Cambios en el índice de vegetación de diferencia normalizada (IVN) asociados a la proporción de leñosas y herbáceas en pastizales de la provincia de Entre Ríos

En la provincia de Entre Ríos la ganadería es una de las actividades económicas principales y la vegetación natural aporta más de la mitad del forraje consumido por el ganado. Para llevar a cabo un manejo eficiente de los recursos forrajeros es necesario conocer la productividad forrajera. Sin embargo, dada su gran variación espacial y temporal, los productores ganaderos rara vez cuentan con dicha información. Actualmente, es posible estimar la Productividad Primaria Neta Aérea (PPNA) de la vegetación a partir del IVN provisto por sensores satelitales. Sin embargo, en sitios con presencia de vegetación no forrajera, conocer la productividad no es suficiente, sino que es necesario separar la PPNA de los componentes forrajeros y no forrajeros. En algunos casos, diferencias fenológicas entre ambos componentes permiten separar el IVN asociado a cada componente de la vegetación. Sin embargo, esto aún no se ha evaluado en la Provincia de Entre Ríos. El objetivo del presente trabajo consiste en caracterizar cómo los cambios espaciales en la proporción de leñosas (no forrajeras) y herbáceas (forrajeras) pueden afectar el funcionamiento de la vegetación, mediante el uso del IVN del sensor satelital MODIS en dos áreas de vegetación natural de la provincia de Entre Ríos. En cada lugar se escogieron píxeles con distinta cobertura de leñosas y se evaluó si las diferencias en la cobertura se asociaban a cambios en el IVN promedio, su variación temporal y si existía relación con la precipitación anual. Se encontró una correlación positiva entre la cobertura de leñosas y el IVN en ambas zonas. En cambio, las variaciones inter e intra-anual y la respuesta marginal del IVN a la precipitación presentaron una correlación baja. La evaluación de los patrones de variación del IVN permitió determinar que para la zona de estudio los modelos de separación del IVN leñoso y herbáceo deberían basarse en el IVN promedio y no en su estacionalidad o en su respuesta a la precipitación.

Seguimiento de la productividad forrajera mediante teledetección : desarrollo de una herramienta de manejo para sistemas de producción ganaderos

La productividad forrajera (PF)es una variable crítica para el manejo y la planificación de los sistemas de producción ganaderos. Sin embargo, las dificultades para cuantificarla a campo y la necesidad de manejar un marco conceptual robusto para utilizarla en la toma de decisiones hacen que habitualmente los sistemas de producción se manejen con una caracterización rudimentaria de esta variable. En esta tesis se desarrolló un sistema de seguimiento de la PF en tiempo real y a la escala de lote, basado en la lógica de la eficiencia en el uso de la radiación (EUR). Primero se diseñó y se puso en funcionamiento una versión preliminar del sistema, y luego se investigaron en mayor detalle dos aspectos críticos de su funcionamiento: la estimación de la fracción de radiación absorbida por el canopeo (fRFAA)a partir de índices de vegetación derivados de imágenes satelitales, y el comportamiento de la EUR ante variaciones del estrés ambiental, el manejo de la defoliación, y la escala temporal de observación. La metodología para implementar la versión preliminar del sistema de seguimiento forrajero se basó en estimar la fRFAA y la EUR. La primera fue estimada como una función no lineal del índice de vegetación normalizado del sensor MODIS. La estimación de la EUR se basó en calibraciones empíricas entre la PF estimada a campo y la radiación absorbida para dos recursos forrajeros: pasturas de loma y bajos de agropiro. Los resultados mostraron que la radiación absorbida predijo datos independientes de PF con precisión aceptable. El sistema fue implementado informáticamente en un software específico denominado Segf. En relación al primer aspecto de mejora del sistema, la estimación de la fRFAA, se estudió la absorción de radiación a campo con una barra de interceptación en cultivos de trigo (utilizados como modelo experimental)y se la correlacionó con distintos índices de vegetación calculados a partir del sensor espectral MODIS. Se encontró que los índices de vegetación explicaron entre 90 y 94 por ciento de las variaciones de fRFAA. El índice de vegetación mejorado presentó una relación más lineal que el clásico índice de vegetación normalizado, posiblemente debido a la ausencia de saturación del primero ante aumentos del área foliar. En relación al segundo aspecto de mejora del sistema, la variabilidad de la EUR, se realizó un experimento de un año sobre una pastura consociada de festuca y alfalfa sometida a distintos tratamientos. La EUR fue más estable que la fRFAA ante cambios de la disponibilidad de recursos y de intensidad de defoliación. Sin embargo, la EUR tendió a disminuir ante estrés hídrico (déficit y exceso), y a aumentar ante defoliación severa y sombreado. Además, la variabilidad de la EUR a lo largo del rebrote de la pastura y entre tratamientos dependió de la escala temporal de observación o cálculo: fue más variable al considerar períodos de 12 días que al considerar todo el período de rebrote o la estación (45 y 90 días respectivamente). Como resultado de la tesis, los productores agropecuarios y sus asesores cuentan con un sistema capaz de estimar mes a mes la PF de sus lotes para una serie temporal de aproximadamente diez años. Actualmente 1.478.000 ha ganaderas están bajo seguimiento mediante un sistema basado en esta tesis. Esto implica un cambio cualitativo de disponibilidad de información y representa una oportunidad para tomar mejores decisiones de manejo, a la vez que concientiza sobre el uso racional del forraje para maximizar su crecimiento. Adicionalmente, la base de datos de PF generada, extraordinariamente amplia en su cobertura espacial y temporal, será de utilidad para trabajos de investigación sobre los patrones espacio-temporales de PF.

Identificación de ocurrencia de sequías mediante imágenes del satélite NOAA e información terrestre

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Dinámica de la producción primaria en pastizales naturales y pasturas implantadas de San Luis : influencia de la precipitación y la composición de especies

El reemplazo de ecosistemas nativos por pasturas cultivadas como consecuencia de la expansión de las fronteras agrícolas y ganaderas, es un fenómeno que ocurre en gran parte de las regiones semiáridas templadas del mundo. En el extremo occidental de los pastizales del Río de La Plata, uno de los principales cambios en el uso de la tierra es su reemplazo por pasturas exóticas monofíticas. Está pérdida de diversidad podría traer aparejado una reducción en la estabilidad y cambios en la estacionalidad de la producción primaria, especialmente en años con precipitaciones menores a las normales. Se evaluaron atributos funcionales relacionados con la estacionalidad y estabilidad de la productividad primaria en 9 pares de sitios apareados de pastizales naturales y pasturas de Eragorstis curvula, distribuidos a lo largo de una transecta de 300 km en el centro sur de la provincia de San Luis. Los datos de productividad se obtuvieron del sensor remoto MODIS/Terra durante el período 2000-2010. Además se determinó la diversidad de cada sitio a través de evaluaciones in situ de densidad y cobertura por especie. Por último, se obtuvieron datos de precipitaciones del sensor TRMM. El reemplazo de pastizales por pasturas adelantó 7-10 días el inicio y fin de la estación de crecimiento, sin observarse cambios en la productividad de las comunidades. La estabilidad de la productividad primaria fue menor en las pasturas de E. curvula que en los pastizales naturales. Considerando un gradiente de diversidad, también la estabilidad del inicio y largo de la estación de crecimiento se relacionó positivamente con la diversidad. Estas relaciones positivas entre diversidad y estabilidad de la producción fueron magnificadas en años secos, mostrando que cambios en el uso de la tierra pueden interactuar con el clima aumentando sus efectos negativos sobre funciones ecosistémicas claves.

Above-water reflectance for the evaluation of adjacency effects in Earth observation data: initial results and methods comparison for near-coastal waters in the Western Channel, UK

Un-supervised hyperspectral remote-sensing reflectance data (<15 km from the shore) were collected from a moving research vessel. Two different processing methods were compared. The results were similar to concurrent Aqua-MODIS and Suomi-NPP-VIIRS satellite data.

Space-borne study of seasonal, multi-year, and decadal phytoplankton dynamics in the Bay of Biscay

Seasonal and inter-annual variations in phytoplankton community abundance in the Bay of Biscay are studied. Preliminarily processed by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to yield normalized water-leaving radiance and the top-of-the-atmosphere solar radiance, Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-View Sensor (SeaWiFS), Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), and Coastal Zone Color Scanner (CZCS) data are further supplied to our dedicated retrieval algorithms to infer the sought for parameters. By applying the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA's) Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) data, the surface reflection coefficient in the only band in the visible spectrum is derived and employed for analysis. Decadal bridged time series of variations of diatom-dominated phytoplankton and green dinoflagellate Lepidodinium chlorophorum within the shelf zone and the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi in the pelagic area of the Bay are documented and analysed in terms of impacts of some biogeochemical and geophysical forcing factors.

Enhancement of primary production in the North Atlantic outside of the spring bloom, identified by remote sensing of ocean colour and temperature

The heterogeneity in phytoplankton production in the North Atlantic after the spring bloom is poorly understood. We analysed merged microwave and infrared satellite sea surface temperature (SST) data and ocean colour phytoplankton size class biomass, primary production (PP) and new production (ExP) derived from SeaWiFS data, to assess the spatial and temporal frequency of surface thermal fronts and areas of enhanced PP and ExP. Strong and persistent surface thermal fronts occurred at the Reykjanes Ridge (RR) and sub-polar front (SPF), which sustain high PP and ExP and, outside of the spring bloom, account for 9% and 15% of the total production in the North Atlantic. When normalised by area, PP at the SPF is four times higher than the RR. Analysis of 13 years of satellite ocean colour data from SeaWiFS, and compared with MODIS-Aqua and MERIS, showed that there was no increase in Chla from 1998 to 2002, which then decreased in all areas from 2002 to 2007 and was most pronounced in the RR. These time series also illustrated that the SPF exhibited the highest PP and the lowest variation in Chla over the ocean colour record. This implies that the SPF provides a high and consistent supply of carbon to the benthos irrespective of fluctuations in the North Atlantic Oscillation.

Satellite discrimination of Karenia mikimotoi and Phaeocystis harmful algal blooms in European coastal waters: Merged classification of ocean colour data

The detection of dense harmful algal blooms (HABs) by satellite remote sensing is usually based on analysis of chlorophyll-a as a proxy. However, this approach does not provide information about the potential harm of bloom, nor can it identify the dominant species. The developed HAB risk classification method employs a fully automatic data-driven approach to identify key characteristics of water leaving radiances and derived quantities, and to classify pixels into “harmful”, “non-harmful” and “no bloom” categories using Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA). Discrimination accuracy is increased through the use of spectral ratios of water leaving radiances, absorption and backscattering. To reduce the false alarm rate the data that cannot be reliably classified are automatically labelled as “unknown”. This method can be trained on different HAB species or extended to new sensors and then applied to generate independent HAB risk maps; these can be fused with other sensors to fill gaps or improve spatial or temporal resolution. The HAB discrimination technique has obtained accurate results on MODIS and MERIS data, correctly identifying 89% of Phaeocystis globosa HABs in the southern North Sea and 88% of Karenia mikimotoi blooms in the Western English Channel. A linear transformation of the ocean colour discriminants is used to estimate harmful cell counts, demonstrating greater accuracy than if based on chlorophyll-a; this will facilitate its integration into a HAB early warning system operating in the southern North Sea.

On the temporal consistency of chlorophyll products derived from three ocean-colour sensors

Satellite ocean-colour sensors have life spans lasting typically five-to-ten years. Detection of long-term trends in chlorophyll-a concentration (Chl-a) using satellite ocean colour thus requires the combination of different ocean-colour missions with sufficient overlap to allow for cross-calibration. A further requirement is that the different sensors perform at a sufficient standard to capture seasonal and inter-annual fluctuations in ocean colour. For over eight years, the SeaWiFS, MODIS-Aqua and MERIS ocean-colour sensors operated in parallel. In this paper, we evaluate the temporal consistency in the monthly Chl-a time-series and in monthly inter-annual variations in Chl-a among these three sensors over the 2002–2010 time period. By subsampling the monthly Chl-a data from the three sensors consistently, we found that the Chl-a time-series and Chl-a anomalies among sensors were significantly correlated for >90% of the global ocean. These correlations were also relatively insensitive to the choice of three Chl-a algorithms and two atmospheric-correction algorithms. Furthermore, on the subsampled time-series, correlations between Chl-a and time, and correlations between Chl-a and physical variables (sea-surface temperature and sea-surface height) were not significantly different for >92% of the global ocean. The correlations in Chl-a and physical variables observed for all three sensors also reflect previous theories on coupling between physical processes and phytoplankton biomass. The results support the combining of Chl-a data from SeaWiFS, MODIS-Aqua and MERIS sensors, for use in long-term Chl-a trend analysis, and highlight the importance of accounting for differences in spatial sampling among sensors when combining ocean-colour observations.

Long-term annual primary production in the Ulleung Basin as a biological hot spot in the East/Japan Sea

Although the Ulleung Basin is an important biological hot spot in East/Japan Sea (hereafter the East Sea), very limited knowledge for seasonal and annual variations in the primary productivity exists. In this study, a recent decadal trend of primary production in the Ulleung Basin was analyzed based on MODIS-derived monthly primary production for a better annual production budget. Based on the MODIS-derived primary production, the mean daily primary productivity was 766.8 mg C m-2 d-1 (SD=+/- 196.7 mg C m-2 d-1) and the annual primary productivity was 280.2 g C m-2 yr-1 (SD=+/- 14.9 g C m-2 yr-1) in the Ulleung Basin during the study period. The monthly contributions of primary production were not largely variable among different months, and a relatively small interannual production variability was also observed in the Ulleung Basin, which indicates that the Ulleung Basin is a sustaining biologically productive region called as hot spot in the East Sea. However, a significant recent decline in the annual primary production was observed in the Ulleung Basin after 2006. Although no strong possibilities were found in this study, the current warming sea surface temperature and a negative phase PDO index were suggested for the recent declining primary production. For a better understanding of subsequent effects on marine ecosystems, more intensive interdisciplinary field studies will be required in the Ulleung Basin.

Phytoplankton phenology indices in coral reef ecosystems: Application to ocean-color observations in the Red Sea

Phytoplankton, at the base of the marine food web, represent a fundamental food source in coral reef ecosystems. The timing (phenology) and magnitude of the phytoplankton biomass are major determinants of trophic interactions. The Red Sea is one of the warmest and most saline basins in the world, characterized by an arid tropical climate regulated by the monsoon. These extreme conditions are particularly challenging for marine life. Phytoplankton phenological indices provide objective and quantitative metrics to characterize phytoplank- ton seasonality. The indices i.e. timings of initiation, peak, termination and duration are estimated here using 15 years (1997–2012) of remote sensing ocean-color data from the European Space Agency (ESA) Climate Change Initiative project (OC-CCI) in the entire Red Sea basin. The OC-CCI product, comprising merged and bias-corrected observations from three independent ocean-color sensors (SeaWiFS, MODIS and MERIS), and processed using the POLYMER algorithm (MERIS period), shows a significant increase in chlorophyll data cover- age, especially in the southern Red Sea during the months of summer NW monsoon. In open and reef-bound coastal waters, the performance of OC-CCI chlorophyll data is shown to be comparable with the performance of other standard chlorophyll products for the global oceans. These features have permitted us to investigate phytoplankton phenology in the entire Red Sea basin, and during both winter SE monsoon and summer NW monsoon periods. The phenological indices are estimated in the four open water provinces of the basin, and further examined at six coral reef complexes of particular socio-economic importance in the Red Sea, including Siyal Islands, Sharm El Sheikh, Al Wajh bank, Thuwal reefs, Al Lith reefs and Farasan Islands. Most of the open and deeper waters of the basin show an apparent higher chlorophyll concentration and longer duration of phyto- plankton growth during the winter period (relative to the summer phytoplankton growth period). In contrast, most of the reef-bound coastal waters display equal or higher peak chlorophyll concentrations and equal or lon- ger duration of phytoplankton growth during the summer period (relative to the winter phytoplankton growth period). The ecological and biological significance of the phytoplankton seasonal characteristics are discussed in context of ecosystem state assessment, and particularly to support further understanding of the structure and functioning of coral reef ecosystems in the Red Sea.

Uncertainty estimates of remote sensing reflectance derived from comparison of ocean color satellite data sets

Assigning uncertainty to ocean-color satellite products is a requirement to allow informed use of these data. Here, uncertainty estimates are derived using the comparison on a 12th-degree grid of coincident daily records of the remote-sensing reflectance RRS obtained with the same processing chain from three satellite missions, MERIS, MODIS and SeaWiFS. The approach is spatially resolved and produces σ, the part of the RRS uncertainty budget associated with random effects. The global average of σ decreases with wavelength from approximately 0.7– 0.9 10−3 sr−1 at 412 nm to 0.05–0.1 10−3 sr−1 at the red band, with uncertainties on σ evaluated as 20–30% between 412 and 555 nm, and 30–40% at 670 nm. The distribution of σ shows a restricted spatial variability and small variations with season, which makes the multi-annual global distribution of σ an estimate applicable to all retrievals of the considered missions. The comparison of σ with other uncertainty estimates derived from field data or with the support of algorithms provides a consistent picture. When translated in relative terms, and assuming a relatively low bias, the distribution of σ suggests that the objective of a 5% uncertainty is fulfilled between 412 and 490 nm for oligotrophic waters (chlorophyll-a concentration below 0.1 mg m−3). This study also provides comparison statistics. Spectrally, the mean absolute relative difference between RRS from different missions shows a characteristic U-shape with both ends at blue and red wavelengths inversely related to the amplitude of RRS. On average and for the considered data sets, SeaWiFS RRS tend to be slightly higher than MODIS RRS, which in turn appear higher than MERIS RRS. Biases between mission-specific RRS may exhibit a seasonal dependence, particularly in the subtropical belt.

Effect of light on ex situ production of symbiotic corals

The increasing interest in coral culture for biotechnological applications, to supply the marine aquarium trade, or for reef restoration programs, has prompted researchers to optimize coral culture protocols, with emphasis to ex situ production. When cultured ex situ, the growth performance of corals can be influenced by several physical, chemical and biological parameters. For corals harbouring zooxanthellae, light is one of such key factors, as it can influence the photosynthetic performance of these endosymbionts, as well as coral physiology, survival and growth. The economic feasibility of ex situ coral aquaculture is strongly dependent on production costs, namely those associated with the energetic needs directly resulting from the use of artificial lighting systems. In the present study we developed a versatile modular culture system for experimental coral production ex situ, assembled solely using materials and equipment readily available from suppliers all over the world; this approach allows researchers from different institutions to perform truly replicated experimental set-ups, with the possibility to directly compare experimental results. Afterwards, we aimed to evaluate the effect of contrasting Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) levels, and light spectra emission on zooxanthellae photochemical performance, through the evaluation of the maximum quantum yield of PSII (Fv/Fm) (monitored non-invasively and non-destructively through Pulse Amplitude Modulation fluorometry, PAM), chlorophyll a content (also determined non-destructively by using the spectral reflectance index Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, NDVI), photosynthetic and accessory pigments, number of zooxanthellae, coral survival and growth. We studied two soft coral species, Sarcophyton cf. glaucum and Sinularia flexibilis, as they are good representatives of two of the most specious genera in family Alcyoniidae, which include several species with interest for biotechnological applications, as well as for the marine aquarium trade; we also studied two commercially important scleractinian corals: Acropora formosa and Stylophora pistillata. We used different light sources: hydrargyrum quartz iodide (HQI) lamps with different light color temperatures, T5 fluorescent lamps, Light Emitting Plasma (LEP) and Light Emitting Diode (LED). The results achieved revealed that keeping S. flexibilis fragments under the same light conditions as their mother colonies seems to be photobiologically acceptable for a short-term husbandry, notwithstanding the fact that they can be successfully stocked at lower PAR intensities. We also proved that low PAR intensities are suitable to support the ex situ culture S. cf. glaucum in captivity at lower production costs, since the survival recorded during the experiment was 100%, the physiological wellness of coral fragments was evidenced, and we did not detect significant differences in coral growth. Finally, we concluded that blue light sources, such as LED lighting, allow a higher growth for A. formosa and S. pistillata, and promote significant differences on microstructure organization and macrostructure morphometry in coral skeletons; these findings may have potential applications as bone graft substitutes for veterinary and/or other medical uses. Thus, LED technology seems to be a promising option for scleractinian corals aquaculture ex situ.

Análise dos impactos das mudanças do uso do solo na futura gestão e conservação da Reserva da Chimanimani - Moçambique

Dissertação de Mestrado, Gestão e Conservação da Natureza, 27 de Outubro de 2015, Universidade dos Açores.

Logística e estão da cadeia de abastecimento

Relatório apresentado ao Instituto Superior De Contabilidade e Administração Do Porto para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Logística Orientado por António Jorge S. T. Duarte