Qualidade de vida e saúde: aplicações do WHOQOL

O instrumento World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL) destina-se à avaliação da qualidade de vida (QdV), tendo sido desenvolvido em coerência com a definição assumida pela Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS), isto é como a percepção do indivíduo sobre a sua posição na vida, dentro do contexto dos sistemas de cultura e valores nos quais está inserido e em relação aos seus objectivos, expectativas, padrões e preocupações. Trata-se de uma definição que resulta de um consenso internacional, representando uma perspectiva transcultural, bem como multidimensional, que contempla a complexa influência da saúde física e psicológica, nível de independência, relações sociais, crenças pessoais e das suas relações com características salientes do respectivo meio na avaliação subjectiva da qualidade de vida individual.

Asymmetric synthesis of N-aryl aziridines

The reactions of a variety of N-arylhydroxamates as nitrogen transfer reagents to acryloyl derivatives of (−)-8-phenylmenthol, (−)-quinine and (−)-Oppolzer’s sultam acting as Michael acceptors was studied. Poor to modest diastereoselection was observed in the formation of aziridines. The absolute structure of one of the pure diastereomers secured from Oppolzer’s auxiliary was established by X-ray crystallography and hence the absolute configuration of the derived methyl-N-phenylaziridine-2-carboxylate could be assigned. Whilst only poor facial selectivity was observed for chiral hydroxamic acid prepared from dehydroabietic acid, moderate to good enantioselection of aziridines could be achieved with the chiral quaternary salts based on cinchona alkaloids, especially with that of cinchonine. A model is presented to explain the origin of enantioselection and a mechanism is proposed for the aziridination reaction.

Avaliação da ingestão alimentar de indivíduos idosos com demência

A alimentação é uma das actividades básicas da vida diária que se torna um problema comum em idosos, especialmente naqueles com demência. Os principais factores que podem interferir com esta actividade básica são o ambiente onde ocorrem as refeições, a incapacidade cognitiva para iniciar e prosseguir estratégias de alimentação de uma forma eficaz, o declínio de habilidades neuromotoras e a presença de deficits perceptivos. Estes factores estão por sua vez associados a diferentes dificuldades no processo de alimentação. Os indivíduos com demência apresentam, assim, uma maior probabilidade de desenvolver um quadro de desnutrição, constituindo a ingestão alimentar inadequada um importante factor de risco a ele associada. A avaliação da ingestão alimentar (AIA) constitui um parâmetro que integra a avaliação do estado nutricional dos indivíduos. A observação directa consiste em observar e registar a ingestão alimentar (qualitativa e quantitativa) do indivíduo na altura em que este a efectua. O recall 24H é um método em que o entrevistador (o Dietista) questiona o entrevistado (o doente) acerca de todos os alimentos consumidos num período de 24h definido, quer em termos de qualidade, quer de quantidade. Objectivo do estudo - Avaliar a ingestão alimentar dos indivíduos do Hospital Residencial do Mar (HRMar), Espírito Santo Saúde, utilizando o método de observação directa nos indivíduos com diagnóstico de demência e o recall 24H nos indivíduos sem demência.

Air pollution at an urban traffic tunnel in Lisbon, Portugal

In this study, the results of chemical concentrations inside and outside of a Lisbon (Portugal) traffic tunnel were compared, during one week. They were obtained by Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA). The tunnel values largely exceed the Air Ambient legislated values and the Pearson Correlations Coefficients point out to soil re-suspension/dispersed road dust (As, Ce, Eu, Hf, Fe, Mo, Sc, Zn), traffic-markers (Ba, Cr), tire wear (Cr, Zn), break wear (Fe, Zn, Ba, Cu, Sb), exhaust and motor oil (Zn) and sea-spray (Br, Na). On all days these elements inside the tunnel were more enriched than outside; significant statistical differences were found for Co (p=0.005), Br (p=0.008), Zn (p=0.01) and Sb (p=0.005), while enrichment factors of As and Sc are statistically identical. The highest values were found for As, Br, Zn and Sb, for both inside and outside the tunnel.

Trace elements in wild and orchard honeys

The present study aims the identification and quantification of trace elements in two types of honey samples: Orchard honey and Wild honey from mainland Portugal. Chemical elements content was assessed by Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA). Concentrations were determinated for Ag, As, Br, Ca, Cl, Cs, Cu, Fe, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, Rb, Sb, Sc, U, V and Zn. The nutritional values of both honey types were evaluated since this product contains some elements that are essential dietary nutrients for humans. Physical properties of the honey samples, such as electrical conductivy and pH, were assessed as well.

Lichens as biomonitors at indoor environments of primary schools

A biomonitoring study, using transplanted lichens Flavoparmelia caperata, was conducted to assess the indoor air quality in primary schools in urban (Lisbon) and rural (Ponte de Sor) Portuguese sites. The lichens exposure period occurred between April and June 2010 and two types of environments of the primary schools were studied: classrooms and outdoor/courtyard. Afterwards, the lichen samples were processed and analyzed by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) to assess a total of 20 chemical elements. Accumulated elements in the exposed lichens were assessed and enrichment factors (EF) were determined. Indoor and outdoor biomonitoring results were compared to evaluate how biomonitors (as lichens) react at indoor environments and to assess the type of pollutants that are prevalent in those environments.

Burn wood influence on outdoor air quality in a small village: Foros de Arrão, Portugal

One Plus Sequential Air Sampler—Partisol was placed in a small village (Foros de Arrão) in central Portugal to collect PM10 (particles with an aerodynamic diameter below 10 μm), during the winter period for 3 months (December 2009–March 2010). Particles masses were gravimetrically determined and the filters were analyzed by instrumental neutron activation analysis to assess their chemical composition. The water-soluble ion compositions of the collected particles were determined by Ion-exchange Chromatography. Principal component analysis was applied to the data set of chemical elements and soluble ions to assess the main sources of the air pollutants. The use of both analytical techniques provided information about elemental solubility, such as for potassium, which was important to differentiate sources.

Seasonal variation of total particulate matter and children respiratory diseases at Lisbon primary schools using passive methods

In this work, 14 primary schools of Lisbon city, Portugal, followed a questionnaire of the ISAAC - International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood Program, in 2009/2010. The questionnaire contained questions to identify children with respiratory diseases (wheeze, asthma and rhinitis). Total particulate matter (TPM) was passively collected inside two classrooms of each of 14 primary schools. Two types of filter matrices were used to collect TPM: Millipore (IsoporeTM) polycarbonate and quartz. Three campaigns were selected for the measurement of TPM: Spring, Autumn and Winter. The highest difference between the two types of filters is that the mass of collected particles was higher in quartz filters than in polycarbonate filters, even if their correlation is excellent. The highest TPM depositions occurred between October 2009 and March 2010, when related with rhinitis proportion. Rhinitis was found to be related to TPM when the data were grouped seasonally and averaged for all the schools. For the data of 2006/2007, the seasonal variation was found to be related to outdoor particle deposition (below 10 μm).

Neutron activation analysis of wheat samples

The deficiency of essential micronutrients and excess of toxic metals in cereals, an important food items for human nutrition, can cause public health risk. Therefore, before their consumption and adoption of soil supplementation, concentrations of essential micronutrients and metals in cereals should be monitored. This study collected soil and two varieties of wheat samples–Triticum aestivum L. (Jordão/bread wheat), and Triticum durum L. (Marialva/durum wheat) from Elvas area, Portugal and analyzed concentrations of As, Cr, Co, Fe, K, Na, Rb and Zn using Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA) to focus on the risk of adverse public health issues. The low variability and moderate concentrations of metals in soils indicated a lower significant effect of environmental input on metal concentrations in agricultural soils. The Cr and Fe concentrations in soils that ranged from 93–117 and 26,400–31,300 mg/kg, respectively, were relatively high, but Zn concentration was very low (below detection limit <22 mg/kg) indicating that soils should be supplemented with Zn during cultivation. The concentrations of metals in roots and straw of both varieties of wheat decreased in the order of K>Fe>Na>Zn>Cr>Rb>As>Co. Concentrations of As, Co and Cr in root, straw and spike of both varieties were higher than the permissible limits with exception of a few samples. The concentrations of Zn in root, straw and spike were relatively low (4–30 mg/kg) indicating the deficiency of an essential micronutrient Zn in wheat cultivated in Portugal. The elemental transfer from soil to plant decreases with increasing growth of the plant. The concentrations of various metals in different parts of wheat followed the order: Root>Straw>Spike. A few root, straw and spike samples showed enrichment of metals, but the majority of the samples showed no enrichment. Potassium is enriched in all samples of root, straw and spike for both varieties of wheat. Relatively to the seed used for cultivation, Jordão presented higher transfer coefficients than Marialva, in particular for Co, Fe, and Na. The Jordão and Marialva cultivars accumulated not statistically significant different concentrations of different metals. The advantages of using INAA are the multielementality, low detection limits and use of solid samples (no need of digestion).

Indoor school environment: easy and low cost to assess inorganic pollutants

Total particulate matter (TPM) was passively collected inside two classrooms of each of five elementary schools in Lisbon, Portugal. TPM was collected in polycarbonate filters with a 47 mm diameter, placed inside of uncovered plastic petri dishes. The sampling period was from 19 May to 22 June 2009 (35 days exposure) and the collected TPM masses varied between 0.2 mg and 0.8 mg. The major elements were Ca, Fe, Na, K, and Zn at μg level, while others were at ng level. Pearson′s correlation coefficients above 0.75 (a high degree of correlation) were found between several elements. Soil-related, traffic soil re-suspension and anthropogenic emission sources could be identified. Blackboard chalk was also identified through Ca large presence. Some of the determined chemical elements are potential carcinogenic. Quality control of the results showed good agreement as confirmed by the application of u-score test.

Fungi, bacteria and pollens seasonally quantified at 3 basic schools in Lisbon: evaluation of ventilation need

Nowadays, most individuals spend about 80% of their time indoor and, consequently, the exposure to the indoor environment becomes more relevant than to the outdoor one. Children spend most of their time at home and at school and evaluations of their indoor environment are important for the time-weighted exposure. Due to their airways still in development, children are a sensitive group with higher risk than adults. Larger impact in health and educational performance of children demand indoor air quality studies of schools. The aim of this study was to assess the children exposure to bioaerosols. A methodology based upon passive sampling was applied to evaluate fungi, bacteria and pollens; its procedures and applicability was optimized. An indoor air study by passive sampling represents an easier and cheaper method when comparing with the use of automatic active samplers. Furthermore, it is possible to achieve important quality information without interfering in the classroom activities. The study was conducted in three schools, representative of different environments in the Lisbon urban area, at three different periods of the year to obtain a seasonal variation, to estimate the variability through the city and to understand the underneath causes. Fungi and bacteria were collected indoor and outdoor of the classrooms to determine the indoor/outdoor ratios and to assess the level of outdoor contamination upon the indoor environment. The children's exposure to pollen grains inside the classrooms was also assessed.

Indoor air quality in primary schools

Clean air is a basic requirement of life. The Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) has been the object of several studies due to an increasing concern within the scientific community on the effects of indoor air quality upon health, especially as people tend to spend more time indoors than outdoors. The quality of air inside homes, offices, schools or other private and public buildings is an essential determinant of healthy life and people’s well-being. People can be exposed to contaminants by inhalation, ingestion and dermal contact. In the past, scientists have paid much attention to the study of exposure to outdoor air contaminants, because they have realised the seriousness of outdoor air pollution problems. However, each indoor microenvironment has unique characteristics, determined by the local outdoor air, specific building characteristics and indoor activities. Indeed, hazardous substances are emitted from buildings, construction materials and indoor equipment or due to human activities indoors.

Efeitos do fumo ambiental no trato respiratório inferior de crianças com até 5 anos de idade

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a associação do fumo passivo com morbidade respiratória em crianças abaixo de 5 anos de idade. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal incluindo 1.104 crianças abaixo de 5 anos de idade residentes na cidade de Fortaleza, Ceará. Por meio de um questionário com os pais das crianças, foram obtidas informações sobre sintomas e doenças respiratórias, história familiar de morbidade respiratória, presença de fumantes nas casas e condições de moradia. RESULTADOS: Foram estudados 546 meninas e 558 meninos. Das 611 crianças fumantes passivas, 82% tinham problemas respiratórios ("odds ratio" = 1,64; IC 95%:1,21-2,20). As queixas respiratórias mais freqüentes foram: chiado no peito ("odds ratio" =1,66; IC 95%: 1,21-2,27), dispnéia ("odds ratio"=1,91; IC 95%:1,36-2,67), tosse e/ou expectoração("odds ratio" =1,58; IC 95%: 1,13-2,84). A chance de apresentar asma, bronquite ou pneumonia foi maior para as crianças fumantes passivas ("odds ratio" =1,60; IC 95%: 1.11-2.31). CONCLUSÕES: Os principais fatores de risco com chance de predizer morbidade respiratória em crianças com idade de 0 a 5 anos foram: crianças que conviviam com mães fumantes, pais fumantes, presença de mofo em casa, historia familiar de asma ou rinite.

Genotoxicity biomarkers: application in histopathology laboratories

Most cancers results from man-made and natural environmental exposures (such as tobacco smoke; chemical pollutants in air, water, food, drugs; radon; and infectious agents) acting in concert with both genetic and acquired characteristics. It has been estimated that without these environmental factors, cancer incidence would be dramatically reduced, by as much as 80%-90%. The modulation of environmental factors by host susceptibility was rarely evaluated. However, within the past few years, the interaction between environmental factors and host susceptibility factors has become a very active area of research. Molecular biology as a tool for use in epidemiological studies has significant potential in strengthening the identification of cancers associated with environmental exposures related to lifestyle, occupation, or ambient pollution. In molecular epidemiology, laboratory methods are employed to document the molecular basis and preclinical effects of environmental carcinogenesis. Molecular epidemiology has become a major field of research and considerable progress has been made in validation and application of biomarkers and its greatest contribution has been the insights provided into interindividual variation in human cancer risk and the complex interactions between environmental factors and host susceptibility factors, both inherited and acquired, in the multistage process of carcinogenesis.

Marcadores sorológicos de hepatite B em indivíduos submetidos a exames de sangue em unidades de saúde

OBJETIVO: Estudar aspectos da epidemiologia da hepatite B em pessoas submetidas à coleta de sangue em unidades de saúde. MÉTODOS: Indivíduos dos quais se coletou sangue em unidades de saúde de Ribeirão Preto, independentemente do motivo, foram solicitados a fornecer uma quantidade adicional de material, obtida no momento da coleta e submetida à detecção de marcadores de hepatite B. Simultaneamente, por meio de questionário padronizado, foram obtidas informações de possíveis fatores de risco para a doença. Os dados foram analisados por meio de um modelo de regressão logística. RESULTADOS: As prevalências de HBsAg e de anti-HBcAg foram de 0,3% e 13,9%, respectivamente. Os fatores de risco associados à infecção foram: idade, residência na cidade há menos de um ano, antecedente de hepatite, exposição prévia a casas de correção e homo/bissexualismo masculino. CONCLUSÕES: Devido a dificuldades crescentes de obtenção de sangue de indivíduos sadios, essa pode ser uma alternativa para estudos que objetivem fornecer informações sobre a circulação de agentes infecciosos na população. Embora não se possa generalizar os dados obtidos pela metodologia usada, ela traz conhecimento referente à circulação do vírus de hepatite B.