Underpricing of equity offerings in Brazil

We examine the underpricing of twenty-seven IPOs and twenty-nine SEOs issued in Brazil from January 1999 to March 2006. Determinants on pre-market demand, underwriting activities and information asymmetry were discussed. Common characteristics seem to exist between all issues. 94% have been on premium market corporate level and 93% were realized via bookbuilding. Underpricing for IPOs and SEOs has been recorded at 9.6% and 3.6%, respectively. IPOs are more underpriced when (i) more informed investors receive shares, (ii)better ranked underwriters lead the offer, and (iii) there is positive revision in the final price compared to the initial price range defined before information disclosure. SEOs are more underpriced when (i) shares presents higher appreciation in pre-offer period, and (ii) the proportion of primary offers are larger, supporting adverse selection costs theory.

Análise da influência do private equity e venture capital no underpricing dos ipos das empresas brasileiras no período de 2004 a 2007

Este trabalho objetivou verificar se há evidências de que a presença de private equity e venture capital (PE/VC) nas empresas brasileiras contribui para reduzir o underpricing de suas ações durante a oferta pública inicial (IPO). Foram examinadas 98 ofertas públicas iniciais de empresas brasileiras realizadas entre 2004 e 2007, e aplicaram-se testes de diferença entre os subgrupos e modelos de regressão para se testar as hipóteses do estudo, conforme metodologia proposta por Meggison e Weiss (1991). Os resultados dos testes indicam que não há evidências estatisticamente significantes de que a presença de PE/VC influencia o underpricing nas ofertas públicas inicias das ações. Adicionalmente, há evidências de correlação positiva entre as variáveis independentes, "volume capturado na oferta" e "idade da empresa emissora", e a variável de interesse, "underpricing".

Análise de contratos de private equity & venture capital : o alinhamento dos interesses entre fundos investidores de PE/VC e empresários nas empresas investidas no contexto institucional brasileiro

Nas economias desenvolvidas, especialmente nos Estados Unidos, a indústria de Private Equity & Venture Capital, que vive o seu segundo ciclo de expansão no Brasil, representa importante fonte de crescimento e dinamização da atividade econômica, através do fomento do empreendedorismo e da inovação tecnológica. Como tal, o estudo da adaptabilidade deste mecanismo a diferentes ambientes jurídico-institucional merece crescente atenção. A complexidade dos chamados contratos incompletos pelas incertezas e assimetrias de informações intrínsecas a estas operações, aliado ao estabelecimento de estruturas de incentivos ótimas que remunerem e protejam adequadamente tanto o investidor quanto o empreendedor, pode ser um fator limitante da expansão do modelo de PE/VC em determinadas geografias. Estas limitações seriam maiores nos países com sistemas legais e instituições menos adaptáveis ao modelo norte-americano de PE/VC. O objetivo central deste trabalho é estudar modelos de financial contract praticados no Brasil entre fundos de PE/VC e empresas investidas em diferentes estágios de maturação; visando a identificar como, se é que existem, condições impeditivas do nosso ambiente jurídico-institucional à celebração de contratos mais eficientes. À luz das teorias em financial contracting e das peculiaridades do ambiente jurídico-institucional brasileiro avaliar-se-á a adequação das estruturas contratuais mais utilizadas em operações de PE/VC no Brasil comparadas aos modelos e às estruturas contratuais mais praticados internacionalmente. De posse destes insights, aplicar-se-á questionário junto a operadores da indústria (gestores de fundos de PE/VC) para identificar suas percepções no tocante às limitações impostas pelo ambiente jurídico-institucional. E se há, na visão deles, um modelo / estrutura de contrato mais recomendado para operações de PE/VC.

What if firms adjust their debt-equity ratios toward a target range?

We estimate optimal target-ranges of capital structure controlling for a series of firmspecific characteristics and accounting for the serial correlation that arises from the dynamic component of the leverage choice. Then, we empirically examine if firms adjust their leverages toward the estimated optimal ranges. Our analysis suggests that the observed behavior of firms is consistent with the notion of range-adjustment.

Using irregularly spaced returns to estimate multi-factor models: application to Brazilian equity data

Multi-factor models constitute a useful tool to explain cross-sectional covariance in equities returns. We propose in this paper the use of irregularly spaced returns in the multi-factor model estimation and provide an empirical example with the 389 most liquid equities in the Brazilian Market. The market index shows itself significant to explain equity returns while the US$/Brazilian Real exchange rate and the Brazilian standard interest rate does not. This example shows the usefulness of the estimation method in further using the model to fill in missing values and to provide interval forecasts.

Equity and Efficiency in Education: motivations and targets

The recently released "Educational PAC" attempts to place basic education at the center of the social debate. We have subsidized this debate, offering a diagnosis of how different education levels can impact individuals' lives through broad and easily interpreted indicators. Initially, we analyze how much each educational level reaches the poorest population. For example, how are those in the bottom strata of income distribution benefited by childcare centers, private secondary education, public university or adult education. The next step is to quantify the return of educational actions, such as their effects on employability and an individual's wages, and even health as perceived by the individual, be that individual poor, middle class or elite. The next part of the research presents evidence of how the main characters in education, aka mothers, fathers and children, regard education. The site available with the research presents a broad, user-friendly database, which will allow interested parties to answer their own questions relative to why people do not attend school, the time spent in the educational system and returns to education, which can all be cross-sectioned with a wide array of socio-demographic attributes (gender, income, etc.) and school characteristics (is it public, are school meals offered, etc.) to find answers to: why do young adults of a certain age not attend school? Why do they miss classes? How long is the school day? Aside from the whys and hows of teaching, the research calculates the amount of time spent in school, resulting from a combination between absence rates, evasion raters and length of the school day. The study presents ranks of indicators referring to objective and subjective aspects of education, such as the discussion of the advantages and care in establishing performance based incentives that aim at guiding the states in the race for better educational indicators.

The forward- and the equity-premium puzzles: two symptoms of the same illness?

We build a pricing kernel using only US domestic assets data and check whether it accounts for foreign markets stylized facts that escape consumption based models. By interpreting our stochastic discount factor as the projection of a pricing kernel from a fully specified model in the space of returns, our results indicate that a model that accounts for the behavior of domestic assets goes a long way toward accounting for the behavior of foreign assets. We address predictability issues associated with the forward premium puzzle by: i) using instruments that are known to forecast excess returns in the moments restrictions associated with Euler equations, and; ii) by pricing Lustig and Verdelhan (2007)'s foreign currency portfolios. Our results indicate that the relevant state variables that explain foreign-currency market asset prices are also the driving forces behind U.S. domestic assets behavior.

The forward- and the equity-premium puzzles: two symptoms of the same illness?

Using information on US domestic financial data only, we build a stochastic discount factor—SDF— and check whether it accounts for foreign markets stylized facts that escape consumption based models. By interpreting our SDF as the projection of a pricing kernel from a fully specified model in the space of returns, our results indicate that a model that accounts for the behavior of domestic assets goes a long way toward accounting for the behavior of foreign assets prices. We address predictability issues associated with the forward premium puzzle by: i) using instruments that are known to forecast excess returns in the moments restrictions associated with Euler equations, and; ii) by pricing Lustig and Verdelhan (2007)’s foreign currency portfolios. Our results indicate that the relevant state variables that explain foreign-currency market asset prices are also the driving forces behind U.S. domestic assets behavior.

Do private equity and venture capital backed firms have better corporate governance after going public?

Mercados financeiros e finanças corporativas

O controle societário nas companhias com investimentos de fundos de private equity listadas na BM&FBVESPA

Esta dissertação analisa o controle societário nas companhias com investimentos de fundos de private equity e venture capital (PE/VC). Lerner e Schoar argumentam que os fundos de PE/VC assumem o controle através da participação acionária majoritária em países do civil law, como o Brasil, em virtude dos baixos índices de proteção aos investidores. Este trabalho investiga a aplicabilidade dessa hipótese nas companhias com investimento de fundos de PE/VC que realizaram a abertura de capital entre os anos de 2004 a 2008. Neste período, 38 companhias com investimento de fundos de PE/VC ingressaram no Novo Mercado da BM&FBovespa. Algumas companhias do Novo Mercado possuem uma estrutura de propriedade mais dispersa e a ausência de um controlador definido. Nessas companhias, acionistas vinculam os seus direitos de voto em um acordo de acionistas para obtenção de mais de 50% do capital votante e para o exercício do controle da sociedade. O acordo de acionistas, portanto, serve como um substituto à participação majoritária em algumas companhias do Novo Mercado. Desta forma, este trabalho analisa a hipótese de que o acordo de acionistas serve como substituto à participação acionária nas companhias com investimentos de fundos de PE/VC, regulando um controle compartilhado.

The forward- and the equity-premium puzzles: two symptoms of the same illness?

Using information on US domestic financial data only, we build a stochastic discount factor—SDF— and check whether it accounts for foreign markets stylized facts that escape consumption based models. By interpreting our SDF as the projection of a pricing kernel from a fully specified model in the space of returns, our results indicate that a model that accounts for the behavior of domestic assets goes a long way toward accounting for the behavior of foreign assets prices. We address predictability issues associated with the forward premium puzzle by: i) using instruments that are known to forecast excess returns in the moments restrictions associated with Euler equations, and; ii) by comparing this out-of-sample results with the one obtained performing an in-sample exercise, where the return-based SDF captures sources of risk of a representative set of developed and emerging economies government bonds. Our results indicate that the relevant state variables that explain foreign-currency market asset prices are also the driving forces behind U.S. domestic assets behavior.

Hedge de crédito através de equity: uma análise empírica com uso de ativos corporativos brasileiros

Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar os resultados de uma operação de hedge de um diversificado portfólio de crédito de empresas brasileiras através do uso de ativos de equity. Inicialmente, faz-se uma alusão aos principais aspectos teóricos da presente dissertação com suas definições e revisão bibliográfica. Posteriormente, são apresentados os parâmetros básicos da seleção da amostra utilizada e do período durante o qual tal estratégia de proteção será implementada.