and upper Miocene, there appears to be a complete or very nearly complete Pleistocene through lower Miocene section at Sites 1039 and 1040. The oldest assemblages, observed at Site 1039 and 1040, are latest early Miocene in age (nannofossil Zone NN4). These assemblages are associated with gabbro intrusions into the basal sediments (one contact metamorphic hornfels sample contains relict nannofossils), indicating an age for the intrusion event of between 15.6 and 18.2 Ma at both Sites 1039 and 1040. Reference Site 1039, located on the Cocos plate, provides the best-preserved sequence of sediments of late Pleistocene to latest early Miocene age. The sediments cored in the prism sections at Sites 1040, 1041, 1042, and 1043 all indicate that the age of nannofossil assemblages in the prism sediments, including the toe, wedge, and apron, are all Pleistocene with a considerable amount of upper Miocene reworking. A period of low sediment accumulation rates (~5.3 m/m.y.) is recorded for Pliocene and upper Miocene sediments at Sites 1039, 1040, and 1043. Pliocene calcareous nannofossil assemblages characteristic of the ~2.5- to 3.75-m.y. time interval (nannofossil Zones NN16 and equivalent nannofossil Subzones CN12b and CN12a) were not resolved at any site. Nannofossil Zones NN15, NN14, NN13, and NN12 (early late Pliocene to early Pliocene) could not be resolved at any site either because of the absence of marker species. Within the Miocene at Sites 1039 and 1040, nannofossil Zones NN10-NN6 were difficult to differentiate because of the absence of several species that define the zonal boundaries. These intervals, where the nannofossil zones have not been resolved or are partially resolved, are primarily composed of carbonate ooze deposited during an ~8.5-m.y. (2.5-11 Ma) low sediment accumulation rate time interval. The absence of many of the marker species is attributed to warmer water conditions during those periods. Many of the same marker species are absent in the sediments recovered from nearby Deep Sea Drilling Project Site 155 in the Panama Basin.

(Table 1) Mineralogical composition of sediments from DSDP Sites 69-504 and 69-505

We discuss the provenance of minerals detected by X-ray-diffraction analyses of sediments of Sites 504 and 505 of Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 69. These are X-ray-amorphous material, opal-CT, calcite, quartz, feldspar, apatite, smectite, illite, kaolinite, magnetite, maghemite, pyrite, marcasite, barite, sepiolite, and clinoptilolite. Authigenic marcasite and clinoptilolite together with opal-CT are restricted to Site 504, indicating the special diagenetic conditions related to relatively high sediment temperatures at this site. Marcasite formation is likely dependent on the relatively low pH values of <7.1 found in interstitial waters of Site 504 sediments below 50 meters sub-bottom. Clinoptilolite evidently was formed by diagenetic alteration of rhyolitic volcanic glass or smectite plus biogenic silica within the chalk-limestone-chert sequence of Site 504, where opal-CT also reflects a high degree of silica dissolution and reprecipitation. This was a consequence of high temperatures (50-55 °C) at the base of the sediment column.