Medidas do tendão do calcâneo no primeiro ano de vida

OBJETIVO: Determinar as espessuras e larguras dos tendões do calcâneo (tendão de Aquiles) em crianças eutróficas de ambos os gêneros, aos 2, 6, 9 e 12 meses de idade. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Fizeram parte deste estudo prospectivo e descritivo 38 meninos e 31 meninas. As medidas dos tendões foram obtidas por meio de ultrassonografia, utilizando transdutor linear de 14 MHz, na altura do maléolo medial. RESULTADOS: Verificou-se que as espessuras dos tendões nos meninos foram de 2,4 mm, 2,3 mm, 2,4 mm e 2,4 mm, aos 2, 6, 9 e 12 meses, respectivamente. As larguras do tendão do calcâneo foram de 6,0 mm, 6,4 mm, 6,7 mm e 7,1 mm, respectivamente. Nas meninas, as espessuras obtidas aos 2, 6 e 9 meses foram de 2,4 mm, e aos 12 meses encontrou-se o valor de 2,5 mm. As quatro medidas da largura foram de 5,7 mm, 6,2 mm, 6,5 mm e 6,5 mm, respectivamente. CONCLUSÃO: Não houve diferença na espessura do tendão do calcâneo ao longo do primeiro ano de vida para ambos os gêneros, entretanto, houve diferença nas medidas da largura.

Biopolítica de Estados expulsores

La biopolítica sobre los migrantes se fundamenta en el binomio dejar entrar-residir o expulsar. Las leyes de extranjería están elaboradas sobre dos ejes: por un lado, en la regulación de los lujos migratorios en función del mercado de trabajo y las demandas de la economía y, por otro, en el control policial y la persecución de la inmigración irregular. Para la realización del primer eje del binomio, dejar entrar y residir, los Estados se dotan de mecanismos de regulación e intervención sobre el inmigrante concebido como fuerza de trabajo productiva. Asimismo los Estados crean mecanismos de control-sanción para las personas migrantes que incumplen los requisitos establecidos para entrar y residir en el territorio. En este punto la biopolítica sobrela población migrante se solapa o toma forma en el ejercicio de la soberanía por el Leviatán. Las medidas de control y sanción que los gobiernos ponen en marcha sobre los sin papeles han creado una imponente maquinaria de coacción en el interior de las instituciones del Estado de derecho hasta el punto de convertirlo en un Estado expulsor.

Construção de uma cela de fluxo para medidas por espectrofotometria em fase sólida

A simple and low cost flow cell is proposed for measurements by solid-phase spectrophotometry employing a conventional spectrophotometer. The flow cell geometry allows the employment of a large amount of the solid support without causing both excessive attenuation of the radiation beam and increasing of the back-pressure. The adaptation of the flow cell in the optical path of the spectrophotometer in order to increase the precision is discussed. The flow cell characteristics were demonstrated by measurements of Co(II), employing 1-(2-tiazolylazo)-2-naphthol (TAN) immobilized on C18 bonded silica as solid support. The apparent molar absorptivity and coefficient of variation were estimated as 1.86 x 10(5) L mol-1 cm-1 and 1.4 % (n=15). A sample throughput of 40 determinations per hour and a detection limit of 15 mug L-1 (99.7 % confidence level) were achieved.

Uso de espectrometria de massas em medidas eletroquímicas - a técnica de DEMS

The combination of cyclic voltammetry and on line mass spectrometry, called differential electrochemical mass spectrometry (DEMS), is already a well established method for on line identification and quantitative detection of the products and intermediates of electrochemical reactions. This article aims to show the principles of the method and how this technique have been used to study electrochemical problems such the electrocatalytic oxidation of organic molecules, as methanol and ethanol, at noble metal electrodes.

Medidas de resistividade elétrica DC em sólidos: como efetuálas corretamente

This paper deals with the most common methods for determining the dc electrical resistivity in solid materials. A brief overview of the fundamental concepts related to the electrical resistivity on materials is introduced. Undoubtedly, the most common and useful procedure to determine the electrical resistivity (rho) is the fourpoint probe method. Some crucial mistakes regarding the experimental procedure and the appropriated correction factors are found in the literature. Thus, the correction factor for the most common sample geometries were gathered and revised in order to provide an easy way to use and apply them.

Desenvolvimento de um dispositivo de baixo custo para medidas por quimiluminescência

A simple and low cost device (ca. US$ 150) that comprises two photodiodes fixed in lab-made Perspex flow cell is proposed for chemiluminescence measurements. The characteristics of the device (large observation window and reduced thickness) allow maximizing the amount of the emitted radiation detected. A sensitivity improvement of ca. 50 % was observed by employing two photodiodes for signal measurements. The performance of the device was assessed by the oxidation of luminol by hydrogen peroxide, yielding a linear response within the range of 2.50 to 500 µmol L-1 H2O2. The detection limit was estimated as 0.8 µmol L-1 hydrogen peroxide which is comparable with those obtained by using equipments based on photomultipliers.

Sistema de alimentação gás-líquido para medidas de atividade catalítica

This note has as objective to present the advantages of the use of syringe-type pumps for the feeding of liquid reactants, together with mass flow controllers for gases, instead of the saturators, as it is generally accomplished. Among the advantages, the system with syringe pumps presents a greater flexibility in flow control as well as in composition compared with the system that uses saturator. In addition, the flow of the liquid reactants is known with precision in the syringe pump system.

Economía urbana y calidad de vida. Una revisión del estado del conocimiento en España

Quality of life is increasingly becoming a concept researched empirically and theoretically in the field of economics. In urban economics in particular, this increasing interest stems mainly from the fact that quality of life affects urban competitiveness and urban growth: research shows that when households and businesses decide where to locate, quality of life considerations can play a very important role. The purpose of the present paper is to examine the way economic literature and urban economic literature in particular, have adopted quality of life considerations in the economic thinking. Moreover, it presents the ways various studies have attempted to capture the multidimensional nature of the concept, and quantify it for the purposes of empirical research. Additionally we focus on the state of the art in Spain. Looking at the experiences in the last years we see very important possibilities of developing new studies in the field.

El software libre al servicio de la economía productiva : Caso real de implantación de un ERP en una micro PYME

Este trabajo de fin de grado intenta, mediante el caso real de la implantación de un ERP en una micro PYME, ajustar a la realidad socioeconómica de la gran mayoría de empresas españolas las técnicas de implantación de software y de gestión de proyectos, usando como elemento conductor un ERP de software libre, para conseguir el triple objetivo de mantener los ratios de calidad deseados en cualquier proyecto de ingeniería de software, con unos costes asumibles por una micro PYME y satisfaciendo las necesidades de negocio.

Determinação da concentração micelar crítica de ácidos húmicos por medidas de condutividade e espectroscopia

The aim of this study was the determination of the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of the sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) surfactant using spectroscopic and conductimetric determinations and to compare these methodologies in the determination of the CMC of different humic acids (HA). The CMC obtained by conductimetric determination was satisfactory. By spectroscopic determination two values of the CMC were obtained for HA. These values can be to due the intra and intermolecular interactions in the HA structure.

Medidas tipográficas: un recuento

Breve repaso al desarrollo de la concepción métrica en la tipografía en plomo, alternativa y complemento de la visión habitual en lo que conocemos como 'tipometría'. Se parte de una noción amplia de medida: el factor cuantitativo se dilata con la articulación de relaciones proporcionales e integra la dimensión cualitativa de los sistemas métricos tradicionales. La tipografía se considera bajo presupuestos similares: como sistema articulado de piezas materiales cuyas magnitudes contienen usos y valores específicos, más allá de su simple expresión numérica. Con tales premisas, se revisan fuentes documentales significativas del 'período de la imprenta manual'. Su examen, vinculado a los usos y costumbres de oficio, desvela la distinta aproximación métrica, que puede resumirse en tres fases evolutivas: hermética, intensiva, expansiva como recogen las referencias de los cuerpos tipográficos: adjetivas, sustantivas, numéricas. Se proporciona así un marco para apreciar el cambio de sentido en las medidas tipográficas hasta nuestros días.

La producción científica en el ámbito de la Economía y Empresa en España. Rankings de las universidades españolas en términos de producción, productividad, calidad e impacto en el período 1994-2003.

En este trabajo se analiza la situación de las publicaciones científicas en Economía y Empresa en España en el decenio 1994-2003. En concreto se analizan la producción de artículos, la productividad por investigador, la calidad de las publicaciones y su impacto (citas) y se elaboran rankings de las universidades españolas. Los principales resultados apuntan a unos niveles de producción científica que evolucionan de manera creciente en los últimos años. Esta mejora se debe al incremento de la plantilla y, sobre todo, al incremento de su productividad.

Uso de membranas de Nafion para a construção de sensores ópticos para medidas de pH

The behaviour of Nafion® polymeric membranes containing acid-base dyes, bromothymol blue (BB) and methyl violet (MV), were studied aiming at constructing an optical sensor for pH measurement. BB revealed to be inadequate for developing sensing phases due to the electrostatic repulsion between negative groups of their molecules and the negative charge of the sulfonate group of the Nafion®, which causes leaching of the dye from the membrane. On the other hand, MV showed to be suitable due to the presence of positive groups in its structure. The membrane prepared from a methanolic solution whose Nafion®/dye molar ratio was 20 presented the best analytical properties, changing its color from green to violet in the pH range from 0.6 to 3.0. The membrane can be prepared with good reproducibility, presenting durability of ca. 6 months and response time of 22 s, making possible its use for pH determination in flow analysis systems.

La revista barcelonesa 'El Arte de Curtir' y el quebracho colorado paraguayo: periodismo y economía

[spa]Este trabajo analiza el papel desempeñado por la revista El Arte de Curtir, creada en el año 1909 en la ciudad de Barcelona por los hermanos Pedro Pablo, Fernando y Carlos de Corral y Tomé, cuya Fábrica de Extractos Curtientes dedicada al quebracho colorado paraguayo fue la base de organización del extracto tánico utilizado en Cataluña para la curtición.

Integração de técnicas analíticas e proposta de experimentos para cursos de graduação em análise instrumental: uso de espectrômetro de absorção atômica para medidas de absorção molecular

Simple experiments are proposed for measuring molecular absorption of chromate and dichromate ions using an atomic absorption spectrometer. The experiments can help undergraduate students in instrumental analysis courses understand important aspects involving conceptual and instrumental similarities and differences between frequently used analytical techniques. Hollow cathode lamps were selected with wavelengths in the region of molecular absorption of chromate and dichromate. Calibration curves were obtained and the linear dynamic range was evaluated. Results were compared with those obtained in a molecular absorption spectrometer. The molar absorptivities obtained were also compared.