Pen fish culture in reservoirs: an alternative to land based nurseries

An experiment to rear carp seed was conducted in Tamil Nadu, India during October 2001 to April 2002 as a part of an ambitious programme aimed at standardization of pen fish rearing technology for production of stocking material of desired size at a lower cost. The experiment used six pens erected using locally available materials in the exposed marginal area of an existing reservoir. The high survival rate of carps (67.2-94.7%) and reasonable returns on investment (26.2%) obtained in the experiment indicated that fish seed rearing in pens erected in suitable areas of existing reservoirs could serve as a cheaper alternative to the expensive land-based nursery ponds.

Food preference and intake pattern of Penaeus monodon (Fab.) in semi-intensive culture system

P. monodon juveniles prefer natural food than artificial feed in their initial stage of rearing. However, the percentage preference towards artificial feed increases as the days of culture/average body weight increases. Consumption of artificial feed was high during evening meal (1700h) and low during night meal (2200h). The index of intestine fullness was high (8.4±0.7) during initial stage of rearing, compared to that of final stage of rearing (4.9±0.4), probably due to low nutritional value of intake material and low water depth at initial stage. At all stage of rearing omnivorous feeding habit was established and no evidence of diet periodicity in feeding activity was observed.

Preliminary observations on cage culture of Tilapia esculenta Graham and Tilapia xillii (Gervais) in Lake Victoria waters, at the Freshwater Fisheries Institute, Nyegezi, Tanzania

Cage culture of Tilapia is not suggested as a substitute for any known techniques in fish culture, but as one of the various techniques of obtaining more fish under controlled conditions. This fact has been very well accepted in various countries. Whererever facilities exist, this line of fish culture should be vigorously explored as a possible avenue in increasing fish production. High density stocking, management under controlled conditions, easy technique of fabricating the cage at relatively low cost, having no demand on land area, absence of prolific and effective breeding and easy availability of fish when a person needs it are a few of the attractions of the technique. The studies indicate that it is desirable to have different meshes for the cages, such as, small meshed cages for rearing fry to fingerlings stages, and larger meshed cages for rearing fingerlings to table sized fishes. II' the meshes are small, the resistance will be more and less water wilt pass through. While feeding with powdered food material, because of brisk activity of feeding fish, a part of the feed appeared wasted. This can be easily overcome if we would resort to feeding fish with cheap pelleted feeds which will no doubt reduce wastage. Precaution has to be taken against damage of the net and thereby loss of fish and against poaching by unauthorised persons. In the present attempt has been demonstrated the possibility of utilizing locally available species of Tilapia for cage culture and obtaining moderately satisfactory growth rates.

An ethnographic interpretation of the work environment within a creative culture in the advertising sector.

Purpose and rationale The purpose of the exploratory research is to provide a deeper understanding of how the work environment enhances or constrains organisational creativity (creativity and innovation) within the context of the advertising sector. The argument for the proposed research is that the contemporary literature is dominated by quantitative research instruments to measure the climate and work environment across many different sectors. The most influential theory within the extant literature is the componential theory of organisational creativity and innovation and is used as an analytical guide (Amabile, 1997; Figure 8) to conduct an ethnographic study within a creative advertising agency based in Scotland. The theory suggests that creative people (skills, expertise and task motivation) are influenced by the work environment in which they operate. This includes challenging work (+), work group supports (+), supervisory encouragement (+), freedom (+), sufficient resources (+), workload pressures (+ or -), organisational encouragement (+) and organisational impediments (-) which is argued enhances (+) or constrains (-) both creativity and innovation. An interpretive research design is conducted to confirm, challenge or extend the componential theory of organisational creativity and innovation (Amabile, 1997; Figure 8) and contribute to knowledge as well as practice. Design/methodology/approach The scholarly activity conducted within the context of the creative industries and advertising sector is in its infancy and research from the alternative paradigm using qualitative methods is limited which may provide new guidelines for this industry sector. As such, an ethnographic case study research design is a suitable methodology to provide a deeper understanding of the subject area and is consistent with a constructivist ontology and an interpretive epistemology. This ontological position is conducive to the researcher’s axiology and values in that meaning is not discovered as an objective truth but socially constructed from multiple realties from social actors. As such, ethnography is the study of people in naturally occurring settings and the creative advertising agency involved in the research is an appropriate purposive sample within an industry that is renowned for its creativity and innovation. Qualitative methods such as participant observation (field notes, meetings, rituals, social events and tracking a client brief), material artefacts (documents, websites, annual reports, emails, scrapbooks and photographic evidence) and focused interviews (informal and formal conversations, six taped and transcribed interviews and use of Survey Monkey) are used to provide a written account of the agency’s work environment. The analytical process of interpreting the ethnographic text is supported by thematic analysis (selective, axial and open coding) through the use of manual analysis and NVivo9 software Findings The findings highlight a complex interaction between the people within the agency and the enhancers and constraints of the work environment in which they operate. This involves the creative work environment (Amabile, 1997; Figure 8) as well as the physical work environment (Cain, 2012; Dul and Ceylan, 2011; Dul et al. 2011) and that of social control and power (Foucault, 1977; Gahan et al. 2007; Knights and Willmott, 2007). As such, the overarching themes to emerge from the data on how the work environment enhances or constrains organisational creativity include creative people (skills, expertise and task motivation), creative process (creative work environment and physical work environment) and creative power (working hours, value of creativity, self-fulfilment and surveillance). Therefore, the findings confirm that creative people interact and are influenced by aspects of the creative work environment outlined by Amabile (1997; Figure 8). However, the results also challenge and extend the theory to include that of the physical work environment and creative power. Originality/value/implications Methodologically, there is no other interpretive research that uses an ethnographic case study approach within the context of the advertising sector to explore and provide a deeper understanding of the subject area. As such, the contribution to knowledge in the form of a new interpretive framework (Figure 16) challenges and extends the existing body of knowledge (Amabile, 1997; Figure 8). Moreover, the contribution to practice includes a flexible set of industry guidelines (Appendix 13) that may be transferrable to other organisational settings.

Devotional Culture in Late Medieval England and Europe: Diverse Imaginations of Christ’s Life

Christ’s life, as related through the Gospel narratives and early Apocrypha, was subject to a riot of literary-devotional adaptation in the medieval period. This collection provides a series of groundbreaking studies centring on the devotional and cultural significance of Christianity’s pivotal story during the Middle Ages.

The collection represents an important milestone in terms of mapping the meditative modes of piety that characterize a number of Christological traditions, including the Meditationes vitae Christi and the numerous versions it spawned in both Latin and the vernacular. A number of chapters in the volume track how and why meditative piety grew in popularity to become a mode of spiritual activity advised not only to recluses and cenobites as in the writings of Aelred of Rievaulx, but also reached out to diverse lay audiences through the pastoral regimens prescribed by devotional authors such as the Carthusian prior Nicholas Love in England and the Parisian theologian and chancellor of the University of Paris, Jean Gerson.

Through exploring these texts from a variety of perspectives — theoretical, codicological, theological — and through tracing their complex lines of dissemination in ideological and material terms, this collection promises to be invaluable to students and scholars of medieval religious and literary culture.

British Film in the 1970s: Capital, Culture and Creativity

Throughout the 1970s the British film industry struggled to produce films which performed well at the box office and appealed to audiences. As a result the decade has often been considered as one of the low points of British cinema. But was this really the case? Conventional film histories of the decade have emphasised key texts and specific genres, such as the Bond films, the Carry On series or low budget horror. Yet British cinema in this period offered a great deal more to audiences and careful study of original documents demonstrates the diversity and variety of an industry, and a decade, typically perceived as limited and unimaginative. An examination of important material – much of it newly discovered or previously underused – offers an insight into the industry in this decade while key case studies present a detailed picture of the eclectic, diverse and often challenging film culture of the period.

Interrupting the courtroom organism: screaming bodies, material affects and the theatre of cruelty

This article offers a method of reading the courtroom which produces an alternative mapping of the space. My method combines a reading of Antonin Artaud’s Theatre of Cruelty with a Deleuzian theoretical analysis. I suggest that this is a useful method since it allows examination of the spatial praxes of the courtroom which pulsate with a power to organize, terrorize and to judge. This method is also able to conceptualize the presence of ‘‘screaming’’ bodies and living matter which are appropriated to build, as well as feed the presence and functioning of the courtroom space, or organism. By using a method that articulates the cry of these bodies in the shadow of the organism, it becomes clear that this cry is both unwelcome and suppressed by the courtroom. The howl of anxious bodies enduring the process and space of the law can be materialized through interruptions to the courtroom, such as when bodies stand when they should not and when they speak when they should be silent. These vociferous actualizations of the scream serve only to feed the organism they seek to disturb, yet if the scream is listened to before it disrupts, the interruption becomes-imperceptible to the courtroom. Through my Artaudian/Deleuzian reading, I give a voice to the corporeal gasp that lingers before the cry, which is embedded within the embodied multiplicity from which it is possible to draw a creative line of flight. The creative momentum of this line of flight produces a sustainable interruption to the courtroom process, which instead of being consumed by the system, has the potential to produce new courtroom alignments. My text therefore offers an alternative reading of the courtroom, and in doing so also offers a refined understanding of how to productively ‘‘interrupt’’ the courtroom process.

Gas emissions on rice culture and its importance on air quality

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia do Ambiente Perfil Gestão de Sistemas Ambientais

Conserver ou restaurer? La dialectique de l’œuvre architecturale : histoire d'un débat qui a contribué à la formation de la culture de la conservation du patrimoine bâti

La question de recherche « Conserver ou restaurer ? » est le point de départ d’une aventure invitant le lecteur à répondre à qu’est-ce qui oriente nos interventions en matière de conservation du patrimoine bâti. Sachant que ces positions rivales ont toutes une prétention à la vérité, cette thèse fait l’hypothèse d’une médiation entre les deux approches en clarifiant ses différentes interprétations. À partir d'un regard critique de la théorie de Cesare Brandi fondée sur la dialectique historique-artistique de l’œuvre d’art ainsi que d'une réflexion sur la nature fonctionnelle de l’œuvre architecturale, cette thèse démontre qu’il n’y a pas lieu a priori de donner une prédominance à l’une des deux options, ni à établir une échelle de valeurs prédéterminées, mais dévoile un dénominateur commun qui est le temps. Ce dernier ne se restreint pas au passé et au présent, mais implique la puissance destructrice du temps de la nature et le temps historique fondé sur un présent durable riche du passé et ouvert sur l'avenir. Les résultats de la recherche révèlent enfin un dialogue possible entre nos deux alternatives, en proposant une éthique disciplinaire axée sur la dialectique du temps. Savoir « quand conserver ou quand restaurer » demande la reconnaissance de ce que l’on retient de plus significatif à travers l’existence de l’œuvre. Situer cette signification dans un passé révolu désigne l’œuvre comme témoignage d’un temps passé, en lui reconnaissant sa fonction mémorielle ou remémorative ; d’où l’approche à prédominance conservative visant à faire reculer la puissance destructrice du temps de la nature et à préserver le témoignage matériel de la dégradation. Au contraire, situer cette signification dans un présent vivant, c’est reconnaître sa vocation identitaire destinée à la représentation d’une culture ; d’où l’approche à prédominance restaurative (ré-intégrative) fondée sur le temps historique, d’un présent durable riche du passé et ouvert sur l'avenir visant à en révéler le sens. En bref, en ce qui concerne tout le patrimoine bâti, on ne peut parler que d’une dialectique fondamentale issue de la nature même de ces œuvres, à interpréter sous leur fonction mémorielle et leur vocation identitaire. Par conséquent, conserver ou restaurer devraient être réinterprétés par préserver la mémoire ou révéler l’identité. Ainsi, la conservation et la restauration ne doivent plus être entendues comme deux options antagonistes, mais comme deux modalités d’interprétation au service de la médiation de l’œuvre architecturale à travers le temps.

Carbon/Nitrogen Ratio Optimization and Periphyton Development on the Production and Sustainability of Penaeus Monodon(Fabricius)in Extensive Culture System

Controlling the inorganic nitrogen by manipulating carbon / nitrogen ratio is a method gaining importance in aquaculture systems. Nitrogen control is induced by feeding bacteria with carbohydrates and through the subsequent uptake of nitrogen from the water for the synthesis of microbial proteins. The relationship between addition of carbohydrates, reduction of ammonium and the production of microbial protein depends on the microbial conversion coefficient. The carbon / nitrogen ratio in the microbial biomass is related to the carbon contents of the added material. The addition of carbonaceous substrate was found to reduce inorganic nitrogen in shrimp culture ponds and the resultant microbial proteins are taken up by shrimps. Thus, part of the feed protein is replaced and feeding costs are reduced in culture systems.The use of various locally available substrates for periphyton based aquaculture practices increases production and profitability .However, these techniques for extensive shrimp farming have not so far been evaluated. Moreover, an evaluation of artificial substrates together with carbohydrate source based farming system in reducing inorganic nitrogen production in culture systems has not yet been carried-out. Furthermore, variations in water and soil quality, periphyton production and shrimp production of the whole system have also not been determined so-far.This thesis starts with a general introduction , a brief review of the most relevant literature, results of various experiments and concludes with a summary (Chapter — 9). The chapters are organised conforming to the objectives of the present study. The major objectives of this thesis are, to improve the sustainability of shrimp farming by carbohydrate addition and periphyton substrate based shrimp production and to improve the nutrient utilisation in aquaculture systems.

Studies on vibrio spp. in juveniles of penaeus indicus in culture systems

The present study is carried out to understand (i) the incidence and occurrence of species of Vibrio in different culture systems in and around Cochin, (ii) characteristics of vibrios isolates, their ecology including growth response to various hydrological parameters, sensitivity to about 40 antibiotics, and (iii) role of physico-chemical parameters in pathogenicity of vibrios, etc. and the results emerged from the investigations are important and encouraging for better understanding of the 'vibriosis' in the culture systems to develop remedial measures to control diseases. The Thesis begins with an “Introduction” followed by “A review of literature” on diseases of penaeid shrimps with particular reference to 'vibriosis' and “Material and methods” which details with the methods and procedures followed in the experiments and analyses of data. This Thesis consists of three chapters. Chapter Ideals with the incidence and ecology of Vibrio spp. in water, sediment and in juveniles of the Indian white prawn Penaeus indicus in the culture systems. In Chapter 2, characteristics of vibrio isolates including growth response to various levels oftemperature, salinity and pl 1, sensitivity to 40 antibiotics and minimal inhibitory concentration tests are detailed.e out-breaks. The Chapter 3 discusses the role of physico-chemical parameters in the incidence, seasonal abundance of Vibrio spp. and in 'vibriosis'. A summary of the whole work and list of references are also included at the end. This study gives a detailed information regarding the incidence and ecology of vibrios in the culture systems. their characteristics and pathogenicity

Nature and Ecological significance of Nutrient Regeneration in Different Prawn Culture Fields

The present work "Nature and Ecological Significance of Nutrient Regeneration in different Prawn Culture Fields" was undertaken to understand the seasonal variation of nutrients, nutrient cycling and primary productivity of the prawn culture systems. The main emphasis was to find the qualitative and quantitative estimates of distribution of total phosphorus, inorganic phosphorus, organic phosphorus, total nitrogen and nitrogen fractions in the water. The effect of nutrient cycling on primary productivity and concentration of metals also form one part of the study. The entire thesis comprise of only one major chapter with subchapters such as, Introduction (I), Review of Literature (2), Material and Methods (3), Results (14), Discussion (5), Executive Summary (6) and Biblio~ graphy (7)

Studies on the induction of variation through in vitro culture in Jatropha curcas L

Given the economic importance of Jatropha curcas, and its limited availability in the wild, it would be desirable to establish plantations ofthe tree so as to obtain assured supply of raw material for extraction of phytochemicals, and seeds for production of biodiesel. However both seed propagation as well as propagation by cuttings is unsatisfactory in this tree species. Seeds have poor viability and are genetically heterozygous leading to genetic variability in terms of growth, biomass, seed yield, and oil content. Stern cuttings have poor roots and the trees are easily uprooted. Tissue culture techniques could possibly be gainfully employed in the propagation of elite plants ofJaIropha. When plant tissue is passaged through in vitro culture, there is possibility of induction of variations. An estimation of somaclonal variability is useful in a determination of culture protocols. Molecular markers could be employed to estimate the amount of variations induced in callus and regenerants by different honnonal combinations used in culture. In this context the present study aims to develop an in vitro propagation protocol for the production of plantlets and to evaluate the variation induced in callus and regenerants in comparison with mother plant by the use of molecular markers and by studying phytochemicals and bio active compounds present in callus and regenerated plants