Intervalos de referência do pico de velocidade sistólica da artéria cerebral média fetal na população brasileira

OBJETIVO: Determinar uma curva de referência baseada em múltiplos da mediana para o pico de velocidade sistólica da artéria cerebral média fetal. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Realizou-se estudo de corte transversal com 143 gestantes normais entre 23 e 35 semanas. Realizou-se varredura bidimensional em corte axial do crânio fetal, incluindo os tálamos e o septo pelúcido, e em seguida acionou-se o modo color Doppler, visualizando-se a artéria cerebral média. O Doppler pulsátil foi disposto próximo à origem deste vaso, utilizando-se ângulo de insonação de menos de 20°. Para avaliar a correlação do pico de velocidade sistólica da artéria cerebral média com a idade gestacional, utilizou-se o coeficiente de correlação de Person (r). Por meio de modelos de regressão, construiu-se uma tabela de múltiplos da mediana para o pico de velocidade sistólica da artéria cerebral média em cada idade gestacional avaliada, e adicionalmente determinaram-se valores de referência para essa variável. RESULTADOS: Observou-se forte correlação entre o pico de velocidade sistólica da artéria cerebral média e a idade gestacional (r = 0,70; p = 0,001). Determinaram-se valores do pico de velocidade sistólica da artéria cerebral média para os seguintes múltiplos da mediana: 1,0; 1,29; 1,5; 1,55. Determinaram-se os percentis 2,5 e 97,5 para o pico de velocidade sistólica da artéria cerebral média, variando de 24,33 cm²/s a 78,36 cm²/s. CONCLUSÃO: Um nomograma do pico de velocidade sistólica da artéria cerebral média fetal foi determinado.

Diagnóstico pré-natal de rabdomioma cardíaco fetal pela ultrassonografia: relato de caso

Os tumores cardíacos constituem condição rara, com incidência entre 0,17 e 28/10.000 na população geral. Os rabdomiomas são os tumores mais frequentes no período pré-natal. Este trabalho tem como objetivo relatar o caso de um feto com 31 semanas de gestação que apresentava tumoração intracardíaca de grandes dimensões, com graves repercussões clínicas.

Efficient total variation algorithm for fetal MRI reconstruction

Fetal MRI reconstruction aims at finding a high-resolution image given a small set of low-resolution images. It is usually modeled as an inverse problem where the regularization term plays a central role in the reconstruction quality. Literature has considered several regularization terms s.a. Dirichlet/Laplacian energy [1], Total Variation (TV)based energies [2,3] and more recently non-local means [4]. Although TV energies are quite attractive because of their ability in edge preservation, standard explicit steepest gradient techniques have been applied to optimize fetal-based TV energies. The main contribution of this work lies in the introduction of a well-posed TV algorithm from the point of view of convex optimization. Specifically, our proposed TV optimization algorithm for fetal reconstruction is optimal w.r.t. the asymptotic and iterative convergence speeds O(1/n(2)) and O(1/root epsilon), while existing techniques are in O(1/n) and O(1/epsilon). We apply our algorithm to (1) clinical newborn data, considered as ground truth, and (2) clinical fetal acquisitions. Our algorithm compares favorably with the literature in terms of speed and accuracy.

Análise da reprodutibilidade do Doppler de amplitude tridimensional na avaliação da circulação do cérebro fetal

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a reprodutibilidade intra e interobservador do Doppler de amplitude tridimensional (3D power Doppler) na avaliação do fluxo sanguíneo cerebral do território da artéria cerebral média. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Foi realizado estudo transversal com 20 gestantes normais entre 26 e 34 semanas. O território da artéria cerebral média mais próximo ao transdutor foi selecionado e o volume foi calculado utilizando-se o método Virtual Organ Computer-aided AnaLysis. Posteriormente, obtiveram-se os índices do 3D power Doppler: índice de vascularização (VI), índice de fluxo (FI) e índice de vascularização-fluxo (VFI). Utilizaram-se, para os cálculos, o coeficiente de correlação intraclasse (CCI) e gráficos de Bland-Altman. RESULTADOS: Foi observada boa concordância intra e interobservador, com CCI > 0,90 para todos os índices do 3D power Doppler: VI [CCI = 0,992 (IC 95%: 0,981-0,997)], FI [CCI = 0,999 (IC 95%: 0,998-0,999)], VFI [CCI = 0,995 (IC 95%: 0,987-0,998)]. Reprodutibilidade interobservador: VI [CCI = 0,988 (IC 95%: 0,970-0,995)], FI [CCI = 0,999 (IC 95%: 0,997-1,000)], VFI [CCI = 0,994 (IC 95%: 0,994-0,998)]. CONCLUSÃO: O 3D power Doppler mostrou-se um método prático, fácil e com boa reprodutibilidade intra e interobservador, com o IF evidenciando a melhor concordância intra e interobservador

Automatic Brain Extraction in Fetal MRI using Multi-Atlas-based Segmentation

In fetal brain MRI, most of the high-resolution reconstruction algorithms rely on brain segmentation as a preprocessing step. Manual brain segmentation is however highly time-consuming and therefore not a realistic solution. In this work, we assess on a large dataset the performance of Multiple Atlas Fusion (MAF) strategies to automatically address this problem. Firstly, we show that MAF significantly increase the accuracy of brain segmentation as regards single-atlas strategy. Secondly, we show that MAF compares favorably with the most recent approach (Dice above 0.90). Finally, we show that MAF could in turn provide an enhancement in terms of reconstruction quality.

Intervalos de referência para o volume da cisterna magna fetal por meio do método bidimensional usando o modo multiplanar da ultrassonografia tridimensional

Objetivo:Determinar intervalos de referência para o volume da cisterna magna fetal por meio do método bidimensional (2D) usando o modo multiplanar da ultrassonografia tridimensional.Materiais e Métodos:Estudo de corte transversal com 224 gestantes normais entre a 17ª e 29ª semanas. O volume foi obtido automaticamente pela multiplicação dos três maiores eixos nos planos axial e sagital pela constante 0,52. Regressão polinomial foi realizada para obter correlação entre o volume 2D da cisterna magna e a idade gestacional, sendo os ajustes realizados pelo coeficiente de determinação (R2). Confiabilidade e concordância foram obtidas pelo coeficiente de correlação intraclasse (CCI) e limites de concordância.Resultados:A média do volume da cisterna magna 2D variou de 0,71 ± 0,19 cm3 para 4,18 ± 0,75 cm3 entre a 17ª e 29ª semanas, respectivamente. Observou-se boa correlação do volume da cisterna magna fetal 2D e a idade gestacional (R2 = 0,67). Observou-se excelente confiabilidade e concordância intraobservador com CCI = 0,89 e limites de concordância 95% (-52,0; 51,8), respectivamente. Observou-se baixa confiabilidade e concordância interobservador com CCI = 0,64 e limites de concordância 95% (-110,1; 84,6), respectivamente.Conclusão:Intervalos de referência para o volume 2D da cisterna magna fetal usando o modo multiplanar da ultrassonografia tridimensional foram determinados e apresentaram excelente confiabilidade e concordância intraobservador.

Enhancing actions of peptides derived from the γ-chain of fetal human hemoglobin on the immunostimulant activities of monophosphoryl lipid A.

Hemoglobin and its structures have been described since the 1990s to enhance a variety of biological activities of endotoxins (LPS) in a dose-dependent manner. To investigate the interaction processes in more detail, the system was extended by studying the interactions of newly designed peptides from the γ-chain of human hemoglobin with the adjuvant monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA), a partial structure of lipid A lacking its 1-phosphate. It was found that some selected Hbg peptides, in particular two synthetic substructures designated Hbg32 and Hbg35, considerably increased the bioactivity of MPLA, which alone was only a weak activator of immune cells. These findings hold true for human mononuclar cells, monocytes and T lymphocytes. To understand the mechanisms of action in more detail, biophysical techniques were applied. These showed a peptide-induced change of the MPLA aggregate structure from multilamellar into a non-lamellar, probably inverted, cubic structure. Concomitantly, the peptides incorporated into the tightly packed MPLA aggregates into smaller units down to monomers. The fragmentation of the aggregates was an endothermic process, differing from a complex formation but rather typical for a catalytic reaction.

Fotólise no estado estacionário e com pulso de laser de 1-benzociclanonas e de seus derivados a,a -dimetilados

Laser excitation of 0.01 M solutions of 1-indanone (Ia), 1-tetralone (Ib), 1-benzosuberone (Ic), and their a,a -dimethyl derivatives IIa-c, respectively, in benzene, produced transients with maximum absorption at 425 nm, and lifetimes ranging from 62 ns (IIa) to 5.5ms (Ic). Quenching studies using well known triplet quenchers such as 1,3-cyclohexadiene and oxygen demonstrated the triplet nature of these transients. In the presence of hydrogen donors, such as 2-propanol, the triplet state decay of the ketones Ia-c leads to the formation of the corresponding ketyl radicals, i.e. IIIa-c, which show absorption spectra very similar to the parent ketone, with lmax at 430 nm and lifetime in excess of 20 ms. Steady state irradiations show that the a,a -dimethyl ketones IIa and IIc form ortho-alkyl benzaldehydes probably derived from an initial a-cleavage of the corresponding triplet excited states.

Estudio piloto de la relación entre el aumento de la velocidad de onda del pulso en arteria carótida común medida por resonancia magnética y los factores de riesgo vasculares clásicos en sujetos con sospecha de lesión cerebrovascular isquémica

Arterial stiffness assessed by carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV) measurement is now well accepted as an independent predictor of vascular mortality and morbidity. However, the value of cfPWV has been considered to be limited for risk classification in patients with several vascular risk factors. Magnetic resonance (MR) allows measurement of PWV between two points, though to date mainly used to study the aorta. To assess the common carotid artery pulse wave velocity by magnetic resonance, determine their association with classical vascular risk factors and ischemic brain injury burden in patients with suspected ischemic cerebrovascular disease

Estudo polarográfico sobre a determinação de Fe(III) utilizando-se a técnica da polarografia de pulso diferencial

A differential pulse polarographic study with the objective to determine iron (III) in presense of copper (II) in a supporting electrolyte based on citrate - EDTA was made. The best experimental conditions found were a supporting electrolyte of citrate 0.25 mol L-1, EDTA 0.050 mol L-1 and KNO3 0.50 mol L-1, pH 5.00. In this media iron (III) showed a polarographic peak in -0.08 V and the copper (II) in -0.34 V, both vs. Ag/AgCl (saturated KCl). Thus, a analytical method was developed and applied to determine iron (III) in brass alloy, a matrix were copper is in large excess over iron. The results obtained showed no interference of copper in the iron determination. The value of 0.21% of iron in the sample alloy composition was obtained and the method was validated by atomic absortion and recovery test, and the results exhibited a good agreement with the proposed method.

The Effects of Endocrine Disrupters on Fetal Male Rat Testicular and Adrenal Development

Many of the reproductive disorders that emerge in adulthood have their origin during fetal development. Numerous studies have demonstrated that exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals can permanently affect the reproductive health of experimental animals. In mammals, male sexual differentiation and development are androgen-dependent processes. In rat, the critical programming window for masculinization occurs between embryonic days (EDs) 15.5 and 19.5. Disorders in sex steroid balance during fetal life can disturb the development of the male reproductive tract. In addition to the fetal testis, the adrenal cortex starts to produce steroid hormones before birth. Glucocorticoids produced by the adrenal cortex are essential for preparing the fetus for birth. In the present study, the effects of exposure to endocrine disrupters on fetal male rat testicular and adrenal development were investigated. To differentiate the systemic and direct testicular effects of endocrine disrupters, both in vivo and in vitro experiments were performed. The present study also clarified the role of desert hedgehog signalling (Dhh) in the development of the testis. The results indicate that endocrine disrupters, diethylstilbestrol (DES) and flutamide, are able to induce rapid steroidogenic changes in fetal rat testis under in vitro conditions. Although in utero exposure to these chemicals did not show overt effects in fetal testis, they can induce permanent changes in the developing testis and accessory sex organs later in life. We also reported that exposure to antiandrogens can interfere with testicular Dhh signalling and result in impaired differentiation of the fetal Leydig cells and subsequently lead to abnormal testicular development and sexual differentiation. In utero exposure to tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) caused direct testicular and pituitary effects on the fetal male rat but with different dose responses. In a study in which the effects of developmental exposure to environmental antiandrogens, di-isononylphthalate and 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene (p,p^’-DDE), on fetal male rat steroidogenesis were investigated, chemicals did not down-regulate testicular or adrenal steroid hormone synthesis or production in 19.5-day-old fetal rats. However, p,p^’-DDE-treatment caused clear histological and ultrastructural changes in the prenatal testis and adrenal gland. These structural alterations can disturb the development and function of fetal testis and adrenal gland that may become evident later in life. Exposure to endocrine disrupters during fetal life can cause morphological abnormalities and alter steroid hormone production by fetal rat Leydig cells and adrenocortical cells. These changes may contribute to the maldevelopment of the testis and the adrenal gland. The present study highlights the importance of the fetal period as a sensitive window for endocrine disruption.

Control del bienestar fetal: monitorización biofísica anteparto

En este artículo se presenta una actualización sobre el control del bienestar fetal anteparto, que incluye la monitorización biofísica con el test no estresante y el test estresante y su valoración. Se describen los parámetros de la frecuencia cardiaca fetal - la línea de base, la variabilidad y los ascensos transitorios de la frecuencia cardiaca fetal - en relación con los movimientos fetales, su significado clínico y la actuación que deriva del mismo.