Late onset sepsis and intestinal bacterial colonization in very low birth weight infants receiving long-term parenteral nutrition

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to establish the late onset sepsis (LOS) rate of our service, characterize the intestinal microbiota and evaluate a possible association between gut flora and sepsis in surgical infants who were receiving parenteral nutrition (PN). METHODS: Surveillance cultures of the gut were taken at the start of PN and thereafter once a week. Specimens for blood culture were collected based on clinical criteria established by the medical staff. The central venous catheter (CVC) tip was removed under aseptic conditions. Standard laboratory methods were used to identify the microorganisms that grew on cultures of gut, blood and CVC tip. RESULTS: 74 very low birth weight infants were analyzed. All the infants were receiving PN and antibiotics when the gut culture was started. In total, 21 (28.4%) infants experienced 28 episodes of LOS with no identified source. Coagulase negative staphylococci were the most common bacteria identified, both in the intestine (74.2%) and blood (67.8%). All infections occurred in patients who received PN through a central venous catheter. Six infants experienced episodes of microbial translocation. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, LOS was the most frequent episode in neonates receiving parenteral nutrition who had been submitted to surgery; 28.6% of this infection was probably a gut-derived phenomenon and requires novel strategies for prevention.

Bloodstream infection in patients with end-stage renal disease in a teaching hospital in central-western Brazil

Introduction Vascular access in patients undergoing hemodialysis is considered a critical determinant of bloodstream infection (BSI) and is associated with high morbidity and mortality. The purpose of this study was to investigate the occurrence of BSI in patients with end-stage renal disease using central venous catheters for hemodialysis. Methods A cohort study was conducted in a public teaching hospital in central-western Brazil from April 2010 to December 2011. For every patient, we noted the presence of hyperemia/exudation upon catheter insertion, as well as fever, shivering, and chills during hemodialysis. Results Fifty-nine patients were evaluated. Thirty-five (59.3%) patients started dialysis due to urgency, 37 (62.7%) had BSI, and 12 (20%) died. Hyperemia at the catheter insertion site (64.9%) was a significant clinical manifestation in patients with BSI. Statistical analysis revealed 1.7 times more cases of BSI in patients with hypoalbuminemia compared with patients with normal albumin levels. The principal infective agents identified in blood cultures and catheter-tip cultures were Staphylococcus species (24 cases), non-fermentative Gram-negative bacilli (7 cases of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and 5 cases of Chryseobacterium indologenes), and Candida species (6). Among the Staphylococci identified, 77.7% were methicillin-resistant, coagulase-negative Staphylococci. Of the bacteria isolated, the most resistant were Chryseobacterium indologenes and Acinetobacter baumannii. Conclusions Blood culture was demonstrated to be an important diagnostic test and identified over 50% of positive BSI cases. The high frequency of BSI and the isolation of multiresistant bacteria were disturbing findings. Staphylococcus aureus was the most frequently isolated microorganism, although Gram-negative bacteria predominated overall. These results highlight the importance of infection prevention and control measures in dialysis units.

Share and Strife - The Strait of Melaka and the Portuguese (16th and 17th centuries)

The Strait of Melaka is the longest strait in the world, stretching for about 800 km from the northern tip of Sumatra to Singapore. It exhibits a dual character like no other, being simultaneously a privileged linking passage of two seas and two knots of human civilization – India and China – and a »bottleneck« that constrains the maritime connections between them. Today, the latter aspect is globally dominant. The strait is considered and analysed mostly as an obstacle rather than a linking point: how to reach China from the West or elsewhere is no longer an issue, but securing the vital flows that pass into the strait on a daily basis undoubtedly is. Accidents, natural catastrophes, political local crises or terrorist attacks are permanent dangers that could cut this umbilical cord of world trade and jeopardize a particularly sensitive and vulnerable area; piracy and pollution are the most common local threats and vulnerabilities.

Ion-beam sources based on superionic solid electrolytes

An ion emitter consisting of a sharp silver tip covered in RbAg4I5 solid electrolyte film has been developed and studied. An accelerating potential is applied and Ag+ ions are emitted from the tip’s apex by field evaporation. The emitted ions are collected by a Faraday cup, producing a current on the pico/nanoampere level which is read by an electrometer. The tips were produced mechanically by sandpaper polishing. The sharpest tip produced had a 2:4 m apex radius. Two deposition methods were studied: thermal vacuum and pulsed laser deposition. The best tip produced a peak current value of 96nA at 180oC, and a quasi-stable 4nA emission current at 160oC, both using an extraction potential of 10kV . The emission dependence on time, temperature and accelerating potential has been studied. Deposited films were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), profilometry, optical and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy (SIMS) measurements. Several ion emitters were developed, the latter ones were all able to maintain stable high ion emissions for long periods of time. This investigation was a continuation of an ongoing project backed by the European Space Agency, with the objective of making a proof of concept of this kind of ion emitter with potential application on ion thrusters for orbiting satellites. Going forward, it would be interesting to make a finer analysis of the electrolyte’s conductivity at high temperatures, explore Wien Effect-based emission and to further develop a multi-tip ion emitter prototype.

High-aspect-ratio tridimensional electrode arrays for neural applications

Tese de Doutoramento em Engenharia Biomédica.

On the frictional contacts in multibody system dynamics

"Series title: Computational methods in applied sciences, ISSN1871-3033, vol. 42"

Química láser: Transferencia de energía

El propósito general de este proyecto es el de desarrollar investigaciones experimentales y teóricas en la dinámica de las reacciones químicas, de importancia en los procesos atmosféricos (baja temperatura) y de combustión (alta temperatura), con especial énfasis en los aspectos relativos a la relajación colisional de la energía, en especies simples y en moléculas de van der Waals. Con este propósito se estudiarán las reacciones físicas y químicas de especies excitadas, en tiempo real, en función del grado de excitación y de la presión y naturaleza de los gases desactivantes. En particular, se tratará de correlacionar la cantidad de energía transferida por colisión con parámetros moleculares, basándose en la dinámica de estos procesos. Los objetivos parciales pueden clasificarse de la siguiente manera: 1) Cálculos teóricos de la relajación colisional de moléculas diatómicas excitadas vibracionalmente, con gases colisionantes mono y diatómicos. 2) Cálculos teóricos de la relajación colisional de moléculas poliatómicas, excitadas vibracionalmente, con gases monoatómicos, en función del grado de excitación rotacional. 3) Cálculos teóricos de la relajación colisional de moléculas de van der Waals, excitadas vibracionalmente, con gases monoatómicos. 4) Generación de radicales libres del tip CFxCly, con x+y=3, por descomposición multifotónica IR de precursores adecuados y estudio de sus reacciones con diversos sustratos. Por ejemplo, se estudiará la reacción de radicales CF3 con NO2. 5) Estudio de la relajación colisional de moléculas excitadas vibracionalmente por mediciones de la intensidad de fluorescencia IR, resuelta en el tiempo. 6) Instalación y puesta en funcionamiento de un aparato de haces moleculares. 7) Generación y estudio de los procesos de relajación y reactividades de moléculas de van der Waals.

Química láser: Transferencia de energía

El propósito general de este proyecto es el de desarrollar investigaciones experimentales y teóricas en la dinámica de las reacciones químicas, de importancia en los procesos atmosféricos (baja temperatura) y de combustión (alta temperatura), con especial énfasis en los aspectos relativos a la relajación colisional de la energía, en especies simples y en moléculas de van der Waals. Con este propósito se estudiarán las reacciones físicas y químicas de especies excitadas, en tiempo real, en función del grado de excitación y de la presión y naturaleza de los gases desactivantes. En particular, se tratará de correlacionar la cantidad de energía transferida por colisión con parámetros moleculares, basándose en la dinámica de estos procesos. Los objetivos parciales pueden clasificarse de la siguiente manera: 1) Cálculos teóricos de la relajación colisional de moléculas diatómicas excitadas vibracionalmente, con gases colisionantes mono y diatómicos. 2) Cálculos teóricos de la relajación colisional de moléculas poliatómicas, excitadas vibracionalmente, con gases monoatómicos, en función del grado de excitación rotacional. 3) Cálculos teóricos de la relajación colisional de moléculas de van der Waals, excitadas vibracionalmente, con gases monoatómicos. 4) Generación de radicales libres del tip CFxCly, con x+y=3, por descomposición multifotónica IR de precursores adecuados y estudio de sus reacciones con diversos sustratos. Por ejemplo, se estudiará la reacción de radicales CF3 con NO2. 5) Estudio de la relajación colisional de moléculas excitadas vibracionalmente por mediciones de la intensidad de fluorescencia IR, resuelta en el tiempo. 6) Instalación y puesta en funcionamiento de un aparato de haces moleculares. 7) Generación y estudio de los procesos de relajación y reactividades de moléculas de van der Waals.

Investigation into the feasibility of a West of Ireland Pumped Storage System

Ireland’s remote position on the tip of Europe ensures that the country is vulnerable to uncertainty of supply. The reliance on conventional sources of electricity has ensured that escalated prices and high carbon emissions have been witnessed whilst opportunities that inherent resources provide, such as the wind, have not been capitalised upon. The intermittent nature of the wind make it difficult to maximise its potential as in many cases the highest wind speeds are highest when demand is low. The West of Ireland’s combination of wind speeds and unique topography makes it suitable for and innovative wind powered pumped storage system, which can essentially regulate the wind generated electricity and integrate further penetration of renewable energy. In addition, its location along the Atlantic Ocean provides further scope for innovation as seawater can be integrated into the system design. The construction of such an unprecedented project in combination with increased interconnectors has the potential to make Ireland a rechargeable battery for Europe. However, such ambitious plans are at the very early stages and are in direct contrast to current events in the Irish energy market. This study focuses on the feasibility of West of Ireland pumped storage systems. Entailed within this is an extensive desk study, a detailed site selection process and a feasibility study of grid connection. To increase opportunities to identify the best possible site, the feasibility study was focused on the Galway and Mayo areas solely.

Phycologia mediterranea / di Francesco Ardissone.

pt.1

Phycologia mediterranea / di Francesco Ardissone.

pt.2a

Boletín de la Sociedad Española de Historia Natural.

t. 6 (1906)