Injectable biomimetic hydrogels for soft tissue repair

This chapter discusses recent developments of injectable biomimetic hydrogel systems found in soft tissue repair applications. It begins by introducing how biomimesis and biomaterials are related, and how tissue repair systems can be considered biomimetic. We introduce hydrogels by discussing their classification, synthesis and applications, then discuss how injectable biomimetic hydrogels have been investigated for use in soft tissue repair. Different approaches to the use of biomimetic hydrogels for soft tissue repair are covered, focusing on synthetic, non-biodegrable polymers. We include so-called conventional polymers and more biomimetic polymers. The chapter concludes with the likely future trends and highlights further reading materials. © 2013 Woodhead Publishing Limited. All rights reserved.

Avanço dos biomateriais e técnicas na correção dos defeitos ósseos maxilares

Introdução: Determinar as causas da perda óssea nos maxilares, compreender os mecanismos biológicos desencadeados após a perda dental e criar recursos técnicos no intúito de prevenir e/ou minimizar as sequélas decorrentes, tem sido ao longo dos anos uma das vertentes de maior pesquisa e desenvolvimento na medicina dental . Objetivo: Assim, o objetivo desta dissertação é realizar uma revisão da literatura sobre os avanços nos biomateriais e técnicas na correção dos defeitos ósseos maxilares, para que seja possível, futuramente, ampliar as suas aplicações em Medicina Dentária, ultrapassando as limitações das técnicas e materiais existentes atualmente. Metodologia: Para isso, foi realizada uma pesquisa de artigos na base de dados PubMed, Bireme, Lilacs, Medline, revistas e periódicos nos idiomas: português, inglês e espanhol; assim como livros consagrados na literatura médico-odontológica,com o recurso a limites e palavras-chave de forma a refinar essa pesquisa. Desenvolvimento: Os avanços nos biomateriais e técnicas na correção dos defeitos ósseos maxilares tem seguido, assim como os implantes dentais, dois principais eixos de pesquisa, primeiro no que diz respeito aos biomateriais empregados pós-exodontia, a prevenir a reabsorção osséa e aqueles utilizados à fim de corrigir defeitos já existentes; a aplicação destes materiais recai sobre fatores que são decisivos na escolha do cirurgião, tais como: disponibilidade, necessidade de procedimento cirúrgico adicional, compatibilidade, morbidade do enxerto, qualidade do osso resultante e tempo de neo-formação. Segundo, as técnicas e recursos desenvolvidos para garantir a eficáz correção do defeito, assim como proporcionar procedimentos menos traumaticos ao organismo e de maior simplicidade e previsibilidade na sua execução e reprodução pelos profissionais. Discussão: Os trabalhos desenvolvidos em volta dos biomateriais atualmente buscam não só o substituto ideal, mas sim a melhoria na interação entre o osso hospedeiro e o biomaterial enxertado perante os recursos já utilizados e consagrados pelas literaturas; assim como a utilização das técnicas já protocoladas de forma associada a estes novos materiais. Conclusão: As pesquisas sobre o aperfeiçoamento do processo de regeneração óssea nos defeitos maxilares avançam na questão de promover a rápida e eficaz interação entre organismo e biomaterial, a fim de trazer soluções para problemas como a anti-genicidade, previsibilidade dimensional, menor tempo entre a enxertia e a reabilitação protética e agrega-se a utilização de recursos técnicos práticos, uma vez que o planejamento da reabilitação inicia-se nas decisões pré-exodontias e pré-implantares.

Bacterioplâncton de quatro lagos rasos subtropicais com distintas características tróficas

O papel exercido pelas bactérias é reconhecido como fundamental no metabolismo de qualquer sistema aquático, não só pela mineralização da matéria orgânica, como também pela transferência de matéria e energia para níveis tróficos superiores (“microbial loop”). Para a realização deste estudo foram escolhidos quatro lagos com diferentes estados tróficos no Campus Carreiros da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande – FURG - RS. O Lago Biguás e o da Base possuem características de ambientes eutrófico - hipereutrófico, enquanto que, o Lago Polegar é caracterizado como um ambiente oligo-mesotrófico e o Lago Negro é considerado um ambiente distrófico. Em um estudo anterior em nove lagos rasos nesta mesma região, incluindo os quatro analisados no presente trabalho, Souza (2007) sugeriu que as bactérias livres atuariam como mineralizadoras e o seu crescimento seria limitado pela disponibilidade de fosfato (controle “bottom-up”), enquanto que as bactérias aderidas participariam da decomposição dos agregados orgânicos. Também foi sugerido que as bactérias aderidas seriam controladas principalmente pela predação por flagelados e ciliados (controle “top-down”), provavelmente devido ao seu maior biovolume. Porém, estas informações foram obtidas a partir de relações estatísticas de dados coletados em uma única amostragem. Assim, neste estudo a comunidade bacteriana (abundância e biomassa) e outros parâmetros físicos, químicos e biológicos dos quatro lagos rasos sub-tropicais foram estudados em amostragens quinzenais no decorrer de um ano entre junho de 2008 e maio de 2009. Nossos resultados indicam que a disponibilidade de carbono orgânico dissolvido produzido pelo fitoplâncton parece ser um dos principais fatores controladores da dinâmica de bactérias nestes lagos. Entretanto, a predação no Lago Negro parece ter sido de maior magnitude no controle das bactérias neste ambiente, uma vez que não houve um incremento na abundância bacteriana deste lago proporcional ao incremento da clorofila a. A presença de um maior número de nano - e microflagelados neste lago dá suporte a esta hipótese. Para testar esta hipótese, foi realizado um experimento utilizando-se a Técnica da Diluição em conjunto com a técnica a de FISH (Hibridização in situ Fluorescente) para identificar as taxas de produção e consumo não só dos diferentes morfotipos, mas também dos diferentes grupos filogenéticos (Archaea, Eubacteria, Alfa- Beta- e Gama-Proteobacteria e Cytophaga-Flavobacter) de uma amostra de água do Lago Negro. Os resultados deste experimento indicaram que as bactérias estão, de fato, sendo consumidas por vi protozoários na mesma proporção que estão sendo produzidas. Além disso, no Lago Negro a predação parece estar vinculada ao tamanho/biovolume celular, sendo os morfotipos de tamanho reduzido mais resistentes a predação e, por isso, mais abundantes.

Development of Myasthenia Gravis in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Objectives: To perform a literature review and estimate MG incidence in an SLE cohort. Materials and methods: We searched MEDLINE and PubMed for case reports of SLE and MG. We also calculated MG incidence within our clinical SLE cohort (females only). Results: Eleven articles met our criteria, providing 13 SLE patients who developed MG. The majority were female (84.6%), with the average ages of 25.6 and 33.5 years at diagnoses of SLE and MG, respectively. In 380 SLE female patients followed for 2,850 person-years, one MG case occurred. Conclusion: MG in SLE is a rare event.

Revestimentos a base de Ta/Al2O3 produzidos por aspersão térmica sobre substrato metálico

Metal substrates were coated by thermal spraying plasma torch, they were positioned at a distance of 4 and 5 cm from the nozzle exit of the plasma jet. The starting materials were used for deposition of tantalum oxide powder and aluminium. These two materials were mixed and ground into high-energy mill, then immersed in the torch for the production of alumina coating infused with particles of tantalum with nano and micrometric size. The spraying equipment used is a plasma torch arc not transferred, which operating in the range of 250 A and 80 V, was able to produce enough heat to ignite aluminothermic between Ta2O5 and aluminum. Upon reaching the plasma jet, the mixing powders react with the heat of the blaze, which provides sufficient energy for melting aluminum particles. This energy is transferred through mechanisms of self-propagating to the oxide, beginning a reduction reaction, which then hits on the surface of the substrate and forms a coating on which a composite is formed by a junction metal - ceramic (Ta +Al2O3). The phases and quantification of each were obtained respectively by X-ray diffraction and the Rietveld method. Morphology by scanning electron microscopy and chemical analysis by energy dispersive spectroscopy EDS. It was also performed measurements of the substrate roughness, Vickers microhardness measurements in sprays and determination of the electron temperature of the plasma jet by optical emission spectroscopy EEO. The results confirmed the expectation generated around the end product of spraying the mixture Ta2O5 + Al, both in the formation of nano-sized particles and in their final form. The electron excitation temperature was consistent with the purpose of work, in addition, the thermodynamic temperature was efficient for the reduction process of Ta2O5. The electron excitation temperature showed values of 3000, 4500 and 8000 K for flows10, 20 and 30 l / min respectively, these values were taken at the nozzle exit of the plasma jet. The thermodynamic temperature around 1200 ° C, was effective in the reduction process of Ta2O5

Engineering design of an integrated sustainable process system for cassava biobased materials

Cassava contributes significantly to biobased material development. Conventional approaches for its bio-derivative-production and application cause significant wastes, tailored material development challenges, with negative environmental impact and application limitations. Transforming cassava into sustainable value-added resources requires redesigning new approaches. Harnessing unexplored material source, and downstream process innovations can mitigate challenges. The ultimate goal proposed an integrated sustainable process system for cassava biomaterial development and potential application. An improved simultaneous release recovery cyanogenesis (SRRC) methodology, incorporating intact bitter cassava, was developed and standardized. Films were formulated, characterised, their mass transport behaviour, simulating real-distribution-chain conditions quantified, and optimised for desirable properties. Integrated process design system, for sustainable waste-elimination and biomaterial development, was developed. Films and bioderivatives for desired MAP, fast-delivery nutraceutical excipients and antifungal active coating applications were demonstrated. SRRC-processed intact bitter cassava produced significantly higher yield safe bio-derivatives than peeled, guaranteeing 16% waste-elimination. Process standardization transformed entire root into higher yield and clarified colour bio-derivatives and efficient material balance at optimal global desirability. Solvent mass through temperature-humidity-stressed films induced structural changes, and influenced water vapour and oxygen permeability. Sevenunit integrated-process design led to cost-effectiveness, energy-efficient and green cassava processing and biomaterials with zero-environment footprints. Desirable optimised bio-derivatives and films demonstrated application in desirable in-package O2/CO2, mouldgrowth inhibition, faster tablet excipient nutraceutical dissolutions and releases, and thymolencapsulated smooth antifungal coatings. Novel material resources, non-root peeling, zero-waste-elimination, and desirable standardised methodology present promising process integration tools for sustainable cassava biobased system development. Emerging design outcomes have potential applications to mitigate cyanide challenges and provide bio-derivative development pathways. Process system leads to zero-waste, with potential to reshape current style one-way processes into circular designs modelled on nature's effective approaches. Indigenous cassava components as natural material reinforcements, and SRRC processing approach has initiated a process with potential wider deployment in broad product research development. This research contributes to scientific knowledge in material science and engineering process design.

Persistent luminescence of SrAl2O4:Ce(III), Dy, Eu nanotubes, nanowires and core-shells for people with disabilities: nano-emergency

Este estudo transversal está focado na propriedade de luminescência persistente do aluminato de estrôncio co-dopado com cério (III), disprósio (III) e európio (II), SrAl2O4:Ce3+, Dy3+, Eu2+, em sistemas de sinalização de áreas de risco e emergências para pessoas com deficiências. Na área da ciência e engenharia dos materiais, foram desenvolvidos novos materiais com características nanométricas, nanotubos, nanoarames e nanobastões luminescentes de SrAl2O4:Ce3+, Dy3+, Eu2+ para aplicações na área da reabilitação e acessibilidade de pessoas com deficiências. Os nanotubos foram obtidos a partir de micro- e nano-partículas precursoras sintetizadas por reacção do estado-sólido e tratamento térmico de recozedura (1273-1473 K). Os nanoarames e nanobastões foram preparados por moagem, sonificação e recozedura (373 K). Novas nanocápsulas de aluminatos luminescentes dopados com cério (III) e encapsulados com TiO2 foram criadas de modo a obter-se materiais multifuncionais, designadamente com acção fotocatalítica antimicrobiana, antibacteriana e resistência à água. Tais aluminatos podem ser amplamente aplicados como superfícies higiénicas, auto-limpantes, em biomateriais, no domínio de medicamentos antibióticos, na formulação de vacinas, e com ênfase à aplicação em cerâmicas fotoluminescentes. As metodologias de obtenção de tais nanoestruturas de aluminato de estrôncio dopado com cério (III) e do seu encapsulamento, desenvolvidas no âmbito desta tese, são aplicáveis a diversos aluminatos dopados com outros iões lantanídeos (Ln consiste em La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Yb, Tm ou Lu) com a fórmula M(1-x-y)N2O4:Cex, Lny, onde M é Be, Mg, Ca, Sr ou Ba. Na área da oftalmologia, foi desenvolvido um equipamento médico para o diagnóstico de biofuncionalidade das células retinais fotoreceptoras, e como suporte à telemedicina oftalmológica. Este equipamento foi utilizado para realizar testes de visão cromática FM100HUE em fundo branco/preto para a personalização de materiais luminescentes. Os resultados demonstraram uma biofuncionalidade celular à visibilidade fotópica das cores em fundo preto superior no grupo de tratamento, composto por pessoas com retinopatia diabética (n=38), em comparação ao grupo de referência (n=38). Estes resultados sugerem a recomendação de materiais com fotoluminescência persistente (λem=485-555 nm), incluindo SrAl2O4:Ce3+, Dy3+, Eu2+, para o referido grupo de tratamento, em sinalização de emergência e em ambientes de baixa iluminação. Na área da arquitectura, foi proposta uma nova aplicação dos referidos nanomateriais luminescentes à base de SrAl2O4:Ce3+, Dy3+, Eu2+ em cerâmica de revestimento, tendo em vista a sua boa visibilidade e uso por pessoas com deficiências. Novos pavimentos, cerâmicos, fotoluminescentes, foram desenhados com propriedades multisensoriais (contraste táctil, sonoro e visual) e antimicrobianas, para pessoas portadoras de deficiências utilizarem, no escuro, com a prioridade de salvar vidas em emergências. Tais pisos, com relevos, podem ser combinados de modo a compor um sistema exclusivo de sinalização fotoluminescente multisensorial que possibilita a rápida evacuação mediante o uso de auxílios de mobilidade (e.g. bengala, cadeira de rodas, andadores, muletas). A solução integrada de tais inovações que potencializa a propriedade de luminescência persistente de SrAl2O4:Ce3+, Dy3+, Eu2+ de modo acessível para as pessoas com deficiências, pode contribuir para salvar vidas, no escuro, em emergências.

Photonic applications of biomaterials with special reference to biopolymers and microbes

This thesis Entitled Photonic applications of biomaterials with special reference to biopolymers and microbes. A detailed investigation will be presented in the present thesis related to direct applications of biopolymers into some selected area of photonics and how the growth kinetics of an aerial bacterial colony on solid agar media was studied using laser induced fluorescence technique. This chapter is an overview of the spectrum of biomaterials and their application to Photonics. The chapter discusses a wide range of biomaterials based photonics applications like efficient harvesting of solar energy, lowthreshold lasing, high-density data storage, optical switching, filtering and template for nano s tructures. The most extensively investigated photonics application in biology is Laser induced fluorescence technique. The importance of fluorescence studies in different biological and related fields are also mentioned in this chapter.

Analysis of β-tricalcium phosphate granules prepared with different formulations by nano-computed tomography and scanning electron microscopy

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Dynamics of transformation and fragmentation of composite liquid nano-particles

Recent research on particle size distributions and particle concentrations near a busy road cannot be explained by the conventional mechanisms for particle evolution of combustion aerosols. Specifically they appear to be inadequate to explain the experimental observations of particle transformation and the evolution of the total number concentration. This resulted in the development of a new mechanism based on their thermal fragmentation, for the evolution of combustion aerosol nano-particles. A complex and comprehensive pattern of evolution of combustion aerosols, involving particle fragmentation, was then proposed and justified. In that model it was suggested that thermal fragmentation occurs in aggregates of primary particles each of which contains a solid graphite/carbon core surrounded by volatile molecules bonded to the core by strong covalent bonds. Due to the presence of strong covalent bonds between the core and the volatile (frill) molecules, such primary composite particles can be regarded as solid, despite the presence of significant (possibly, dominant) volatile component. Fragmentation occurs when weak van der Waals forces between such primary particles are overcome by their thermal (Brownian) motion. In this work, the accepted concept of thermal fragmentation is advanced to determine whether fragmentation is likely in liquid composite nano-particles. It has been demonstrated that at least at some stages of evolution, combustion aerosols contain a large number of composite liquid particles containing presumably several components such as water, oil, volatile compounds, and minerals. It is possible that such composite liquid particles may also experience thermal fragmentation and thus contribute to, for example, the evolution of the total number concentration as a function of distance from the source. Therefore, the aim of this project is to examine theoretically the possibility of thermal fragmentation of composite liquid nano-particles consisting of immiscible liquid v components. The specific focus is on ternary systems which include two immiscible liquid droplets surrounded by another medium (e.g., air). The analysis shows that three different structures are possible, the complete encapsulation of one liquid by the other, partial encapsulation of the two liquids in a composite particle, and the two droplets separated from each other. The probability of thermal fragmentation of two coagulated liquid droplets is discussed and examined for different volumes of the immiscible fluids in a composite liquid particle and their surface and interfacial tensions through the determination of the Gibbs free energy difference between the coagulated and fragmented states, and comparison of this energy difference with the typical thermal energy kT. The analysis reveals that fragmentation was found to be much more likely for a partially encapsulated particle than a completely encapsulated particle. In particular, it was found that thermal fragmentation was much more likely when the volume ratio of the two liquid droplets that constitute the composite particle are very different. Conversely, when the two liquid droplets are of similar volumes, the probability of thermal fragmentation is small. It is also demonstrated that the Gibbs free energy difference between the coagulated and fragmented states is not the only important factor determining the probability of thermal fragmentation of composite liquid particles. The second essential factor is the actual structure of the composite particle. It is shown that the probability of thermal fragmentation is also strongly dependent on the distance that each of the liquid droplets should travel to reach the fragmented state. In particular, if this distance is larger than the mean free path for the considered droplets in the air, the probability of thermal fragmentation should be negligible. In particular, it follows form here that fragmentation of the composite particle in the state with complete encapsulation is highly unlikely because of the larger distance that the two droplets must travel in order to separate. The analysis of composite liquid particles with the interfacial parameters that are expected in combustion aerosols demonstrates that thermal fragmentation of these vi particles may occur, and this mechanism may play a role in the evolution of combustion aerosols. Conditions for thermal fragmentation to play a significant role (for aerosol particles other than those from motor vehicle exhaust) are determined and examined theoretically. Conditions for spontaneous transformation between the states of composite particles with complete and partial encapsulation are also examined, demonstrating the possibility of such transformation in combustion aerosols. Indeed it was shown that for some typical components found in aerosols that transformation could take place on time scales less than 20 s. The analysis showed that factors that influenced surface and interfacial tension played an important role in this transformation process. It is suggested that such transformation may, for example, result in a delayed evaporation of composite particles with significant water component, leading to observable effects in evolution of combustion aerosols (including possible local humidity maximums near a source, such as a busy road). The obtained results will be important for further development and understanding of aerosol physics and technologies, including combustion aerosols and their evolution near a source.

Electro-spinning of pure collagen nano-fibres – just an expensive way to make gelatin?

Scaffolds manufactured from biological materials promise better clinical functionality, providing that characteristic features are preserved. Collagen, a prominent biopolymer, is used extensively for tissue engineering applications, because its signature biological and physico-chemical properties are retained in vitro preparations. We show here for the first time that the very properties that have established collagen as the leading natural biomaterial are lost when it is electro-spun into nano-fibres out of fluoroalcohols such as 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol or 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol. We further identify the use of fluoroalcohols as the major culprit in the process. The resultant nano-scaffolds lack the unique ultra-structural axial periodicity that confirms quarter-staggered supramolecular assemblies and the capacity to generate second harmonic signals, representing the typical crystalline triple-helical structure. They were also characterised by low denaturation temperatures, similar to those obtained from gelatin preparations ( p > 0.05). Likewise, circular dichroism spectra revealed extensive denaturation of the electro-spun collagen. Using pepsin digestion in combination with quantitative SDS-PAGE, we corroborate great losses of up to 99% of triple-helical collagen. In conclusion, electro-spinning of collagen out of fluoroalcohols effectively denatures this biopolymer, and thus appears to defeat its purpose, namely to create biomimetic scaffolds emulating the collagen structure and function of the extracellular matrix.