Hypertension control and related variables among urban and rural adults in Taiwan

Literature on hypertension treatment has demonstrated that a healthy life style is one of the best strategies for hypertension control. In exploring the mechanisms of behavioral change for hypertension control, a comprehensive study based on the Transtheoretical Model was carried out in Taiwan during the summer of 2000 with a sample of 350 hypertensive adults living in Taipei urban and rural areas. ^ The relationships among stages of change, processes of change and demographic factors were analyzed for six health behaviors—low fat food consumption, alcohol use, smoking, physical activity, weight control, and routine blood pressure checkups. In addition, differences were assessed between urban and rural populations in changing their behavior for hypertension control. ^ The results showed that rural populations had more difficulties than urban populations in avoiding smoking and engaging in physical activity, and the processes of change being used by urban populations were significantly greater than rural populations. The study findings support a strong association between processes and stages of change. ^ Individuals who use more processes of change will be more inclined to move from precontemplation stage to maintenance stage. Counterconditioning, which is the substitution of alternatives for the problem behaviors, in this study, significantly helped people to change diet, engage in physical activity, and check blood pressure regularly. For example, counterconditioning is eating more vegetables instead of meat, or engaging in physical activity as a time to relax rather than another task to accomplish. ^ In addition, self-reevaluation was the most important process for helping people to engage in physical activity; and social liberation was the most important process for changing diet behavior. The findings in this study may be applied to improve health behaviors among rural populations with low income and low education; however, at the same time, the obesity problems among urban populations should be prevented to control hypertension in Taiwan. ^

Comparison of financial trends in small rural and urban hospitals in Texas, 1983--1985

The purpose of this study was to compare the financial performance of small rural hospitals to that of small urban hospitals in Texas. Hospital-specific and environmental factors were studied as control variables.^ Small rural hospitals were found to be financially stronger on measures of liquidity but weaker on measures of profitability. Small urban hospitals performed better on measures of profitability and long-range solvency. When all measures in the five dimensions of financial performance were analyzed, no significant difference was found between the two groups of hospitals. None of the control variables included in the study was significantly associated with financial performance both for rural and urban hospitals. Conclusions were that small rural hospitals in Texas are experiencing a deterioration in financial condition but small, rural hospitals are not doing any worse than small urban hospitals; and that the financial hardship which rural hospitals suffer may be inherent in the nature of the institutions themselves, and not as a result of their smallness nor their rural settings. ^

El empleo rural en Santa Cruz : Situación de coyuntura o crisis estructural

La caracterización socioeconómica de la Provincia de Santa Cruz, en el marco del subsistema regional de la Patagonia Austral, releva a los sectores económicos que componen sus respectivas estructuras de producción, así como la adaptación de la región a los cambios operados en la economía, particularmente a partir de la reestructuración de los años ochenta. El agrupamiento de sus principales sectores de acuerdo con una tipología descriptiva construida sobre la base de su temporalidad de surgimiento/desarrollo histórico ha permitido clasificarlos en " tradicionales" y "emergentes". En el primer grupo se destaca la preeminencia que ha tenido el sector agropecuario, particularmente a través de la actividad ganadera ovina. En la evolución de esta actividad se reconocen tres períodos claramente diferenciados: uno inicial de desarrollo y auge del ovino (1880-1940); otro de consolidación (1940-1980); y un tercero de declinación y crisis (1980 a 2001) cuyos años más difíciles se extendieron entre 1994 y 2000. El poblamiento de la Provincia de Santa Cruz ha estado fuertemente ligado a la actividad ganadera ovina, originada hacia 1890 de la mano de diversas corrientes migratorias apoyadas por una política nacional de ocupación territorial. Y la evolución del empleo rural provincial ha acompañado la tendencia de la actividad en cada período. Es así como creció significativamente en los años del poblamiento, se estabilizó en la consolidación y tuvo una abrupta caída a partir del comienzo de la crisis. La misma provocó, entre otras cosas, el abandono de establecimientos, la diversificación de productores que se emplearon en actividades no agropecuarias como fuente de ingresos alternativa o complementaria, y consiguientemente, una fuerte reducción de la mano de obra rural ocupada -siendo que, en su mejor época y según datos de censos nacionales y provinciales, más del 50 de la fuerza laboral provincial trabajaba en las diferentes actividades ganaderas de entonces. A partir del año 2002, e impulsada por la salida del régimen de convertibilidad, se modifica sustantivamente la rentabilidad de las explotaciones, dando comienzo a una lenta recuperación, aunque en un escenario muy distinto a los de años anteriores. Pese a una demanda sostenida, con precios en alza y con mejores resultados económicos, la pérdida de la cultura ovina tradicional y de las características de los sistemas históricos de producción y la aparición de otras actividades económicas extra agropecuarias han producido un éxodo de la oferta laboral rural hacia los centros urbanos, lo que plantea un problema que trasciende la coyuntura hacia lo estructural

El empleo rural en Santa Cruz : Situación de coyuntura o crisis estructural

La caracterización socioeconómica de la Provincia de Santa Cruz, en el marco del subsistema regional de la Patagonia Austral, releva a los sectores económicos que componen sus respectivas estructuras de producción, así como la adaptación de la región a los cambios operados en la economía, particularmente a partir de la reestructuración de los años ochenta. El agrupamiento de sus principales sectores de acuerdo con una tipología descriptiva construida sobre la base de su temporalidad de surgimiento/desarrollo histórico ha permitido clasificarlos en " tradicionales" y "emergentes". En el primer grupo se destaca la preeminencia que ha tenido el sector agropecuario, particularmente a través de la actividad ganadera ovina. En la evolución de esta actividad se reconocen tres períodos claramente diferenciados: uno inicial de desarrollo y auge del ovino (1880-1940); otro de consolidación (1940-1980); y un tercero de declinación y crisis (1980 a 2001) cuyos años más difíciles se extendieron entre 1994 y 2000. El poblamiento de la Provincia de Santa Cruz ha estado fuertemente ligado a la actividad ganadera ovina, originada hacia 1890 de la mano de diversas corrientes migratorias apoyadas por una política nacional de ocupación territorial. Y la evolución del empleo rural provincial ha acompañado la tendencia de la actividad en cada período. Es así como creció significativamente en los años del poblamiento, se estabilizó en la consolidación y tuvo una abrupta caída a partir del comienzo de la crisis. La misma provocó, entre otras cosas, el abandono de establecimientos, la diversificación de productores que se emplearon en actividades no agropecuarias como fuente de ingresos alternativa o complementaria, y consiguientemente, una fuerte reducción de la mano de obra rural ocupada -siendo que, en su mejor época y según datos de censos nacionales y provinciales, más del 50 de la fuerza laboral provincial trabajaba en las diferentes actividades ganaderas de entonces. A partir del año 2002, e impulsada por la salida del régimen de convertibilidad, se modifica sustantivamente la rentabilidad de las explotaciones, dando comienzo a una lenta recuperación, aunque en un escenario muy distinto a los de años anteriores. Pese a una demanda sostenida, con precios en alza y con mejores resultados económicos, la pérdida de la cultura ovina tradicional y de las características de los sistemas históricos de producción y la aparición de otras actividades económicas extra agropecuarias han producido un éxodo de la oferta laboral rural hacia los centros urbanos, lo que plantea un problema que trasciende la coyuntura hacia lo estructural

El empleo rural en Santa Cruz : Situación de coyuntura o crisis estructural

La caracterización socioeconómica de la Provincia de Santa Cruz, en el marco del subsistema regional de la Patagonia Austral, releva a los sectores económicos que componen sus respectivas estructuras de producción, así como la adaptación de la región a los cambios operados en la economía, particularmente a partir de la reestructuración de los años ochenta. El agrupamiento de sus principales sectores de acuerdo con una tipología descriptiva construida sobre la base de su temporalidad de surgimiento/desarrollo histórico ha permitido clasificarlos en " tradicionales" y "emergentes". En el primer grupo se destaca la preeminencia que ha tenido el sector agropecuario, particularmente a través de la actividad ganadera ovina. En la evolución de esta actividad se reconocen tres períodos claramente diferenciados: uno inicial de desarrollo y auge del ovino (1880-1940); otro de consolidación (1940-1980); y un tercero de declinación y crisis (1980 a 2001) cuyos años más difíciles se extendieron entre 1994 y 2000. El poblamiento de la Provincia de Santa Cruz ha estado fuertemente ligado a la actividad ganadera ovina, originada hacia 1890 de la mano de diversas corrientes migratorias apoyadas por una política nacional de ocupación territorial. Y la evolución del empleo rural provincial ha acompañado la tendencia de la actividad en cada período. Es así como creció significativamente en los años del poblamiento, se estabilizó en la consolidación y tuvo una abrupta caída a partir del comienzo de la crisis. La misma provocó, entre otras cosas, el abandono de establecimientos, la diversificación de productores que se emplearon en actividades no agropecuarias como fuente de ingresos alternativa o complementaria, y consiguientemente, una fuerte reducción de la mano de obra rural ocupada -siendo que, en su mejor época y según datos de censos nacionales y provinciales, más del 50 de la fuerza laboral provincial trabajaba en las diferentes actividades ganaderas de entonces. A partir del año 2002, e impulsada por la salida del régimen de convertibilidad, se modifica sustantivamente la rentabilidad de las explotaciones, dando comienzo a una lenta recuperación, aunque en un escenario muy distinto a los de años anteriores. Pese a una demanda sostenida, con precios en alza y con mejores resultados económicos, la pérdida de la cultura ovina tradicional y de las características de los sistemas históricos de producción y la aparición de otras actividades económicas extra agropecuarias han producido un éxodo de la oferta laboral rural hacia los centros urbanos, lo que plantea un problema que trasciende la coyuntura hacia lo estructural

Migration and Wellbeing at the Lower Echelons of the Economy: A Study of Delhi Slums

This paper based on a primary survey of households (2004-05) in the slum clusters of Delhi examines whether migrants are likely to experience upward mobility in their place of destination or alternatively, if they merely transfer their poverty from rural areas to large cities. First, a simple bifurcation of population in terms of poor and non-poor sub-groups is examined along with the incidence of poverty across different categories of occupations and non-workers. Then, an explanation of the variations in per capita expenditure across households is provided, and a binomial logit model (poor/non-poor) is developed identifying the variables which raise (or reduce) the probability of being non-poor (or poor). Next, an estimate of the wellbeing (deprivation) index is derived from factor analysis of a large number of variables including demographic and economic aspects of households. Empirical findings suggest that while duration of migration and the wellbeing index do not have a definite relationship, migrant households who have been in the city for a very long time have a higher wellbeing index on average than those who migrated in the last ten years. This tends to support the view that migrants do not merely transfer rural poverty to urban areas, and further that population mobility yields improvement in the living standard, if only in the very long term. Implementation of "employment-cum-shelter" support schemes in the urban areas may contribute to their wellbeing.

Returns to migration : the role of educational attainment in rural Tanzania

Given the migration premium previously identified in an impact evaluation approach, this paper asks the question of why migration is not more prominent, given such high premium associated with it. Using long-term household panel data drawn from rural Tanzania, Kagera for the period 1991-2004, this study aims to answer this question by exploring the contribution of education in the migration premium. By separating migrants into those that moved out of original villages but remained within Kagera and those who left the region, this study finds that, in consumption, the return on investment in education is higher at both destinations. However, whilst the higher return on education fully explains the gains associated with migration within Kagera, it only partly explains those of external migration. These findings suggest that welfare opportunities are higher at the destination and that an individual's limited investment in education plays a major role in preventing short-distance migration from becoming a significant source of raising welfare, which is not the case for long-distance migration. While education plays a role, it appears that other mechanisms may prohibit rural agents from exploiting the arbitrage opportunity when they migrate to the destination at a great distance from the source.

Marriage as women's old age insurance : evidence from migration and land inheritance practices in rural Tanzania

In a traditional system of exogamous and patrilocal marriage prevalent in much of Sub-Saharan Africa, when she marries, a rural woman typically leaves her kin to reside with her husband living outside her natal village. Since a village that allows a widow to inherit her late husband's land can provide her with old age security, single females living outside the village are more likely to marry into the village. Using a natural experimental setting, provided by the longitudinal household panel data drawn from rural Tanzania for the period from 1991 to 2004, during which several villages that initially banned a widow's land inheritance removed this discrimination, this study provides evidence in support of this view, whereby altering a customary land inheritance rules in a village in favor of widows increased the probability of males marrying in that village. This finding suggests that providing rural women with old age protection (e.g., insurance, livelihood protection) has remarkable spatial and temporal welfare effects by influencing their decision to marry.

Space-time analysis of the urban-rural grafient in the metropolitan area of Madrid and ist surroundings -Guadalajara and Toledo.

According to UN provisions in the period from 2007 to 2050 world population will grow up to 9200 million people. In fact, for the first time in history, in the year 2008 world urban population became higher than rural population. The increase of urban areas and their transport infrastructures has influenced agricultural land use due to their irreversible change, especially when they remain as periurban vacant land, losing their character and identity. In the Europe of the nineties, the traditional urban-rural gradient, characterized by a neat contact between both land types, has become so complex that it has change to a gradient in which it is difficult to separate urban and rural land uses. [Antrop 2004]. A literature review has been made on methodologies used for the urban-rural gradient analysis. One of these methodologies was selected that integrates ecological characterization based on the use of spatial metrics and geographical characterization based on spatial components. Cartographical sources used were Corine Land Cover at 1: 100000 scale and the Spanish Land Use Information System at 1:25000 scale. Urban-rural gradient paradigm is an analysis methodology, coming from landscape ecology, which enables to investigate how urbanization provokes changes in ecological patterns and processes into landscape. [Hahs and McDonnell 2006].The present research adapt this methodology to study the urban-rural gradient in the outskirts of Madrid, Toledo and Guadalajara. Both scales (1:25000 and 1:100000) were simultaneously used to reach the next objectives: 1) Analysis of landscape pattern dynamics in relation to distance to the town centre and major infrastructures. 2) Analysis of landscape pattern dynamics in the fringe of protected areas. The paper presents a new approach to the urban-rural relationship which allows better planning and management of urban áreas.

Call to needle times after acute myocardial infarction in urban and rural areas in northeast Scotland: prospective observational study

Objective: To determine call to needle times and consider how best to provide timely thrombolytic treatment for patients with acute myocardial infarction.

Agricultural and Rural Labour Markets in the EU Candidate Countries of Croatia, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and Turkey. Factor Markets Working Paper No. 6, September 2011

This paper provides an overview and comparison of labour markets in agricultural and rural areas in the three candidate countries for the EU membership: Croatia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and Turkey. We analyse and compare the labour market structures and the factors driving them. The analyses are based on the available cross-section and time-series data on agricultural labour structures and living conditions in rural areas. Considerable differences are found among the candidate countries in the importance of the agricultural labour force, between rural and urban labour, and in poverty and living conditions in rural areas. Agricultural and rural labour market structures are the result of demographic and education processes, in addition to labour flows between agricultural and non-agricultural activities, from rural areas to urban ones and migration flows abroad. Declines in the agricultural labour force and rural population are foreseen for each of the candidate countries, but with significant variations between them. Showing different patterns over time, labour market developments in the sector and rural areas have been shaped by the overall labour market institutions, conditions and other factors in each country, such as the legal basis, educational attainment and migration flows, as well as the presence of non-agricultural activities in rural areas.

Application of positive guidance at a freeway-to-freeway connector in California; an urban location in Dubuque, Iowa; and a two-lane rural site in Washington State. Final report.

Mode of access: Internet.

The rural and urban economies /

Bibliography: p. 127-128