An empirical model to estimate the demand for primary care in urban settings

Objective. To measure the demand for primary care and its associated factors by building and estimating a demand model of primary care in urban settings.^ Data source. Secondary data from 2005 California Health Interview Survey (CHIS 2005), a population-based random-digit dial telephone survey, conducted by the UCLA Center for Health Policy Research in collaboration with the California Department of Health Services, and the Public Health Institute between July 2005 and April 2006.^ Study design. A literature review was done to specify the demand model by identifying relevant predictors and indicators. CHIS 2005 data was utilized for demand estimation.^ Analytical methods. The probit regression was used to estimate the use/non-use equation and the negative binomial regression was applied to the utilization equation with the non-negative integer dependent variable.^ Results. The model included two equations in which the use/non-use equation explained the probability of making a doctor visit in the past twelve months, and the utilization equation estimated the demand for primary conditional on at least one visit. Among independent variables, wage rate and income did not affect the primary care demand whereas age had a negative effect on demand. People with college and graduate educational level were associated with 1.03 (p < 0.05) and 1.58 (p < 0.01) more visits, respectively, compared to those with no formal education. Insurance was significantly and positively related to the demand for primary care (p < 0.01). Need for care variables exhibited positive effects on demand (p < 0.01). Existence of chronic disease was associated with 0.63 more visits, disability status was associated with 1.05 more visits, and people with poor health status had 4.24 more visits than those with excellent health status. ^ Conclusions. The average probability of visiting doctors in the past twelve months was 85% and the average number of visits was 3.45. The study emphasized the importance of need variables in explaining healthcare utilization, as well as the impact of insurance, employment and education on demand. The two-equation model of decision-making, and the probit and negative binomial regression methods, was a useful approach to demand estimation for primary care in urban settings.^

Effect of Sulfur and Boron Fertilization on Alfalfa

Historically, sulfur (S) deficiency has not been an issue for crop production in Iowa. Research results as recent as 2002 on corn and soybeans were consistent with previous results. The exception was a long-standing suggestion to apply S as commercial fertilizer or livestock manure for alfalfa production on sandy soils.

(Table T1) Radioelement concentration and radiogenic heat production of ODP Holes 173-1067A and 173-1068A

Mean values of radiogenic heat production are derived from measurements of radioelements on the following rock types: amphibolite (0.358 ± 0.118 µW/m**3) and tonalite gneiss (0.802 ± 0.039 µW/m**3) at Site 1067 and serpentinized peridotite (0.0108 ± 0.0003 µW/m**3) at Site 1068. The results for serpentinized peridotite and amphibolite are consistent with previous measurements on samples from Sites 897 and 900. These results suggest that the thin continental crust in this region would contribute very little to the conductive heat flow.

La producción de leche orgánica en la región Puno : Una alternativa de desarrollo sostenible

El consumo de productos orgánicos viene creciendo en todo el mundo y la leche orgánica no es la excepción. En Puno, por sus características geográficas, culturales e históricas, la producción agropecuaria aún mantiene tecnologías de producción ancestrales, buscando el equilibrio con el medio ambiente, con un uso mínimo de fertilizantes y pesticidas, con lo que se muestra un enfoque en la sostenibilidad y una tendencia a producir orgánicamente. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar mediante una simulación la viabilidad económica y el riesgo de producir leche orgánica como una alternativa de desarrollo sostenible. Se consideró la producción por encima de los 3.000 metros de altura, área de 6,5 has, una vaca (criolla) por hectárea produciendo 10 litros de leche/día. Los indicadores económicos resultaron positivos: el VAN fue S/. 2.916,38, TIR 24, VAE S/. 866,33, ratio B/C S/. 1,48 (se aclaro en la metodología) y el período de recuperación de la inversión resultó de 5,88 años, evidenciando que la producción de leche orgánica es económicamente viable pero con riesgo elevado: la simulación de Monte Carlo mostró que existe 71,43 de probabilidad de no resultar viable

La producción de leche orgánica en la región Puno : Una alternativa de desarrollo sostenible

El consumo de productos orgánicos viene creciendo en todo el mundo y la leche orgánica no es la excepción. En Puno, por sus características geográficas, culturales e históricas, la producción agropecuaria aún mantiene tecnologías de producción ancestrales, buscando el equilibrio con el medio ambiente, con un uso mínimo de fertilizantes y pesticidas, con lo que se muestra un enfoque en la sostenibilidad y una tendencia a producir orgánicamente. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar mediante una simulación la viabilidad económica y el riesgo de producir leche orgánica como una alternativa de desarrollo sostenible. Se consideró la producción por encima de los 3.000 metros de altura, área de 6,5 has, una vaca (criolla) por hectárea produciendo 10 litros de leche/día. Los indicadores económicos resultaron positivos: el VAN fue S/. 2.916,38, TIR 24, VAE S/. 866,33, ratio B/C S/. 1,48 (se aclaro en la metodología) y el período de recuperación de la inversión resultó de 5,88 años, evidenciando que la producción de leche orgánica es económicamente viable pero con riesgo elevado: la simulación de Monte Carlo mostró que existe 71,43 de probabilidad de no resultar viable

La producción de leche orgánica en la región Puno : Una alternativa de desarrollo sostenible

El consumo de productos orgánicos viene creciendo en todo el mundo y la leche orgánica no es la excepción. En Puno, por sus características geográficas, culturales e históricas, la producción agropecuaria aún mantiene tecnologías de producción ancestrales, buscando el equilibrio con el medio ambiente, con un uso mínimo de fertilizantes y pesticidas, con lo que se muestra un enfoque en la sostenibilidad y una tendencia a producir orgánicamente. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar mediante una simulación la viabilidad económica y el riesgo de producir leche orgánica como una alternativa de desarrollo sostenible. Se consideró la producción por encima de los 3.000 metros de altura, área de 6,5 has, una vaca (criolla) por hectárea produciendo 10 litros de leche/día. Los indicadores económicos resultaron positivos: el VAN fue S/. 2.916,38, TIR 24, VAE S/. 866,33, ratio B/C S/. 1,48 (se aclaro en la metodología) y el período de recuperación de la inversión resultó de 5,88 años, evidenciando que la producción de leche orgánica es económicamente viable pero con riesgo elevado: la simulación de Monte Carlo mostró que existe 71,43 de probabilidad de no resultar viable

(Table 2) Integrated concentration, production and dissolution of silica in the water column of the southern Pacific

An intense diatom bloom developed within a strong meridional silicic acid gradient across the Antarctic Polar Front at 61°S, 170°W following stratification of the water column in late October/early November 1997. The region of high diatom biomass and the silicic acid gradient propogated southward across the Seasonal Ice Zone through time, with the maximum diatom biomass tracking the center of the silicic acid gradient. High diatom biomass and high rates of silica production persisted within the silicic acid gradient until the end of January 1998 (ca. 70 d) driving the gradient over 500 km to the south of its original position at the Polar Front. The bloom consumed 30 to >40 µM Si(OH)4 in the euphotic zone between about 60 and 66°S leaving near surface concentrations <2.5 µM and occasionally <1.0 µM in its wake. Integrated biogenic silica concentrations within the bloom averaged 410 mmol Si/m**2 (range 162-793 mmol Si/m**2). Average integrated silica production on two consecutive cruises in December 1997 and January 1998 that sampled the bloom while it was well developed were 27.5±6.9 and 22.6±20 mmol Si/m**2/d, respectively. Those levels of siliceous biomass and silica production are similar in magnitude to those reported for ice-edge diatom blooms in the Ross Sea, Antarctica, which is considered to be among the most productive regions in the Southern Ocean. Net silica production (production minus dissolution) in surface waters during the bloom was 16-21 mmol Si/m**2/d, which is sufficient for diatom growth to be the cause of the southward displacement of the silicic acid gradient. A strong seasonal change in silica dissolution : silica production rate ratios was observed. Integrated silica dissolution rates in the upper 100-150 m during the low biomass period before stratification averaged 64% of integrated production. During the bloom integrated dissolution rates averaged only 23% of integrated silica production, making 77% of the opal produced available for export to depth. The bloom ended in late January apparently due to a mixing event. Dissolution : production rate ratios increased to an average of 0.67 during that period indicating a return to a predominantly regenerative system. Our observations indicate that high diatom biomass and high silica production rates previously observed in the marginal seas around Antarctica also occur in the deep ocean near the Polar Front. The bloom we observed propagated across the latitudinal band overlying the sedimentary opal belt which encircles most of Antarctica implying a role for such blooms in the formation of those sediments. Comparison of our surface silica production rates with new estimates of opal accumulation rates in the abyssal sediments of the Southern Ocean, which have been corrected for sediment focusing, indicate a burial efficiency of <=4.6% for biogenic silica. That efficiency is considerably lower than previous estimates for the Southern Ocean.