I Fängelset : Regler och disciplinära åtgärder mot internerna på Falu fångvårdsanstalt under 1900-1905 och 1950-1955

Syftet med denna C-uppsats är att se vilka förändringar som ägde rum på Falu fångvårdsanstalt mellan två skilda perioder. Fokus ligger på de disciplinära åtgärder som vidtogs mot fångar som på något vis misskött sig på anstalten. Ena perioden är mellan 1900-1905 och den andra perioden är mellan 1950-1955. Under 1946 ägde en reformering av Svenska fångvården rum. Före detta år satt internerna isolerade i ensamceller och fick varken träffa eller språka med någon annan fånge under sin fängelsevistelse. Efter 1946 trädde reglementeringen i kraft där fångarna fick träffa varandra och samtala. Interner erhöll mer frihet än innan och den strikta ordning som funnits innan avtog så smått. Frågan som ställs i arbetet är vilka förändringar som går att finna före och efter 1946 års reglementering. Fången fick mer frihet efter detta år, men paradoxalt nog ökade skötsamhetsöverträdelserna efter 1946. De disciplinära åtgärderna fördubblades nästan i jämförelse med tidigare period. Det ökade förtroendet för internerna renderade i en högre grad av oordning på Falu fängelse och resultatet av undersökningen visar att det förekom fler förseelser 1950-1955 än 1900-1905. Källmaterialet till undersökningen består i huvudsak av förhörsprotokoll och straffjournaler från Falu fängelse för angiven tid, vilka har studerats på landsarkivet i Uppsala.

Nervous outsiders : Australia and the 1955 Asia-Africa conference in Bandung

In 1955 29 Asian, African and Middle Eastern nations gathered in Bandung. Indonesia, to discuss a range of issues including colonialism, racialism, economic development, war and peace. India's Prime Minister. Jawaharlal Nehru, was one of the key figures at the conference, but the Chinese Prime Minister, Chou En-lai. was the primary focus of world attention and media interest. The conference raised awkward questions for the Australian government. It highlighted the point that Australia was geographically part of Asia and had a vital interest in the region, but the fact that Australia had not been invited to attend the conference emphasised its status as a nation apart, racially and culturally. The Bandung conference provides an ideal opportunity to examine thinking about Australia's place in Asia as key figures in the Department of External Affairs. journalists and Asianist intellectuals debated whether or not Australia should attend.

‘CHOU GAGS CRITICS IN BANDOENG or how the media framed Premier Zhou Enlai at the Bandung Conference, 1955

At the Asian-African Conference at Bandung, Indonesia, in April 1955, the world's press concentrated its gaze on Premier Zhou Enlai of the People's Republic of China. Premier Zhou's every gesture, interaction and statement was scrutinized for evidence that his motivations at Bandung were antagonistic to Western interests. This preoccupation with the motivations of the Chinese was, however, no new phenomenon. By 1955, literary tropes of the ‘Yellow Peril’ had been firmly established in the Western imagination and, after 1949, almost seamlessly made their transition into fears of infiltrating communist Chinese ‘Reds’.

The first half of this paper explores the historical roots of the West's perceptions of the Chinese, through the literary works of Daniel Defoe to the pulp fiction of Sax Rohmer's Dr Fu Manchu series, which ran from 1917 to 1959. It then examines how this negative template was mobilised by the print media at the height of the Cold War to characterize Premier Zhou Enlai, not only as untrustworthy, but also as antagonistically anti-Western. This reading of representations of Premier Zhou at Bandung, as well as the literary tropes propagated in support of eighteenth and nineteenth-century imperial expansion, exposes a history of Western (mis)interpretations of China, and sheds light upon the media network's role in constructing a Chinese enemy in the mid-1950s.

Importance of the contribution of Australians to the penetration of China by the China Inland Mission in the period 1888-1953, with particular reference to the work of Australian women missionaries

Australians, in the main, are unaware of the role which Australia played in the evangelization of China in the late nineteenth and the first half of the twentieth century. Most would never have heard of the China Inland Mission (CIM), the largest of the Protestant bodies which penetrated the Middle Kingdom, and few would know of the contribution that its Australian contingent, which consistently comprised about a tenth of the CIM's numbers, made towards the Christianization of that vast country. This thesis aims to raise the level of awareness in this area. Academic researchers have not totally neglected to examine the proselytization of China, and historians of the stature of Latourette have not let it escape their attention. However, most of the studies which have not merely fleetingly focused on the subject while viewing a larger canvas, have been North American, singling out the efforts of United States and Canadian bodies in introducing Christianity to the Chinese. Here, authors like Amerding, Bacon, Creighton, Gates, Hawkes, Ho, Ko, Mensendiek, Michell and Quale have left their mark. In the case of the present thesis, the outlook from which events played out in China are viewed is firmly based in Australia rather than North America. Earlier Australian research has been scarce, and is dominated by Loane and Dixon. Loane, evidently primarily working from Australasian Council minutes, mainly concentrates on the efforts of the CIM's Home Council, examining its endeavours decade by decade against a backdrop of contemporaneous events in China, and briefly referring to aspects of the lives of a cross-section of Australasian missionaries, without providing much idea about what they actually did in the field or what they achieved there. Because of its preoccupation with the Home Council, which never admitted women into its ranks, Loane's treatise is systemically biased towards men, though the more prominent of the women, like Mary Reed and Susie Garland, are given due recognition. The current thesis looks in detail at what Australians did in the field, the level of success they achieved, and at the particular contribution of Australian women towards the evangelization of China. Dixon took upon herself the formidable task of examining the endeavours of all missions in China which contained Australian missionaries. Because of the magnitude of her task, she could not focus to any great extent on particular missions, nor pursue in any detail the work of individual Australian missionaries. Like Loane, she was unable to explore what they actually did in the field or what they achieved there. Neither could she delve to any depth into the work of Australian women missionaries, though on the basis of the information she had accumulated, she drew the conclusion that Australian women had largely only brought about some unintended feminist consequences amongst Chinese women. This sweeping generalization failed to take into account the other very real social changes for Chinese women the Australian female missionaries quite purposely helped to bring about, and this thesis makes good that omission. This thesis studies aspects of the Australian missionary endeavour which both Loane and Dixon have neglected, thereby breaking new ground, and sets out to correct erroneous impressions which Dixon's dissertation has left on the historical record. One of these impressions concerned the longevity of the effect of the Australian effort in China. She had the View, writing in 1978, that the Chinese Church was moribund (a view shared by Varg and Lacy) , and that therefore the effects attributable to the endeavours of any nationality had proved fruitless, whereas the author is able to show, using modern-day sources, that the church has burgeoned in recent years thanks to earlier missionary endeavours and later neo-evangelistic efforts like Gospel radio, and now has a complement of perhaps 50 million adherents, making it second only to the United States in the size of its Protestant evangelical population. Another impression she left was that the Australian input into the evangelization of China can be largely dismissed because no totally Australian organization emerged, leaving the direction of Australia's effort in other hands. Contrary to that impression, the author shows that the Australian impact in China was significant and that Australians enjoyed more power than Dixon ever imagined. The author also shows that Australians were accepted as the equal of other nationalities in the CIM once they had acquired the necessary field expertise, a factor which doubtless also applied in respect of other missions with Australian components in China. Marchant has suggested that it is a fiction perpetuated by mission periodicals that Christianity spread and progressed in a determined manner in China. This thesis establishes that within the CIM's bailiwick, though there was some patchiness, Christianity progressed steadily and inexorably. One mission alone, the CIM, is concentrated upon, firstly in order to render the data manageable, secondly because it was the largest mission in China and had a sizeable Australian (including female) contingent, and thirdly because it exemplified many of the problems which would have been faced by missions in that country and their Australian components. The methodology employed is multifaceted. The written testimony of the missionaries themselves, contained in CIM periodicals, Field Bulletins, Monthly Notes, Annual Reports, autobiographies, personal files, diaries and letters is used to illustrate various aspects of the CIM's work in which Australians were engaged. This approach is augmented by other sources such as China and Australasian Home Council Minutes, missionary conference reports, Candidates' Books, biographies, and other selected material from archival holdings in Australia, Singapore, the United Kingdom, America and Canada. Statistics, especially ratio analyses and growth rate comparisons are used to demonstrate the relative success of different missions, missionaries and genders. Also employed are reminiscences of missionaries and descendants obtained by personal interview, and these are aggregated to provide some general conclusions. Data from these various sources have been synthesized to serve the central objective of demonstrating the importance of the contribution of Australians to the penetration of China by the CIM in the period 1888-1953 with particular reference to the work of Australian women missionaries.

Threats, fear, politics and the shaping of insecurity 1946-1955

Governments use fear to promote political objectives. Through the exaggeration of external threats, fear as conceptualised in the writings of Hobbes, Barry Buzan, David Campbell and others, became a major factor in shaping Australia's post-war foreign and defence policies which were also intended to serve the government's domestic political agenda.

Sovereignty and resistance : India, China and the Asian-African Conference, 1955

This thesis examines the Asian-African Conference at Bandung, Indonesia in 1955 from a broad historical perspective. It presents evidence that the assertion of independent Asian foreign policy - non-aligned and communist led by India and China - signalled a more significant, long-term shift in West-East realtions than has been previously identified.

Comparação entre os métodos de coloração panótico rápido e giemsa para o diagnóstico de protozoários do gênero Babesia (Starcovici, 1893) e de riquétsias do gênero Ehrlichia (Ehrlich, 1888) em cães (Canis familiaris) no município de Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil.

O trabalho realizado determinou a freqüência dos gêneros Babesia e Ehrlichia, em 250 caninos com suspeita clínica de hemoparasitose, atendidos no Hospital de Clínicas Veterinárias da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (HCV–UFRGS), clínicas e hospitais veterinários particulares. Foi analisada a influência da faixa etária e do gênero dos animais na positividade, assim como comparadas as colorações de Giemsa e Panótico Rápido. A pesquisa dos parasitas no sangue de caninos foi realizada através de esfregaços sangüíneos corados pelos métodos Giemsa e Panóptico Rápido. Das 250 amostras analisadas, 45 (18%) foram positivas para hemoparasitas, sendo que 7 (3%) eram animais com idade igual ou inferior a 1 ano (grupo I) e 38 (15%) animais a partir de 1 ano de idade (grupo II). O Teste Exato de Fisher aplicado aos dados revelou não haver diferença significativa entre os resultados encontrados nos animais do grupo I e do grupo II. A Odds ratio calculada para os dois grupos foi igual a 2,142. Os resultados obtidos através da metodologia proposta em função do gênero dos 250 animais pesquisados, envolveram 144 fêmeas, sendo 29 positivas e 106 machos, sendo 16 positivos. O Teste Exato de Fisher aplicado aos dados revelou também não haver diferença significativa entre os resultados encontrados entre machos e fêmeas de todas as idades. A Odds ratio calculada a partir dos dados encontrados foi igual a 0,7050. Em relação aos resultados obtidos com as colorações utilizadas, das 250 amostras analisadas, 26 amostras foram positivas com o kit Panótico Rápido, sendo 19 (7,6%) positivas para Ehrlichia spp e 7 (2,8%) para Babesia spp. Com a coloração de Giemsa, obteve-se 22 amostras positivas: 21 (8,4%) para Babesia spp e 1 (0,4%) para Ehrlichia spp. Apenas 3 amostras (1,2%) apresentaram-se positivas para Babesia spp nas duas colorações e nenhuma amostra foi positiva para Ehrlichia spp com as duas colorações. O teste de Mc Nemar aplicado a estes dados revelou que houve diferença significativa em relação às amostras positivas para Babesia spp pela coloração de Giemsa e pelo Panótico Rápido. A porcentagem de co-positividade e co-negatividade para as duas colorações foi de 14,3% e 98,2%, respectivamente, perfazendo uma porcentagem de concordância total de 91,2%, enquanto o valor Kappa calculado foi de 0,18. O teste de Mc Nemar apresentou uma diferença extremamente significativa nos esfregaços de animais positivos para Ehrlichia spp com as duas colorações utilizadas. A porcentagem de co-positividade e co-negatividade para as duas colorações foi de 0% e 92,3%, respectivamente, perfazendo uma porcentagem de concordância total de 92%, enquanto o valor Kappa calculado foi de 0 (zero). Com base nesses resultados, pode-se concluir que 18% dos animais analisados foram positivos para os hemoparasitos Babesia ou Ehrlichia e que tanto a variável gênero quanto a idade não apresentaram associação com a positividade. Além disso, o corante de Giemsa mostrou-se mais eficiente para o diagnóstico de babesiose canina, enquanto o kit Panótico Rápido foi mais eficiente para a detecção de erliquiose canina.

Um século de tradição: a banda de música do Colégio Salesiano de Santa Rosa (1888-1988)

A música nos colégios salesianos sempre ocupou um lugar de destaque, pois na pedagogiade Dom Bosco é considerada importante fator educativo, devido a seu grande poder deinfluência no espírito dos jovens. Para Dom Bosco, uma escola sem música é um corposem alma , afirmação que explicita o valor pedagógico da música. Ainda segundo ele, aalegria é o elemento básico da educação, e a música expressa esse estado da alma. Estetrabalho visa valorizar a Banda de Música do Colégio Salesiano Santa Rosa, de Niterói,RJ, em sua trajetória de mais de 100 anos de atividade ininterrupta, e resgatar umamemória que tende a se perder. A banda sempre esteve à frente das festas cívicas,contagiando o público com marchas e hinos patrióticos, comandando desfiles escolares,impondo sua cadência e expressando através da música o sentimento de sua comunidade.Esta pesquisa surgiu da observação de que os trabalhos sobre bandas tinham como pontoprincipal a questão do ensino musical, mas não o valor pedagógico da música. Tambémnada havia sido escrito sobre a Banda de Música do Colégio Salesiano Santa Rosa. Assim,por meio da documentação histórica e da memória como suportes de reconstrução dahistória dessa banda secular, este trabalho lança um novo olhar sobre o tema.

As casas de Oscar Niemeyer - 1935-1955

A presente dissertação trata das casas projetadas pelo arquiteto Oscar Niemeyer, no período que compreende o início da sua carreira, em 1935, até a revisão autocrítica de 1955 – entre a Emergência e o final da Hegemonia da Arquitetura Moderna Brasileira. As 24 casas do período são apresentadas em ordem cronológica estudadas e analisadas individualmente, em paralelo ao conjunto de sua obra e considerando o contexto arquitetônico local e internacional. Contexto este especificamente representado pelos seus mestres confessos: Lucio Costa e Le Corbusier. As análises específicas de cada casa abordam: a sua motivação, o contexto histórico-cultural, os seus clientes, o lugar onde estão (ou estariam) e os seus aspectos compositivos, formais, funcionais e técnico-construtivos. O conjunto e contexto aparecem como suporte para a comparação, verificação de precedência, de influência, de renovação ou realimentação. Os resultados foram classificados, listados e quantificados afim de permitir futuros estudos sobre o tema. O trabalho procura também contribuir como meio de compilação, preservação e registro iconográfico desta parcela da obra de Niemeyer.

Government policy and private investment in Brazil (1955/82)

The questlon of the crowding-out of private !nvestment by public expenditure, public investment in particular , ln the Brazilian economy has been discussed more in ideological terrns than on empirical grounds. The present paper tries to avoid the limitation of previous studies by estlmatlng an equation for private investment whlch makes it possible to evaluate the effect of economic policies on prlvate investment. The private lnvestment equation was deduced modifylng the optimal flexible accelerator medel (OFAM) incorporating some channels through which public expendlture influences privateinvestment. The OFAM consists in adding adjustment costs to the neoclassical theory of investrnent. The investment fuction deduced is quite general and has the following explanatory variables: relative prices (user cost of capitaljimput prices ratios), real interest rates, real product, public expenditures and lagged private stock of capital. The model was estimated for private manufacturing industry data. The procedure adopted in estimating the model was to begin with a model as general as possible and apply restrictions to the model ' s parameters and test their statistical significance. A complete diagnostic testing was also made in order to test the stability of estirnated equations. This procedure avoids ' the shortcomings of estimating a model with a apriori restrictions on its parameters , which may lead to model misspecification. The main findings of the present study were: the increase in public expenditure, at least in the long run, has in general a positive expectation effect on private investment greater than its crowding-out effect on priva te investment owing to the simultaneous rise in interst rates; a change in economlc policy, such as that one of Geisel administration, may have an important effect on private lnvestment; and reI ative prices are relevant in determining the leveI of desired stock of capital and private investrnent.

A questão da qualidade do ensino nos planos oficiais de desenvolvimento da educação: 1955-1980

Este estudo trata da questão da qualidade do ensino, tal como ela se apresenta nos planos oficiais de desenvolvimento da educação, do período compreendido entre 1955 e 1980. O que se tentou buscar, durante todo o desenvolvimento do trabalho, foi o significado que a expressão melhoria da qualidade do ensino tomava no discurso oficial, procurando explicá-la do ponto de vista dos interesses das classes dominantes e, paralelamente, procurando perceber como as classes populares a entendiam no mesmo período. O estudo dos planos foi feito tendo presente que qualidade do ensino significa a prática pedagógica, desenvolvida nas escolas, capaz de dar aos alunos das classes populares a instrumentalidade necessária e a possibilidade de organização do conhecimento para que eles possam ter, efetivamente, participação no processo político do país, lutar pela superação de sua marginalização nas decisões políticas e buscar melhores condições de vida.

A relação estado/igreja e a política educacional brasileira nos anos 1937-1955

Este trabalho tem como objetivo básico analisar a relação Estado/Igreja na política educacional brasileira no período de 1937 a 1955. Além da bibliografia própria, foram consultados os Arquivos Gustavo Capanema e Getúlio Vargas, jornais e revistas da época. A primeira parte da dissertação situa a Igreja no contexto histórico brasileiro e a segunda parte discute a relação Estado/lgreja e o sistema educacional do país. Procuramos, também, caracterizar a escola como instituição social.

O papel do capital financeiro na emergência do modo de produção capitalista no Brasil (1888-1913): análise da economia política brasileira

Discutir o problema do capital financeiro na formação dos estágios iniciais do modo capitalista de produção no Brasil: eis a problemática que esta monografia se dispõe a enfocar. Discutir o capital financeiro é, paralelamente, discutir o Estado e o seu controle pelos diversos segmentos sociais que, frequentemente, possuem interesses antagônicos.