Cambios en la política de defensa nacional del Libro Blanco hacia la nueva agenda de seguridad interna y externa

El presente estudio ejecuta un análisis de la “Nueva Agenda de Seguridad Interna y Externa” propuesta por el Gobierno de la Revolución Ciudadana, proposición que pretende dar un cambio sobre la visión de la política de defensa y el espacio de la seguridad. En este análisis también se examina el cambio de la normativa legal, ya que el mismo se articula desde el enfoque de nuevos principios y nuevos controles desde la ciudadanía. De esta forma, el estudio lo que pretende dar a conocer es: Cuáles son los nuevos mecanismos o dispositivos de Control Civil sobre las Fuerzas Armadas; entendiéndose este Control Civil desde las instituciones del Estado. Dentro del rigor metodológico del estudio, éste se plantea como un trabajo bajo el método comparativo desde las teorías de la seguridad y las teorías institucionales examinando tres lineamientos: “concepto de seguridad, la institucionalidad planteada y; la identificación de actores que participaron en la construcción de la política de defensa.” De esta forma, este estudio considera que los indicadores comparables se dan en la construcción del Libro Blanco y de la NASIE. En tal sentido, quien lea este estudio puede seguir sin conflicto la lógica de la argumentación. En su contenido, la investigación presenta dos capítulos, que se enuncian a continuación: Capítulo I: “LA POLÍTICA DE DEFENSA: DEL LIBRO BLANCO A LA NUEVA AGENDA DE SEGURIDAD INTERNA Y EXTERNA”, en el cual se examina los lineamientos antes mencionados, evidenciando dos paradigmas: la visión estatocéntrico y la visión antropocéntrica de la seguridad, sus cambios y sus continuidades. En el Capítulo II: “COMPARACIÓN DE LA NUEVA INSTITUCIONALIDAD EN LA DEFENSA”, aquí se observa la relación de las FF.AA con el Presidente y con el Parlamento, desde las dos propuestas. Junto a ello se examina el cambio en la Ley de Seguridad Nacional de 1979, a la Ley de Seguridad Pública y del Estado emitida en el año 2009. Finalmente, se expone las conclusiones del trabajo.

Una agenda internacional imBRICada: los nuevos caminos y desafíos de la política externa brasileña en el siglo XXI (Tema Central)

Este ensayo, de carácter analítico-descriptivo, pretende transitar entre las grandes líneas de la política exterior brasileña a lo largo de la primera década del siglo XXI, más específicamente durante los dos mandatos de Luiz Inácio Lula Da Silva (2003-2006 y 2007-2010), a fin de identificar en qué medida la agenda internacional brasileña fue afectada desde su categorización como potencia emergente bajo el acrónimo de BRIC (Brasil, Rusia, India y China) en el año 2003. El análisis parte de la premisa de que la política exterior brasileña, a lo largo de la primera década del siglo XXI, está más que nunca, imBRICada. Más allá de un simple juego de palabras, im“BRIC”ar significa dejar en evidencia la forma compleja en la que interactúan las diversas prioridades de la agenda internacional de un país emergente como Brasil, a veces convergiendo, a veces discrepando.

G protein ss gamma subunits mediate presynaptic inhibition of transmitter release from rat superior cervical ganglion neurones in culture

The activation of presynaptic G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) is widely reported to inhibit transmitter release; however, the lack of accessibility of many presynaptic terminals has limited direct analysis of signalling mediators. We studied GPCR-mediated inhibition of fast cholinergic transmission between superior cervical ganglion neurones (SCGNs) in culture. The adrenoceptor agonist noradrenaline (NA) caused a dose-related reduction in evoked excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs). NA-induced EPSP decrease was accompanied by effects on the presynaptic action potential (AP), reducing AP duration and amplitude of the after-hyperpolarization (AHP), without affecting the pre- and postsynaptic membrane potential. All effects of NA were blocked by yohimbine and synaptic transmission was reduced by clonidine, consistent with an action at presynaptic alpha 2-adrenoceptors. NA-induced inhibition of transmission was sensitive to pre-incubation of SCGNs with pertussis toxin (PTX), implicating the involvement of G alpha(i)/(o)beta y subunits. Expression of G alpha transducin, an agent which sequesters G protein beta gamma (G beta y) subunits, in the presynaptic neurone caused a time-dependent attenuation of NA-induced inhibition. Injection of purified G beta gamma subunits into the presynaptic neurone inhibited transmission, and also reduced the AHP amplitude. Furthermore, NA-induced inhibition was occluded by pre-injection of G beta gamma subunits. The Ca2+ channel blocker Cd2+ mimicked NA effects on transmitter release. Cd2+, NA and G beta gamma subunits also inhibited somatic Ca2+ current. In contrast to effects on AP-evoked transmitter release, NA had no clear action on AP-independent EPSPs induced by hypertonic solutions. These results demonstrate that G beta gamma subunits functionally mediate inhibition of transmitter release by alpha 2-adrenoceptors and represent important regulators of synaptic transmission at mammalian presynaptic terminals.

Brief communication: a proposed method for the assessment of pubertal stage in human skeletal remains using cervical vertebrae maturation.

The assessment of age-at-death in non-adult skeletal remains is under constant review. However, in many past societies an individual's physical maturation may have been more important in social terms than their exact age, particularly during the period of adolescence. In a recent article (Shapland and Lewis: Am J Phys Anthropol 151 (2013) 302–310) highlighted a set of dental and skeletal indicators that may be useful in mapping the progress of the pubertal growth spurt. This article presents a further skeletal indicator of adolescent development commonly used by modern clinicians: cervical vertebrae maturation (CVM). This method is applied to a collection of 594 adolescents from the medieval cemetery of St. Mary Spital, London. Analysis reveals a potential delay in ages of attainment of the later CVM stages compared with modern adolescents, presumably reflecting negative environmental conditions for growth and development. The data gathered on CVM is compared to other skeletal indicators of pubertal maturity and long bone growth from this site to ascertain the usefulness of this method on archaeological collections.

Associations of dietary dark-green and deep-yellow vegetables and fruits with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: modification by smoking

Smoking has been positively and fruit and vegetable intake has been negatively associated with cervical cancer, the second most common cancer among women worldwide. However, a lower consumption of fruits and reduced serum carotenoids have been observed among smokers. It is not known whether the smoking effect on the risk of cervical neoplasia is modified by a low intake of fruits and vegetables. The present study examined the combined effects of tobacco smoking and diet using a validated FFQ and serum carotenoid and tocopherol levels on cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 (CIN3) risk in a hospital-based case-control study conducted in Sao Paulo, Brazil, between 2003 and 2005. The sample comprised 231 incident, histologically confirmed cases of CIN3 and 453 controls. A low intake (<= 39 g) of dark-green and deep-yellow vegetables and fruits without tobacco smoking had a lesser effect on CIN3 (OR 1.14; 95% CI 0.49, 2.65) than among smokers with higher intake (>= 40 g; OR 1.83; 95% CI 0.73, 4.62) after adjusting for confounders. The OR for the joint exposure of tobacco smoking and low intake of vegetables and fruits was greater (3.86; 95% CI 1.74, 8.57; P for trend < 0.001) compared with non-smokers with higher intake after adjusting for confounding variables and human papillomavirus status. Similar results were observed for total fruit, serum total carotene (including beta-, alpha-and gamma-carotene) and tocopherols. These findings suggest that the effect of nutritional factors on CIN3 is modified by smoking.

Diet and serum micronutrients in relation to cervical neoplasia and cancer among low-income Brazilian women

Cervical cancer is a leading cancer among women in developing countries. Infection with oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) types has been recognized as a necessary cause of this disease. Serum carotenoids and tocopherols have also been associated with risk for cervical neoplasia, but results from previous studies were not consistent. We evaluated the association of serum total carotene and tocopherols, and dietary intakes with the risk of newly diagnosed, histologically confirmed cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) grades 1, 2, 3 and invasive cancer in a hospital-based case-control study in Sao Paulo, Brazil. The investigation included 453 controls and 4 groups of cases (CIN1, n = 140; CIN2, n = 126; CIN3, n = 231; invasive cancer, n = 108) recruited from two major public clinics between 2003 and 2005. Increasing concentrations of serum lycopene were negatively associated with CIN1, CIN3 and cancer, with odds ratios (OR) (95% CI) for the highest compared to the lowest tertile of 0.53 (0.27-1.00, p for trend = 0.05), 0.48 (0.22-1.04, p for trend = 0.05) and 0.18 (0.06-0.52, p for trend = 0.002), respectively, after adjusting for confounding variables and HPV status. Increasing concentrations of serum alpha- and gamma-tocopherols, and higher dietary intakes of dark green and deep yellow vegetables/fruit were associated with nearly 50% decreased risk of CIN3. These results support the evidence that a healthy and balanced diet leading to provide high serum levels of antioxidants may reduce cervical neoplasia risk in low-income women.

Eugenol modifies the excitability of rat sciatic nerve and superior cervical ganglion neurons

Eugenol is a phenylpropene obtained from the essential oils of plants such as clove and basil which has ample use in dentistry. Eugenol possesses analgesic effects that may be related to the inhibition of voltage-dependent Na(+) channels and/or to the activation of TRPV1 receptors or both. In the present study, electrophysiological parameters were taken from the compound action potentials of the isolated rat sciatic nerve and from neurons of the superior cervical ganglion (SCG) impaled with sharp microelectrodes under current-clamp conditions. In the isolated rat sciatic nerve, eugenol inhibited the compound action potential in a concentration-dependent manner. Action potentials recorded from SCG neurons were inhibited by eugenol with an IC(50) of 0.31 mM. At high concentrations (2 mM), during brief applications. eugenol caused significant action potential blockade while it did not interfere with the resting membrane potential or the membrane input resistance. Surprisingly, however, at low eugenol concentrations (0.6 mM), during long time applications, a reversible reduction (by about 50%) in the input membrane resistance was observed, suggesting the possible involvement of a secondary delayed effect of eugenol to reduce neuronal excitability. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Recovery of DNA for the detection and genotyping of human papillomavirus from clinical cervical specimens stored for up to 2 years in a universal collection medium with denaturing reagent

The recovery and stability of DNA for the detection and genotyping of HPV in UCM-containing specimens, after exposure to denaturing reagents and stored for up to 2 years were evaluated. Samples were collected from 60 women who had cervical cytology specimens harboring cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 2 or 3. All samples were stored in UCM and had been frozen at -20 degrees C following the addition of the denaturing reagent (sodium hydroxide) and the removal of the aliquot required for Hybrid Capture 2 testing for the identification of HPV DNA. The samples had been stored for 6, 12 and 24 months (20 samples for each storage time). HPV DNA extraction was performed according to a protocol designed specifically and the presence and quality of DNA was confirmed by human P-globin detection using the consensus primers G73 and G74. HPV DNA was amplified using the consensus primers PGMY09 and PGMY11, and reverse line-blot hybridization was used to detect type-specific amplicons for 37 HPV types. The DNA extracted from the denatured specimen was recovered in 57/60 (95%) of the samples. HPV DNA was detected in 56/57 (98%) of the recovered samples. Twenty-six of the 56 samples recovered (48%) were genotyped successfully. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Human papillomavirus type 16 variants in cervical cancer from an admixtured population in Brazil

Several studies indicate that molecular variants of HPV-16 have different geographic distribution and risk associated with persistent infection and development of high-grade cervical lesions. In the present study, the frequency of HPV-16 variants was determined in 81 biopsies from women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade III or invasive cervical cancer from the city of Belem, Northern Brazil. Host DNAs were also genotyped in order to analyze the ethnicity-related distribution of these variants. Ninie different HPV-16 LCR variants belonging to four phylogenetic branches were identified. Among these, two new isolates were characterized. The most prevalent HPV-16 variant detected was the Asian-American B-2,followed by the European B-12 and the European prototype. Infections by multiple variants were observed in both invasive cervical cancer and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade III cases. The analysis of a specific polymorphism within the E6 viral gene was performed in a subset of 76 isolates. The E6-350G polymorphism was significantly more frequent in Asian-American variants. The HPV-16 variability detected followed the same pattern of the genetic ancestry observed in Northern Brazil, with European, Amerindian and African roots. Although African ancestry was higher among women infected by the prototype, no correlation between ethnical origin and HPV-16 variants was found. These results corroborate previous data showing a high frequency of Asian-American variants in cervical neoplasia among women with multiethnic origin.

Comunicação organizacional: externa, responsável, multidisciplinar.

A obra sustenta e exemplifica teoricamente o viés externo, responsável e multidisciplinar da comunicação empreendida por organizações.

Formação da dívida externa brasileira como conseqüência do sistema financeiro desregulamentado : 1969-1982

Esta dissertação trata da formação da dívida externa brasileira, no período 1969-82, como conseqüência do sistema financeiro desregulamentado (euromercado) em operação. Este sistema formou-se e estruturou-se no pós II Guerra Mundial. Até o final da década de 1960, o euromercado acumulou grande quantidade de dólares fora dos Estados Unidos (eurodólares) e criou instrumentos e estruturas para a captação de dinheiro expatriado. A partir de 1970, atuou ativamente oferecendo empréstimos, sem condicionalidades, mas com taxas de juros flutuantes, que deram origem à dívida externa internacional e, especialmente, à brasileira. Esta formou-se, no período estudado, em três etapas: a primeira, 1969-73, foi predominantemente para acumular reservas internacionais, sendo, por isso, especulativa; a segunda, 1974-78, consumiu-se em custos crescentes da dívida, principalmente custos financeiros crescentes, e acumulou-se parcialmente em reservas internacionais, constituindo-se, assim, numa etapa transitória para o endividamento só para cobrir custos financeiros da dívida; na última etapa, 1979-82, formou-se dívida só para pagar juros da dívida e, por isso, foi puramente financeira. A dívida externa brasiliera formou-se, assim, predominantemente em função dos interesses do sistema financeiro desregulamentado, sendo, portanto, uma conseqüência da ação do mesmo.

Moluscos gastrópodes da plataforma continental externa e talude continental ao largo da laguna dos Patos - Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil

Em 1982 o Brasil participa da Convenção das Nações Unidas para o Direito do Mar. Esta convenção dispõe sobre os usos dos espaços marítimos e oceânicos, buscando a utilização racional e a exploração dos recursos do mar. Devido ao escasso conhecimento da região da plataforma externa e talude continental, surge o programa Avaliação do Potencial Sustentável de Recursos Vivos da Zona Econômica Exclusiva – REVIZEE, tanto para a diversificação da exploração pesqueira quanto para a determinação dos limites sustentáveis de captura. Com base em material coletado em abril de 1998, durante campanha de Bentos concernente ao programa REVIZEE, são fornecidos resultados relativos a Gastropoda encontrados na radial 45, estações hidrográficas 6839 (32o55´70´´S - 50o34´60´´W), 6840 (33o01´45´´S - 50o12´75´´W), 6841 (33o00´16´´S - 50o22´84´´W) e 6842 (32o57´81´´S - 50o29´18´´W), localizadas ao largo de Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Para a avaliação da diversidade bêntica foram utilizados três tipos de amostradores de fundo; Draga de arrasto, Box Corer e Van Veen. Molluscos foram separados dos demais grupos taxonômicos pela equipe do REVIZEE e recebidos pelo laboratório de malacologia da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. O material foi triado sob lupa Zeiss Stemi 2000- C ou Wild M-38. O material foi identificado por comparação com os dados da bibliografia e/ou por comparação com exemplares depositados nas coleções do Museu Oceanográfico Eliézer de Carvalho Rios (MORG) e/ou com a coleção particular do Dr. José Carlos Tarasconi São identificados e caracterizados quanto a tamanho, esculturação e área de ocorrência 6.020 exemplares distribuídos em 36 famílias - 80 táxons em nível de espécie, 19 em nível de gênero e 2 em nível de família. A família Turridae é a que apresenta o maior número de táxons com 16 espécies. Turritella hookeri Reeve, 1849 é a espécie mais abundante, com 684 exemplares. Registra-se pela primeira vez para o Rio Grande do Sul as seguintes espécies: Brookula conica (Watson, 1886), Calliostoma echinatum Dall, 1881, Solariela carvalhoi Lopes & Cardoso, 1958, Caecum massambabensis Absalão, 1994, Turritella hookeri Reeve, 1849, Crepidula plana Say, 1822, Natica pusilla Say, 1822, Polinices lacteus (Guilding, 1833), Eulima mulata Rios & Absalão, 1990, Melanella aff. hypsela (Verrill & Bush, 1900), Trachipollia turricula (von Maltzan, 1884), Anachis sparsa Reeve, 1859, Dentimargo janeiroensis (E. A. Smith, 1915), Axelella brasiliensis Verhecken, 1991, Drilliola loprestiana (Calcara, 1841), Mitrolumna biplicata (Dall, 1889), Nannodiella vespuciana (Orbigny, 1842), Stenodrillia goundlachi (Dall & Simpson, 1901), Terebra brasiliensis E. A. Smith, 1873 e Mathilda aff. scitula Dall, 1889. Novos limites de profundidade são registrados para 29 espécies. Com base na lista de espécies encontradas, se discute sobre o limite das Províncias Caribenha e Patagônica e sobre a influência da Laguna dos Patos no Talude Continental ao largo de Rio Grande.

Microinfiltração cervical imediata de dois sistemas adesivos em restaurações ocluso-proximais de resina composta em molares decíduos : estudo in vitro

O objetivo deste estudo foi de avaliar in vitro a microinfiltração cervical imediata em restaurações ocluso-proximais de resina composta, onde foram utilizados dois sistemas adesivos (Scotchbond Multi Purpose - 3M; Clearfil Mega Bond - Kuraray) através de uma técnica de baixa intensidade de luz polimerizável. Em cada um dos 11 molares decíduos foram confeccionados dois preparos cavitários ocluso-proximais padronizados (um ocluso-mesial e outro ocluso-distal), com o auxílio de uma ponta diamantada cilíndrica de extremidade plana n°2094, (KG Sorensen), fixada a uma caneta de alta rotação sob refrigeração ar/água. Os sistemas adesivos foram aplicados seguindo as instruções do fabricante, um na cavidade ocluso-mesial e outro na ocluso distal, sendo inserida, posteriormente, uma resina composta híbrida (Z250 - 3M) pela técnica incremental LUTZ (1986). O primeiro incremento foi inserido na parede cervical da caixa proximal (sentido horizontal) e fotopolimerizado (fotopolimerizador VIPTM - Bisco) a uma intensidade de 100 mW/cm2 por 60 segundos. Dois outros incrementos foram inseridos diagonalmente na porção vestibular e lingual/palatina, a uma intensidade de 200 mW/cm2, também pelo tempo de 60 segundos. As restaurações foram submetidas a acabamento e polimento com o auxílio de um bisturi lâmina n°12 e com discos Sof-lex Pop-on (3M). Após o acabamento, foi realizada a impermeabilização, em seguida os dentes foram imersos em solução azul de metileno a 0,5% por um período de 24 horas, sendo posteriormente seccionados longitudinalmente no sentido mésio-distal para avaliação da penetração do corante, usando para tal o estereo-microscópio. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise estatística através dos testes Qui-quadrado e o teste não-paramétrico U de Mann-Whitney. Os resultados demonstraram não haver diferença estatisticamente significante entre os dois sistemas adesivos testados, podendo-se concluir que a utilização deste protocolo restaurador de cavidades ocluso-proximais com resina composta em molares decíduos resultou em baixos níveis de microinfiltração cervical imediata.