Biorremediação de solo contaminado por isobutanol, Bis-2-etil-hexilftalato e Di-isodecilftalato

Embora os ftalatos sejam um dos poluentes mais frequentemente encontrados no meio ambiente, há escassez de dados na literatura sobre biorremediação de solos tropicais contaminados por esses compostos. Por esse motivo, este estudo avaliou a biorremediação de um solo contaminado com os plastificantes DEHP (Bis-2-etilhexilftalato), DIDP (Di-isodecilftalato) e álcool isobutílico, por uma indústria no Estado de São Paulo. A biorremediação ocorreu pela utilização de microrganismos presentes no solo e pela adição de inóculo adaptado em reator em fase de lama. O reator foi monitorado durante 120 dias, sendo corrigida apenas a umidade do solo. Os resultados indicaram que a biodegradação dos ftalatos seguiu uma cinética de primeira ordem e a biorremediação ocorreu na faixa de pH entre 7,4 e 8,4 e temperaturas entre 17 e 25 ºC, com eficiência de remoção de contaminantes acima de 70 %. Após 120 dias, o teor de DEHP estava abaixo de 4 mg kg-1, limite estipulado pela legislação brasileira para solo de uso residencial.

Bioremediation of PAHs - Limitations and soultions

Introduction 1.1 Occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in the environment Worldwide industrial and agricultural developments have released a large number of natural and synthetic hazardous compounds into the environment due to careless waste disposal, illegal waste dumping and accidental spills. As a result, there are numerous sites in the world that require cleanup of soils and groundwater. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are one of the major groups of these contaminants (Da Silva et al., 2003). PAHs constitute a diverse class of organic compounds consisting of two or more aromatic rings with various structural configurations (Prabhu and Phale, 2003). Being a derivative of benzene, PAHs are thermodynamically stable. In addition, these chemicals tend to adhere to particle surfaces, such as soils, because of their low water solubility and strong hydrophobicity, and this results in greater persistence under natural conditions. This persistence coupled with their potential carcinogenicity makes PAHs problematic environmental contaminants (Cerniglia, 1992; Sutherland, 1992). PAHs are widely found in high concentrations at many industrial sites, particularly those associated with petroleum, gas production and wood preserving industries (Wilson and Jones, 1993). 1.2 Remediation technologies Conventional techniques used for the remediation of soil polluted with organic contaminants include excavation of the contaminated soil and disposal to a landfill or capping - containment - of the contaminated areas of a site. These methods have some drawbacks. The first method simply moves the contamination elsewhere and may create significant risks in the excavation, handling and transport of hazardous material. Additionally, it is very difficult and increasingly expensive to find new landfill sites for the final disposal of the material. The cap and containment method is only an interim solution since the contamination remains on site, requiring monitoring and maintenance of the isolation barriers long into the future, with all the associated costs and potential liability. A better approach than these traditional methods is to completely destroy the pollutants, if possible, or transform them into harmless substances. Some technologies that have been used are high-temperature incineration and various types of chemical decomposition (for example, base-catalyzed dechlorination, UV oxidation). However, these methods have significant disadvantages, principally their technological complexity, high cost , and the lack of public acceptance. Bioremediation, on the contrast, is a promising option for the complete removal and destruction of contaminants. 1.3 Bioremediation of PAH contaminated soil & groundwater Bioremediation is the use of living organisms, primarily microorganisms, to degrade or detoxify hazardous wastes into harmless substances such as carbon dioxide, water and cell biomass Most PAHs are biodegradable unter natural conditions (Da Silva et al., 2003; Meysami and Baheri, 2003) and bioremediation for cleanup of PAH wastes has been extensively studied at both laboratory and commercial levels- It has been implemented at a number of contaminated sites, including the cleanup of the Exxon Valdez oil spill in Prince William Sound, Alaska in 1989, the Mega Borg spill off the Texas coast in 1990 and the Burgan Oil Field, Kuwait in 1994 (Purwaningsih, 2002). Different strategies for PAH bioremediation, such as in situ , ex situ or on site bioremediation were developed in recent years. In situ bioremediation is a technique that is applied to soil and groundwater at the site without removing the contaminated soil or groundwater, based on the provision of optimum conditions for microbiological contaminant breakdown.. Ex situ bioremediation of PAHs, on the other hand, is a technique applied to soil and groundwater which has been removed from the site via excavation (soil) or pumping (water). Hazardous contaminants are converted in controlled bioreactors into harmless compounds in an efficient manner. 1.4 Bioavailability of PAH in the subsurface Frequently, PAH contamination in the environment is occurs as contaminants that are sorbed onto soilparticles rather than in phase (NAPL, non aqueous phase liquids). It is known that the biodegradation rate of most PAHs sorbed onto soil is far lower than rates measured in solution cultures of microorganisms with pure solid pollutants (Alexander and Scow, 1989; Hamaker, 1972). It is generally believed that only that fraction of PAHs dissolved in the solution can be metabolized by microorganisms in soil. The amount of contaminant that can be readily taken up and degraded by microorganisms is defined as bioavailability (Bosma et al., 1997; Maier, 2000). Two phenomena have been suggested to cause the low bioavailability of PAHs in soil (Danielsson, 2000). The first one is strong adsorption of the contaminants to the soil constituents which then leads to very slow release rates of contaminants to the aqueous phase. Sorption is often well correlated with soil organic matter content (Means, 1980) and significantly reduces biodegradation (Manilal and Alexander, 1991). The second phenomenon is slow mass transfer of pollutants, such as pore diffusion in the soil aggregates or diffusion in the organic matter in the soil. The complex set of these physical, chemical and biological processes is schematically illustrated in Figure 1. As shown in Figure 1, biodegradation processes are taking place in the soil solution while diffusion processes occur in the narrow pores in and between soil aggregates (Danielsson, 2000). Seemingly contradictory studies can be found in the literature that indicate the rate and final extent of metabolism may be either lower or higher for sorbed PAHs by soil than those for pure PAHs (Van Loosdrecht et al., 1990). These contrasting results demonstrate that the bioavailability of organic contaminants sorbed onto soil is far from being well understood. Besides bioavailability, there are several other factors influencing the rate and extent of biodegradation of PAHs in soil including microbial population characteristics, physical and chemical properties of PAHs and environmental factors (temperature, moisture, pH, degree of contamination). Figure 1: Schematic diagram showing possible rate-limiting processes during bioremediation of hydrophobic organic contaminants in a contaminated soil-water system (not to scale) (Danielsson, 2000). 1.5 Increasing the bioavailability of PAH in soil Attempts to improve the biodegradation of PAHs in soil by increasing their bioavailability include the use of surfactants , solvents or solubility enhancers.. However, introduction of synthetic surfactant may result in the addition of one more pollutant. (Wang and Brusseau, 1993).A study conducted by Mulder et al. showed that the introduction of hydropropyl-ß-cyclodextrin (HPCD), a well-known PAH solubility enhancer, significantly increased the solubilization of PAHs although it did not improve the biodegradation rate of PAHs (Mulder et al., 1998), indicating that further research is required in order to develop a feasible and efficient remediation method. Enhancing the extent of PAHs mass transfer from the soil phase to the liquid might prove an efficient and environmentally low-risk alternative way of addressing the problem of slow PAH biodegradation in soil.

Synthese, Charakterisierung und Testung von Phenylacrylsäure-Derivaten, Benzothiazolen und Diarylthioethern als potentielle Inhibitoren der Dengue-Virus-Typ-2-NS2B-NS3-Protease

Dengue-Fieber ist eine durch Stechmücken der Gattungen Aedes aegypti und Aedes albopticus übertragene, virale Infektionskrankheit des Menschen, welche eine zunehmende Bedrohung für die Weltbevölkerung darstellt; das Infektionsrisiko betrifft vorwiegend Menschen, die in tropischen und subtropischen Gebieten der Erde (Asien, Afrika, Amerika) leben. Bei dem Erreger handelt es sich um ein Flavivirus, bestehend aus einer positiv polarisierten Einzelstrang-RNA, welches in vier verschiedenen Serotypen existiert. Eine Infektion mit Dengue-Viren zeigt sich durch drei mögliche Krankheitsbilder: Klassisches Dengue-Fieber (DF), hämorrhagisches Dengue-Fieber (DHF) oder Dengue-Schock-Syndrom (DSS). Das Dengue-Virus-Genom codiert eine Serin-Protease mit einer klassischen katalytischen Triade, bestehend aus den Aminosäuren His51, Asp75 und Ser135. Die Funktion der Dengue-Virus-Protease besteht in der post-translationalen, proteolytischen Prozessierung des viralen Polyprotein-Vorläufers, womit sie essentiell für die Virus-Replikation ist und damit einen wichtigen therapeutischen Ansatz für die Entwicklung neuer Wirkstoffe gegen Dengue-Fieber darstellt. Die Ziele der vorliegenden Arbeit bestanden darin, neue potentielle Inhibitoren der Dengue-Virus Typ 2 NS2B-NS3 Protease (DEN-2 NS2B-NS3pro) zu synthetisieren, deren Hemmwirkung sowie den Inhibitionstyp mithilfe fluorimetrischer Enzym-Assays zu bestimmen, Struktur-Wirkungs-Beziehungen (u.a. mithilfe von Molecular Docking-Rechnungen) zu analysieren und die erhaltenen Leitstrukturen zu optimieren. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden zwei Substanzklassen und damit zwei Teilprojekte behandelt: Phenylacrylsäureamide im ersten Teilprojekt, Benzothiazole und Diarylthioether zusammen im zweiten Teilprojekt. Im ersten Teilprojekt zeigten einige Phenylacrylsäureamide eine schwache Hemmung der DEN-2 NS2B-NS3pro zwischen ca. 50 und 61 % bei einer Inhibitorkonzentration von 50 µM sowie eine nicht-kompetitive Hemmung, welche jedoch durch vielfältige Derivatisierung kaum verändert oder verbessert werden konnte. Darüber hinaus wurden die endogenen Serin-Proteasen alpha-Chymotrypsin und Trypsin durch einige Phenylacrylsäureamide erheblich stärker gehemmt als die DEN-2 NS2B-NS3pro. Das zweite Teilprojekt befasste sich mit der Synthese und Testung von Diarylthioethern mit hydroxy-substituierten Benzothiazol-Bausteinen sowie der Testung einiger methoxy-substituierter Synthese-Vorstufen der Endverbindungen, um die Relevanz und den Einfluss der einzelnen Bausteine auf die Hemmung der DEN-2 NS2B-NS3pro zu untersuchen. Der in der vorliegenden Arbeit synthetisierte, potenteste Inhibitor der DEN-2 NS2B-NS3pro (Hemmung: 90 % [50 µM]; IC50 = 3.6 +/- 0.11 µM) und der DEN-3 NS2B-NS3pro (Hemmung: >99 % [100 µM]; IC50 = 9.1 +/- 1.02 µM), SH65, ein Diarylthioether-Benzothiazol-Derivat, entstand aufgrund der Vorhersage zweier möglicher Bindungsmodi (kompetitiv und nicht-kompetitiv) mithilfe von Molecular Docking-Experimenten an der Röntgen-Kristall-struktur der DEN-3 NS2B-NS3pro (PDB-Code: 3U1I). Nach experimenteller Bestimmung der IC50-Werte bei unterschiedlichen Substratkonzentrationen erwies sich SH65 jedoch als nicht-kompetitiver Inhibitor der DEN-2 NS2B-NS3pro. Trypsin wurde von SH65 vergleichbar stark gehemmt (96% [50 µM]; IC50 = 6.27 +/- 0.68 µM) wie die beiden getesteten Dengue-Virus-Proteasen, nicht jedoch alpha-Chymotrypsin (nur 21% Hemmung bei 50 µM), wodurch diesem Inhibitor zumindest eine relative Selektivität gegenüber Serin-Proteasen zugeschrieben werden kann. SH65 zeigte lediglich Protease-Hemmung in den Enzym-Assays, jedoch keine antivirale Aktivität bei der Testung an Dengue-Virus-infizierten Zellen, was aber wiederum bei der synthetisierten Vorstufe von SH65, welche anstelle der beiden Hydroxy-Gruppen über Methoxy-Gruppen verfügt, der Fall war. Diarylthioether mit mehrfach hydroxy-substituiertem Benzothiazol-Baustein stellen hiermit eine neue, vielversprechende Wirkstoffgruppe zur Hemmung sowohl der Dengue-Virus Typ 2- als auch der Dengue-Virus Typ 3 NS2B-NS3 Protease dar.

A phase IIa randomized controlled pilot study evaluating the safety and clinical outcomes following the use of rhGDF-5/β-TCP in regenerative periodontal therapy

To present the safety profile, the early healing phase and the clinical outcomes at 24 weeks following treatment of human intrabony defects with open flap debridement (OFD) alone or with OFD and rhGDF-5 adsorbed onto a particulate β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) carrier. Twenty chronic periodontitis patients, each with at least one tooth exhibiting a probing depth ≥6 mm and an associated intrabony defect ≥4 mm entered the study. Ten subjects (one defect/patient) were randomized to receive OFD alone (control) and ten subjects OFD combined with rhGDF-5/β-TCP. Blood samples were collected at screening, and at weeks 2 and 24 to evaluate routine hematology and clinical chemistry, rhGDF-5 plasma levels, and antirhGDF-5 antibody formation. Plaque and gingival indices, bleeding on probing, probing depth, clinical attachment level, and radiographs were recorded pre- and 24 weeks postsurgery. Comparable safety profiles were found in the two treatment groups. Neither antirhGDF-5 antibody formation nor relevant rhGDF-5 plasma levels were detected in any patient. At 6 months, treatment with OFD + rhGDF-5/β-TCP resulted in higher but statistically not significant PD reduction (3.7 ± 1.2 vs. 3.1 ± 1.8 mm; p = 0.26) and CAL gain (3.2 ± 1.7 vs. 1.7 ± 2.2 mm; p = 0.14) compared to OFD alone. In the tested concentration, the use of rhGDF-5/β-TCP appeared to be safe and the material possesses a sound biological rationale. Thus, further adequately powered, randomized controlled clinical trials are warranted to confirm the clinical relevance of this new approach in regenerative periodontal therapy. rhGDF-5/β-TCP may represent a promising new techology in regenerative periodontal therapy.

Clinical and intravascular imaging outcomes at 1 and 2 years after implantation of absorb everolimus eluting bioresorbable vascular scaffolds in small vessels. Late lumen enlargement: does bioresorption matter with small vessel size? Insight from the ABSORB cohort B trial

BACKGROUND The long-term results after second generation everolimus eluting bioresorbable vascular scaffold (Absorb BVS) placement in small vessels are unknown. Therefore, we investigated the impact of vessel size on long-term outcomes, after Absorb BVS implantation. METHODS In ABSORB Cohort B Trial, out of the total study population (101 patients), 45 patients were assigned to undergo 6-month and 2-year angiographic follow-up (Cohort B1) and 56 patients to have angiographic follow-up at 1-year (Cohort B2). The pre-reference vessel diameter (RVD) was <2.5 mm (small-vessel group) in 41 patients (41 lesions) and ≥2.5 mm (large-vessel group) in 60 patients (61 lesions). Outcomes were compared according to pre-RVD. RESULTS At 2-year angiographic follow-up no differences in late lumen loss (0.29±0.16 mm vs 0.25±0.22 mm, p=0.4391), and in-segment binary restenosis (5.3% vs 5.3% p=1.0000) were demonstrated between groups. In the small-vessel group, intravascular ultrasound analysis showed a significant increase in vessel area (12.25±3.47 mm(2) vs 13.09±3.38 mm(2) p=0.0015), scaffold area (5.76±0.96 mm(2) vs 6.41±1.30 mm(2) p=0.0008) and lumen area (5.71±0.98 mm(2) vs 6.20±1.27 mm(2) p=0.0155) between 6-months and 2-year follow-up. No differences in plaque composition were reported between groups at either time point. At 2-year clinical follow-up, no differences in ischaemia-driven major adverse cardiac events (7.3% vs 10.2%, p=0.7335), myocardial infarction (4.9% vs 1.7%, p=0.5662) or ischaemia-driven target lesion revascularisation (2.4% vs 8.5%, p=0.3962) were reported between small and large vessels. No deaths or scaffold thrombosis were observed. CONCLUSIONS Similar clinical and angiographic outcomes at 2-year follow-up were reported in small and large vessel groups. A significant late lumen enlargement and positive vessel remodelling were observed in small vessels.

Ms. Ff. Mus. 1323 - Am 2 post Epiphan. : Sehet an die Exempel der Alten, und pp. ; C. A. T. B. , 1 cornettino, 3 tromboni, 2 violini, 2 hautbois se piace, 1 viola, violoncello et organo.

von Telemann. [Textverf.: Gottfried Simonis]

Na 1 Nachlass Max Horkheimer, 707 - "German Refugees from Eastern Zone" (p. IX 183.1-2 - IX 184.2-18)

"German Refugees from the Eastern Zone" 1952; 1. "Outline of a Pilot Study of German Refugees from the Eastern Zone Who are presently in Berlin" a) Typoskript, 4 Blatt; b) Typoskript, 3 Blatt; 2. "Budget for a Pilot Study of German Refugees from the Eastern Zone in Berlin" a) 2 Blatt; b) 1 Blatt; c) 1 Blatt; d) 1 Blatt; "Universität und Gesellschaft" 1952-1956; 1. "Universität und Gesellschaft" Teil III: Expertenbefragung. Forschungsbericht, 1953; als Typoskript vervielfältigt und gebunden, 77 Blatt; 2.-7. Allgemeine Darstellung der Untersuchungen; 2. "Einige wichtige Ergebnisse der Universitätsstudie", 1956. Als Typoskript vervielfältigt, 5 Blatt; 3. "Vorläufige Gliederung für den Bericht der Hochschul-Untersuchung" 2 Blatt; 4. "The German University of Today. Progress Report on a Research Project" 02.11.1955 a) Typoskirpt, 12 Blatt; b) Typoskript mit handschriftlichen Korrekturen, 12 Blatt; 5. "The German University of Today. A Progress Report on a Research Project" a) Typoskript, 7 Blatt; b) Typoskript mit handschriftlichen Korrekturen, 8 Blatt; c) Typoskirpt mit handschriftlichen Korrekturen, 12 Blatt; 6. "Funktion und Wirklichkeit der Universität heute. Zwischenbericht über drei Studien des Instituts für Sozialforschung an der Johann Wolfgang Goethe- Universität". Typoskript, 25 Blatt; 7. "Pläne einer Untersuchung über die Vorstellung von der Finktion der heutigen deutschen Universität bei bestimmten Personenkreisen" a) Typoskirpt, 11 Blatt; b) Typoskript, 11 Blatt; 8.-10. Studentenbefragung; 8. Fagebogen zur Umfrage "Warum studieren Studenten?", als Typoskript vervielfältigt, 19 Blatt; 9. "The Economic Situation of Students at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe- University in Frankfurt am Main" Resultate der Umfrage vom Winter 1952/43; Januar 1956; a) Typoskript, 43 Blatt; b) 43 Blatt; 10. "Students and Parentl Influence. Results of a Survey" a) Typoskript, 25 Blatt; b) Typoskript mit handschriftlichen Korrekturen von Frederick Pollock, 25 Blatt; 11.-14. Aktennotizen; 11. "Bericht über die Verhandlungen zwischen Herrn Professor Baumgarten, Tenbruck und Habermas am 12.12.1956 im Institut für vergleichende Sozialwissenschaften in Stuttgart. Betreff: Professorenstudie" 13.13.1956 vermutlich 13.03.1956. Typoskript, 2 Blatt; 12. Gembardt, Ulrich: Aktennotiz zur Hochschuluntersuchung. 23.05.1955, Typoskript, 3 Blatt; 13. Gembardt, Ulrich: Bemerkungen zur Aktennotiz vom 23.05.1955, Typoskript, 2 Blatt; 14. "Aktennotiz über die Hochschul-Forschungsprojekte des Göttinger Soziologischen Seminars und des Frankfurter Institut für Sozialforschung, die deim Hauptausschuß der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft am 1. August 1953 zur Finanzierung vorgelegt werden" 20.07.1953. Typoskript, 2 Blatt; 15.-18. Briefe; 15. Löwenthal, Leo: 1 Brief mit Unterschrift an MAx Horkheimer, New York, 20.01.1955, 3 Blatt; 16. Horkheimer, Max [?]: 1 Brief an Chauncy D. Harris, ohne Ort, Januar 1955; a) Typoskirpt, 1 Blatt; b) Typoskirpt mit handschriftlichen Korrekturen, 1 Blatt; c) Typoskirpt mit handschriftlichen Korrekturen, 1 Blatt; d) Typoskirpt, 1 Blatt; 17. Horkheimer, Max: Drei gleichlautende Briefe an die Rektoren der Universität Bonn, Heidelberg und Koel, ohne Ort, 15.11.1953; a) Typoskript, 6 Blatt; b) Typoskript mit eigenhändigen KOrrekturen, 3 Blatt; 18. Plessner, Helmuth: 1 Brief mit Unterschrift mit Beilage an Max Horkheimer, Göttingen 02.07.1953, 4 Blatt;