The effect of high versus low intensity heat acclimation on performance and neuromuscular responses

This study examined the effect of exercise intensity and duration during 5-day heat acclimation (HA) on cycling performance and neuromuscular responses. 20 recreationally trained males completed a ‘baseline’ trial followed by 5 consecutive days HA, and a ‘post-acclimation’ trial. Baseline and post-acclimation trials consisted of maximal voluntary contractions (MVC), a single and repeated countermovement jump protocol, 20 km cycling time trial(TT) and 5x6 s maximal sprints (SPR). Cycling trials were undertaken in 33.0 ± 0.8 °C and 60 ± 3% relative humidity.Core(Tcore), and skin temperatures (Tskin), heart rate (HR), rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and thermal sensation were recorded throughout cycling trials. Participants were assigned to either 30 min high-intensity (30HI) or 90 min low-intensity (90LI) cohorts for HA, conducted in environmental conditions of 32.0 ± 1.6 °C. Percentage change time to complete the 20 km TT for the 90LI cohort was significantly improved post-acclimation(-5.9 ± 7.0%; P=0.04) compared to the 30HI cohort (-0.18 ± 3.9%; P<0.05). The 30HI cohort showed greatest improvements in power output (PO) during post-acclimation SPR1 and 2 compared to 90LI (546 ± 128 W and 517 ± 87 W,respectively; P<0.02). No differences were evident for MVC within 30HI cohort, however, a reduced performance indicated by % change within the 90LI (P=0.04). Compared to baseline, mean Tcore was reduced post-acclimation within the 30HI cohort (P=0.05) while mean Tcore and HR were significantly reduced within the 90LI cohort (P=0.01 and 0.04, respectively). Greater physiological adaptations and performance improvements were noted within the 90LI cohort compared to the 30HI. However, 30HI did provide some benefit to anaerobic performance including sprint PO and MVC. These findings suggest specifying training duration and intensity during heat acclimation may be useful for specific post-acclimation performance.

The prevalence and correlates of childhood trauma in patients with early psychosis

Objective: To describe the prevalence and demographic, clinical and functional correlates of childhood trauma in patients attending early psychosis clinics. Method: Participants were recruited from outpatients attending four early psychosis services. Exposure to childhood trauma was assessed using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). Psychopathology was measured using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale and the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale. Social and vocational functioning and substance use were also assessed. Results: Over three-quarters of the 100 patients reported exposure to any childhood trauma. Emotional, physical and sexual abuse were reported by 54%, 23% and 28% of patients, respectively, while 49% and 42% of patients reported emotional and physical neglect, respectively. Female participants were significantly more likely to be exposed to emotional and sexual abuse. Exposure to childhood trauma was correlated with positive psychotic symptoms and higher levels of depressive, anxiety and stress symptoms; however, it had no impact on social or vocational functioning or recent substance use. Conclusion: Exposure to childhood trauma was common in patients with early psychosis, and associated with increased symptomatology. Existing recommendations that standard clinical assessment of patients with early psychosis should include inquiry into exposure to childhood trauma are supported.

Youth programs in remote Indigenous communities: Context matters

A diversity of programs oriented to young people seek to develop their capacities and their connection to the communities in which they live. Some focus on ameliorating a particular issue or ‘deficit’ whilst others, such as sporting, recreation and youth groups are more grounded in the community. This article reports a qualitative study undertaken in three remote Indigenous communities in Central Australia. Sixty interviews were conducted with a range of stakeholders involved in a diversity of youth programs. A range of critical challenges for and characteristics of remote Indigenous youth programs are identified if such programs are to be ‘fit for context’. ‘Youth centred-context specific’ provides a positive frame for the delivery of youth programs in remote Central Australia, encouraging an explicit focus on program logic; program content and processes; and relational, temporal, and, spatial aspects of the practice context. These provide lenses with which youth program planning and delivery may be enhanced in remote communities. Culturally safe service planning and delivery suggests locally determined processes for decision-making and community ownership. In some cases, this may mean a community preference for all ages to access the service to engage in culturally relevant activities. Where activities are targeted at young people, yet open to and inclusive of all ages, they provide a medium for cross-generational interaction that requires a high degree of flexibility on the part of staff and funding programs. Although the findings are focused in Central Australia, they may be relevant to similar contexts elsewhere.

Efecto de seis tratamientos bajo riego localizado en la producción de chilote en el cultivo del maíz (Zea mays L.), variedad NB-S, a una densidad de 62 500 ptas ha-û

El presente trabajo de investigación se establec ió en la sede central de la Universidad Nacional Agraria (UNA), ubicada en el municipio de Managua kilómetro 12 ½ carretera panamericana no rte del departamento de Managua. El objetivo del experimento fue estudiar el efecto de seis tratamientos nitrogenados y con sistema de riego lo calizado que abasteció de 3.6 litros de agua por metro lineal por día en la producción de chilote en el cultivo de maíz (Zea Mays L.), variedad NB - S con, una densidad de 125,000 ptas/ha. El ensayo se estableció en un diseño experimental de bloques comple to s al azar (BCA), unifactorial , con seis tratamientos (A= 50 kg/ha de N; aplicado el 100 % a los 21 ddg ; B= 50 kg/ha de N aplicado el 50% de la dosis a los 21ddg y 50% de la dosis a los 42 ddg; C= 50 kg/ha de N; aplicado aplicado el 100 % a los 42 ddg; D=1 00 kg/ha de N; aplicado el 100 % a los 21 ddg; E= 100 kg/ha de N; aplicado el 50% de la dosis a los 21 ddg y 50% de la dosis a los 42 ddg; F= 100 kg/ha de N; aplicado el 100 % a los 42 ddg. ) y cuatro repeticiones , para evaluar el efecto de los mismos s obre el crecimiento del maíz y rendimiento del chilote. Las variables evaluadas durante el desarrollo de la planta fueron: Altura de la planta (cm), diámetro del tallo (cm), numero de hojas por planta; las variables de rendimiento evaluadas durante la cose cha fueron las siguientes: Altura de primera y segunda inserción del chilote (cm), peso del chilote con bráctea y sin bráctea (cm), diámetro del chilote con bráctea y sin bráctea (mm) y rendim iento del chilote con bráctea (k g/ha - 1 ). Cada una de las variabl es fueron sometidas a una evaluación estadística por medio del análisis de varianza y separación de medias por Duncan al 5% de confiabilidad. De los seis tratamientos evaluados , el tratamiento E indujo el mayor rendimiento del chilote con una producción de 3 , 819.37 Kg/ha con un beneficio neto de C$ 21,173.69 y una tasa de retorno marginal del 512.5%

Efecto de seis tratamientos nitrogenados bajo riego localizado de 3.6. lt de agua/metro lineal/día, en la producción de chilote en el cultivo del maíz (Zea mays L.), variedad NB-S a una densidad de 125 000 plantas/ha.

El presente trabajo de investigación se estableció en la sede central de la Universidad Nacional Agraria (UNA), ubicada en el municipio de Managua kilómetro 12 ½ carretera panamericana norte del departamento de Managua. El objetivo del experimento fue estudiar el efecto de seis tratamientos nitrogenados y con sistema de riego localizado que abasteció de 3.6 litros de agua por metro lineal por día en la producción de chilote en el cultivo de maíz (Zea Mays L.), variedad NB - S con, una densidad de 125,000 ptas/ha. El ensayo se estableció en un diseño experimental de bloques completos al azar (BCA), unifactorial, con seis tratamientos (A= 50 kg/ha de N; aplicado el 100 % a los 21 ddg ; B= 50 kg/ha de N aplicado el 50% de la dosis a los 21ddg y 50% de la dosis a los 42 ddg; C= 50 kg/ha de N; aplicado aplicado el 100 % a los 42 ddg; D=1 00 kg/ha de N; aplicado el 100 % a los 21 ddg; E= 100 kg/ha de N; aplicado el 50% de la dosis a los 21 ddg y 50% de la dosis a los 42 ddg; F= 100 kg/ha de N; aplicado el 100 % a los 42 ddg. ) y cuatro repeticiones , para evaluar el efecto de los mismos sobre el crecimiento del maíz y rendimiento del chilote. Las variables evaluadas durante el desarrollo de la planta fueron: Altura de la planta (cm), diámetro del tallo (cm), numero de hojas por planta; las variables de rendimiento evaluadas durante la cose cha fueron las siguientes: Altura de primera y segunda inserción del chilote (cm), peso del chilote con bráctea y sin bráctea (cm), diámetro del chilote con bráctea y sin bráctea (mm) y rendimiento del chilote con bráctea (k g/ha - 1 ). Cada una de las variables fueron sometidas a una evaluación estadística por medio del análisis de varianza y separación de medias por Duncan al 5% de confiabilidad. De los seis tratamientos evaluados , el tratamiento E indujo el mayor rendimiento del chilote con una producción de 3 , 819.37 Kg/ha con un beneficio neto de C$ 21,173.69 y una tasa de retorno marginal del 512.5%.

Forecasting Climate Impacts on Future Production of Commercially Exploited Fish and Shellfish

Foreword [pdf, < 0.1 MB] Acknowledgements PHASE 1 [pdf, 0.2 MB] Summary of the PICES/NPRB Workshop on Forecasting Climate Impacts on Future Production of Commercially Exploited Fish and Shellfish (July 19–20, 2007, Seattle, U.S.A.) Background Links to Other Programs Workshop Format Session I. Status of climate change scenarios in the PICES region Session II. What are the expected impacts of climate change on regional oceanography and what are some scenarios for these drivers for the next 10 years? Session III. Recruitment forecasting Session IV. What models are out there? How is climate linked to the model? Session V. Assumptions regarding future fishing scenarios and enhancement activities Session VI Where do we go from here? References Appendix 1.1 List of Participants PHASE 2 [pdf, 0.7 MB] Summary of the PICES/NPRB Workshop on Forecasting Climate Impacts on Future Production of Commercially Exploited Fish and Shellfish (October 30, 2007, Victoria, Canada) Background Workshop Agenda Forecast Feasibility Format of Information Modeling Approaches Coupled bio-physical models Stock assessment projection models Comparative approaches Similarities in Data Requests Opportunities for Coordination with Other PICES Groups and International Efforts BACKGROUND REPORTS PREPARED FOR THE PHASE 2 WORKSHOP Northern California Current (U.S.) groundfish production by Melissa Haltuch Changes in sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria) recruitment in relation to oceanographic conditions by Michael J. Schirripa Northern California Current (British Columbia) Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus) production by Caihong Fu and Richard Beamish Northern California Current (British Columbia) sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria) production by Richard Beamish Northern California Current (British Columbia) pink (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) and chum (O. keta) salmon production by Richard Beamish Northern California Current (British Columbia) ocean shrimp (Pandalus jordani) production by Caihong Fu Alaska salmon production by Anne Hollowed U.S. walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) production in the eastern Bering Sea and Gulf of Alaska by Kevin Bailey and Anne Hollowed U.S. groundfish production in the eastern Bering Sea by Tom Wilderbuer U.S. crab production in the eastern Bering Sea by Gordon H. Kruse Forecasting Japanese commercially exploited species by Shin-ichi Ito, Kazuaki Tadokoro and Yasuhiro Yamanka Russian fish production in the Japan/East Sea by Yury Zuenko, Vladimir Nuzhdin and Natalia Dolganova Chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) production in Korea by Sukyung Kang, Suam Kim and Hyunju Seo Jack mackerel (Trachurus japonicus) production in Korea by Jae Bong Lee and Chang-Ik Zhang Chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus) production in Korea by Jae Bong Lee, Sukyung Kang, Suam Kim, Chang-Ik Zhang and Jin Yeong Kim References Appendix 2.1 List of Participants PHASE 3 [pdf, < 0.1 MB] Summary of the PICES Workshop on Linking Global Climate Model Output to (a) Trends in Commercial Species Productivity and (b) Changes in Broader Biological Communities in the World’s Oceans (May 18, 2008, Gijón, Spain) Appendix 3.1 List of Participants Appendix 3.2 Workshop Agenda (Document contains 101 pages)

Identification of larval sea basses (Centropristis spp.) using ribosomal DNA-specific molecular assays

The identification of sea bass (Centropristis) larvae to species is difficult because of similar morphological characters, spawning times, and overlapping species ranges. Black sea bass (Centropristis striata) is an important fishery species and is currently considered to be overfished south of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina. We describe methods for identifying three species of sea bass larvae using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) assays based on species-specific amplification of rDNA internal transcribed spacer regions. The assays were tested against DNA of ten other co-occurring reef fish species to ensure the assay's specificity. Centropristis larvae were collected on three cruises during cross-shelf transects and were used to validate the assays. Seventy-six Centropristis larva were assayed and 69 (91%) were identified successfully. DNA was not amplified from 5% of the larvae and identification was inconclusive for 3% of the larvae. Those assays can be used to identify sea bass eggs and larvae and will help to assess spawning locations, spawning times, and larval dispersal.

Stock assessment of loggerhead and leatherback sea turtles and An assessment of the impact of the pelagic longline fishery on the loggerhead and leatherback sea turtles of the Western North Atlantic

On September 7, 2000 the National Marine Fisheries Service announced that it was reinitiating consultation under Section 7 of the Endangered Species Act on pelagic fisheries for swordfish, sharks, tunas, and billfish. 1 Bycatch of a protected sea turtle species is considered a take under the Endangered Species Act (PL93-205). On June 30, 2000 NMFS completed a Biological Opinion on an amendment to the Highly Migratory Pelagic Fisheries Management Plan that concluded that the continued operation of the pelagic longline fishery was likely to jeopardize the continued existence of loggerhead and leatherback sea turtles.2 Since that Biological Opinion was issued NMFS concluded that further analyses of observer data and additional population modeling of loggerhead sea turtles was needed to determine more precisely the impact of the pelagic longline fishery on turtles. 3,4 Hence, the reinitiation of consultation. The documents that follow constitute the scientific review and synthesis of information pertaining to the narrowly defined reinitiation of consultation: the impact of the pelagic longline fishery on loggerhead and leatherback sea turtles The document is in 3 parts, plus 5 appendices. Part I is a stock assessment of loggerhead sea turtles of the Western North Atlantic. Part II is a stock assessment of leatherback sea turtles of the Western North Atlantic. Part III is an assessment of the impact of the pelagic longline fishery on loggerhead and leatherback sea turtles of the Western North Atlantic. These documents were prepared by the NMFS Southeast Fisheries Science Center staff and academic colleagues at Duke University and Dalhousie University. Personnel involved from the SEFSC include Joanne Braun-McNeill, Lisa Csuzdi, Craig Brown, Jean Cramer, Sheryan Epperly, Steve Turner, Wendy Teas, Nancy Thompson, Wayne Witzell, Cynthia Yeung, and also Jeff Schmid under contract from the University or Miami. Our academic colleagues, Ransom Myers, Keith Bowen, and Leah Gerber from Dalhousie University and Larry Crowder and Melissa Snover from Duke University, also recipients of a Pew Charitable Trust Grant for a Comprehensive Study of the Ecological Impacts of the Worldwide Pelagic Longline Industry, made significant contributions to the quantitative analyses and we are very grateful for their collaboration. We appreciate the reviews of the stock definition sections on loggerheads and leatherbacks by Brian Bowen, University of Florida, and Peter Dutton, National Marine Fisheries Service Southwest Fisheries Science Center, respectively, and the comments of the NMFS Center of Independent Experts reviewers Robert Mohn, Ian Poiner, and YouGan Wang on the entire document. We also wish to acknowledge all the unpublished data used herein which were contributed by many researchers, especially the coordinators and volunteers of the nesting beach surveys and the sea turtle stranding and salvage network and the contributors to the Cooperative Marine Turtle Tagging Program. (PDF contains 349 pages)

Residential Docks and Piers: Inventory of laws, regulations, and policies for the Southeastern United States

While the homes threatened by erosion and the developer illegally filling in marshlands are the projects that make the headlines, for many state regulatory programs, it’s the residential docks and piers that take up the most time. When is a dock too long? What about crossing extended property lines? And at what point does a creek have too many docks? There are no easy answers to any of the dock and pier related questions. Each state has to craft the laws and policies that are best for its natural resources and its political and legal environment. At the same time, mistakes in judgment can be costly for the organization, the homeowner, and the natural resources. At the request of the Georgia Coastal Management Program, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Coastal Services Center compiled an inventory of dock information for four states—Georgia, Florida, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Federal laws, state laws and regulations, permitting policies, and contact information are included in a tabular format that is easy to use. (PDF contaions 18 pages)

Ferromagnetic Resonance Force Microscopy

A new approach to magnetic resonance was introduced in 1992 based upon detection of spin-induced forces by J. Sidles [1]. This technique, now called magnetic resonance force microscopy (MRFM), was first demonstrated that same year via electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) by D. Rugar et al. [2]. This new method combines principles of magnetic resonance with those of scanned probe technology to detect spin resonance through mechanical, rather than inductive, means. In this thesis the development and use of ferromagnetic resonance force microscopy (FMRFM) is described. This variant of MRFM, which allows investigation of ferromagnetic samples, was first demonstrated in 1996 by Z. Zhang et al. [3]. FMRFM enables characterization of (a) the dynamic magnetic properties of microscale magnetic devices, and (b) the spatial dependence of ferromagnetic resonance within a sample. Both are impossible with conventional ferromagnetic resonance techniques.

Ferromagnetically coupled systems, however, pose unique challenges for force detection. In this thesis the attainable spatial resolution - and the underlying physical mechanisms that determine it - are established. We analyze the dependence of the magnetostatic modes upon sample dimensions using a series of microscale yttrium iron garnet (YIG) samples. Mapping of mode amplitudes within these sample is attained with an unprecedented spatial resolution of 15μm. The modes, never before analyzed on this scale, fit simple models developed in this thesis for samples of micron dimensions. The application of stronger gradient fields induces localized perturbation of the ferromagnetic resonance modes. The first demonstrations of this effect are presented in this study, and a simple theoretical model is developed to explain our observations. The results indicate that the characteristics of the locally-detected ferromagnetic modes are still largely determined by the external fields and dimensions of the entire sample, rather than by the localized interaction volume (i.e., the locale most strongly affected by the local gradient field). Establishing this is a crucial first step toward understanding FMRFM in the high gradient field limit where the dispersion relations become locally determined. In this high gradient field regime, FMRFM imaging becomes analogous with that of EPR MRFM.

FMRFM has also been employed to characterize magnetic multilayers, similar to those utilized in giant magnetoresistance (GMR) devices, on a lateral scale 40 x 40μm. This is orders of magnitude smaller than possible via conventional methods. Anisotropy energies, thickness, and interface qualities of individual layers have been resolved.

This initial work clearly demonstrates the immense and unique potential that FMRFM offers for characterizing advanced magnetic nanostructures and magnetic devices.

Lugares e personagens do universo buarqueano

A partir da década de 1970, a ciência geográfica passou a entender que seus conceitos, suas categorias analíticas, bem como seus objetos de pesquisa poderiam se utilizar dos discursos literários, em suas diversas possibilidades, incluindo o cinema, a pintura e, até mesmo, a música. Compreender os lugares a partir dos panoramas narrados pelos literatos {escritores ou compositores} e fomentar uma leitura de mundo repleta de sentidos existenciais, oferecida pelas maneiras que os autores apreendem, se configura como um relevante caminho de entendimento do mundo vivido a partir da interrelação entre a linguagem científica e artística. Neste sentido, a corrente humanística em geografia tem se dedicado a esta análise, uma vez que a linguagem literária tem a particularidade de comunicar aspectos da vida ou fatos e tempos da experiência humana, revelando, pois, o sentimento e o entendimento do literato frente à sociedade. No que tange à literatura musical, os versos permitem múltiplas interpretações. A música pode afetar, comover, causar estranheza, interesse ou reflexão, fazer o corpo se movimentar ou relaxar e, ainda, servir de base para análises filosófico-científicas a respeito dos espaços e lugares geográficos. Dito isto, esta dissertação segue a trilha da geografia humanística e nossa intenção é mostrar esta corrente configurando um caminho para a elucidação da complexidade exposta pela análise subjetiva de um elenco de letras capturadas do acervo de Chico Buarque, bem como o desvendar da plêiade de efemérides, sentimentos, mazelas e vibrações encerradas no cancioneiro buarqueano e que podem ser lidas através do conceito de lugar, este confundido com a trajetória da geografia humanística.

Pedagozinando em sala de aula: artes de dizer e pedagogias de fazer

Redesenham-se artes de dizer em um papel xerocado, artes que se traduzem em traços, rabiscos, versos, gritos, modos de fazer. Fanzine é assim, mais do que uma revista de papel sulfite, um espaço recortado, colado para produção de saberes ou, se preferir, uma revista independente na tela do computador. Este trabalho, portanto, propõe um mergulho entre a linha do underground e da pedagogia de criação de fanzines em sala de aula. Compreender os usos e as artes de dizer significa entender historicamente o que as publicações não-oficiais representam para a contemporaneidade. Desta forma, a lógica dos fanzines é bem mais do que trafegar em um circuito alternativo, define-se por si só como uma forma independente de fazer uso de uma expressão. Assim, o fazer fanzine como filofanzine de vida é um exemplo de que esta forma de expressão ultrapassa as paredes institucionais.

Measurement errors in body size of sea scallops (Placopecten magellanicus) and their effect on stock assessment models

Body-size measurement errors are usually ignored in stock assessments, but may be important when body-size data (e.g., from visual sur veys) are imprecise. We used experiments and models to quantify measurement errors and their effects on assessment models for sea scallops (Placopecten magellanicus). Errors in size data obscured modes from strong year classes and increased frequency and size of the largest and smallest sizes, potentially biasing growth, mortality, and biomass estimates. Modeling techniques for errors in age data proved useful for errors in size data. In terms of a goodness of model fit to the assessment data, it was more important to accommodate variance than bias. Models that accommodated size errors fitted size data substantially better. We recommend experimental quantification of errors along with a modeling approach that accommodates measurement errors because a direct algebraic approach was not robust and because error parameters were diff icult to estimate in our assessment model. The importance of measurement errors depends on many factors and should be evaluated on a case by case basis.

Papel do Contador, Transparência e Accountability em Organizações não-Governamentais: um estudo de caso no Rio de Janeiro

A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo conhecer e avaliar a contribuição do profissional contábil nas organizações do Terceiro Setor, para transparência e accountability. Para verificar se a gestão da organização pertencente ao Terceiro Setor desempenha suas atividades de forma transparente e accountable, realizou-se uma pesquisa exploratóriodescritiva em uma organização pertencente a esse setor denominada Viva Rio, que encontra-se sediada na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, onde foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas. Os resultados da pesquisa apontam que a Contabilidade pode contribuir muito para essas organizações, principalmente pelo fato de essas entidades, diferentemente das demais organizações do primeiro e segundo setores, precisarem prestar contas aos mais diversos públicos. A organização pesquisada utiliza informações não financeiras e financeiras como ferramenta de auxílio à transparência e accountability, e ainda, os registros contábeis são contabilizados por projetos e por financiadores, o que gera acurácia e tempestividade na disponibilidade dessas informações aos seus interessados.

Effects of a large fishing closure on benthic communities in the western Gulf of Maine: recovery from the effects of gillnets and otter trawls

The recovery of benthic communities inside the western Gulf of Maine fishing closure area was evaluated by comparing invertebrate assemblages at sites inside and outside of the closure four to six years after the closure was established. The major restriction imposed by the closure was a year-round prohibition of bottom gillnets and otter trawls. A total of 163 seafloor sites (~half inside and half outside the closure) within a 515-km2 study area were sampled with some combination of Shipek grab, Wildco box corer, or underwater video. Bottom types ranged from mud (silt and clay) to boulders, and the effects of the closure on univariate measures (total density, biomass, taxonomic richness) of benthos varied widely among sediment types. For sites with predominantly mud sediments, there were mixed effects on inside and outside infauna and no effect on epifauna. For sites with mainly sand sediments, there were higher density, biomass, and taxonomic richness for infauna inside the closure, but no significant effects on epifauna. For sites dominated by gravel (which included boulders in some areas), there were no effects on infauna but strong effects on epifaunal density and taxonomic richness. For fishing gear, the data indicated that infauna recovered in sand from the impacts of otter trawls operated inside the closure but that they did not recover in mud, and that epifauna recovered on gravel bottoms from the impact of gillnets used inside the closure. The magnitudes of impact and recovery, however, cannot be inferred directly from our data because of a confounding factor of different fishing intensities outside the closure for a direct comparison of preclosure and postclosure data. The overall negative impact of trawls is likely underestimated by our data, whereas the negative impact of gillnets is likely overestimated.