Active control of waves in a cochlear model with subpartitions.

Multiscale asymptotic methods developed previously to study macromechanical wave propagation in cochlear models are generalized here to include active control of a cochlear partition having three subpartitions, the basilar membrane, the reticular lamina, and the tectorial membrane. Activation of outer hair cells by stereocilia displacement and/or by lateral wall stretching result in a frequency-dependent force acting between the reticular lamina and basilar membrane. Wavelength-dependent fluid loads are estimated by using the unsteady Stokes' equations, except in the narrow gap between the tectorial membrane and reticular lamina, where lubrication theory is appropriate. The local wavenumber and subpartition amplitude ratios are determined from the zeroth order equations of motion. A solvability relation for the first order equations of motion determines the subpartition amplitudes. The main findings are as follows: The reticular lamina and tectorial membrane move in unison with essentially no squeezing of the gap; an active force level consistent with measurements on isolated outer hair cells can provide a 35-dB amplification and sharpening of subpartition waveforms by delaying dissipation and allowing a greater structural resonance to occur before the wave is cut off; however, previously postulated activity mechanisms for single partition models cannot achieve sharp enough tuning in subpartitioned models.

Models and methods for the direct simulation of rough and micropatterned surfaces

Friction in hydrodynamic bearings are a major source of losses in car engines ([69]). The extreme loading conditions in those bearings lead to contact between the matching surfaces. In such conditions not only the overall geometry of the bearing is relevant, but also the small-scale topography of the surface determines the bearing performance. The possibility of shaping the surface of lubricated bearings down to the micrometer ([57]) opened the question of whether friction can be reduced by mean of micro-textures, with mixed results. This work focuses in the development of efficient numerical methods to solve thin film (lubrication) problems down to the roughness scale of measured surfaces. Due to the high velocities and the convergent-divergent geometries of hydrodynamic bearings, cavitation takes place. To treat cavitation in the lubrication problem the Elrod- Adams model is used, a mass-conserving model which has proven in careful numerical ([12]) and experimental ([119]) tests to be essential to obtain physically meaningful results. Another relevant aspect of the modeling is that the bearing inertial effects are considered, which is necessary to correctly simulate moving textures. As an application, the effects of micro-texturing the moving surface of the bearing were studied. Realistic values are assumed for the physical parameters defining the problems. Extensive fundamental studies were carried out in the hydrodynamic lubrication regime. Mesh-converged simulations considering the topography of real measured surfaces were also run, and the validity of the lubrication approximation was assessed for such rough surfaces.

On the development of advanced techniques for mixed-elastohydrodynamic lubrification modelling of journal and sliding bearing systems.

The present thesis is focused on the development of a thorough mathematical modelling and computational solution framework aimed at the numerical simulation of journal and sliding bearing systems operating under a wide range of lubrication regimes (mixed, elastohydrodynamic and full film lubrication regimes) and working conditions (static, quasi-static and transient conditions). The fluid flow effects have been considered in terms of the Isothermal Generalized Equation of the Mechanics of the Viscous Thin Films (Reynolds equation), along with the massconserving p-Ø Elrod-Adams cavitation model that accordingly ensures the so-called JFO complementary boundary conditions for fluid film rupture. The variation of the lubricant rheological properties due to the viscous-pressure (Barus and Roelands equations), viscous-shear-thinning (Eyring and Carreau-Yasuda equations) and density-pressure (Dowson-Higginson equation) relationships have also been taken into account in the overall modelling. Generic models have been derived for the aforementioned bearing components in order to enable their applications in general multibody dynamic systems (MDS), and by including the effects of angular misalignments, superficial geometric defects (form/waviness deviations, EHL deformations, etc.) and axial motion. The bearing exibility (conformal EHL) has been incorporated by means of FEM model reduction (or condensation) techniques. The macroscopic in fluence of the mixedlubrication phenomena have been included into the modelling by the stochastic Patir and Cheng average ow model and the Greenwood-Williamson/Greenwood-Tripp formulations for rough contacts. Furthermore, a deterministic mixed-lubrication model with inter-asperity cavitation has also been proposed for full-scale simulations in the microscopic (roughness) level. According to the extensive mathematical modelling background established, three significant contributions have been accomplished. Firstly, a general numerical solution for the Reynolds lubrication equation with the mass-conserving p - Ø cavitation model has been developed based on the hybridtype Element-Based Finite Volume Method (EbFVM). This new solution scheme allows solving lubrication problems with complex geometries to be discretized by unstructured grids. The numerical method was validated in agreement with several example cases from the literature, and further used in numerical experiments to explore its exibility in coping with irregular meshes for reducing the number of nodes required in the solution of textured sliding bearings. Secondly, novel robust partitioned techniques, namely: Fixed Point Gauss-Seidel Method (PGMF), Point Gauss-Seidel Method with Aitken Acceleration (PGMA) and Interface Quasi-Newton Method with Inverse Jacobian from Least-Squares approximation (IQN-ILS), commonly adopted for solving uid-structure interaction problems have been introduced in the context of tribological simulations, particularly for the coupled calculation of dynamic conformal EHL contacts. The performance of such partitioned methods was evaluated according to simulations of dynamically loaded connecting-rod big-end bearings of both heavy-duty and high-speed engines. Finally, the proposed deterministic mixed-lubrication modelling was applied to investigate the in fluence of the cylinder liner wear after a 100h dynamometer engine test on the hydrodynamic pressure generation and friction of Twin-Land Oil Control Rings.

Análise da abrangência de modelo modificado para mancais curtos com deformação.

Este trabalho apresenta uma discussão sobre o estudo dos efeitos térmicos e elásticos decorrentes da pressão de sustentação presentes nos mancais. Para tanto, propõe-se um modelo matemático baseado nas equações para mancais curtos considerando a região de cavitação e utilizando o princípio da continuidade de massa. Com isto, deduzem-se as equações para o mancal a partir das equações de Reynolds e da energia, aplicando uma solução modificada para a solução de Ocvirk, sendo as equações resolvidas numericamente pelo Método das Diferenças Finitas. Somado o tratamento de mecânica dos fluidos, o trabalho discute dois modelos térmicos de previsão de temperatura média do fluido e sua influência no campo de pressão, apresentando gráficos representativos do campo de pressão e de temperatura, assim como as diferenças e implicações das diferenças. Para o cálculo de deformação da estrutura, utiliza-se um Modelo de Elementos Finitos para uma dada geometria, fazendo-se uma avaliação da variação do campo de pressão e o quanto essa diferença afeta as demais propriedades do fluido. Por fim, com o modelo completo, calcula-se o quanto esse modelamento para mancais curtos se aproxima de soluções para mancais finitos, com base em resultados da literatura, chegando a desvios quase oito vezes menores que os previstos pela literatura. Além disso, pode-se estabelecer a abrangência do modelo, ou seja, prever as condições em que suas propriedades são válidas e podem ser utilizadas para estudos iniciais.

Influência dos parâmetros operacionais no comportamento dinâmico de chumaceiras axiais de esmagamento de película compressível

No presente trabalho são estudadas chumaceiras axiais de esmagamento de película compressível. A lubrificação deste componente mecânico, é conseguida por meio de um fluido gasoso justificando a obtenção de soluções por via de experimentação numérica, uma vez que atualmente ainda não é possível recorrer-se a métodos analíticos. Através da simulação numérica, analisa-se a influência de alguns parâmetros operacionais na resposta deste tipo de chumaceira. Na análise dos resultados verifica-se que a posição média final do elemento suportado é independente da espessura de película inicial utilizada, desde que esta não ultrapasse o valor limite em que a pressão gerada não consiga fazer face à aceleração da massa durante a fase descendente, resultando no contacto entre as superfícies dos elementos da chumaceira. A utilização de frequências elevadas é recomendável uma vez que promove uma maior separação de superfícies, menor dissipação de energia por parte da película lubrificante e menor amplitude de oscilação do elemento suportado, embora com as desvantagens do período transiente ser superior e do ganho do afastamento do elemento suportado se reduzir significativamente, seguindo um modelo assimptótico. Em condições de pressão constante e frequência elevada, o sistema, com o aumento da massa, reage de forma a permitir uma melhor lubrificação da chumaceira e a reduzir a oscilação do elemento suportado. Por outro lado, a rigidez do sistema aumenta fazendo face a uma possível sobrecarga.

Bibliography on solid lubricants, with indexes.

"Material for this bibliography was selected by Aerospace Research Applicants Center (ARAC) University of Indiana."

Long life hydraulic brake system. Final technical report.

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, D.C.

Long life hydraulic brake system. Summary report. Final report.

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, D.C.

Radiation resistant lubricants--their development and status : progress report for May 1, 1951 through June 30, 1954 /

Work performed under Contract No. AT(11-1)-74 with the assistance of the California Research Group, Richmond, California.

Transactions of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers

Mode of access: Internet.

The friction of an oscillating bearing,

"The work described has been carried out in the Engineering Department of the National Physical Laboratory."--Acknowledgements.

Waste Oil Management Conference : [proceedings]

Held at AMOCO Research Center, Naperville, Ill. on April 3, 1980.

Direct and general support maintenance repair parts and special tools list for lubricating and servicing unit, power operated, trailer mounted, 23 cfm, compressor, reciprocating, GED (Elliott Machine model ENG 3), NSN 4930-00-935-4451.

"18 May 1990."

Organizational maintenance repair parts and special tools list for lubricating and servicing unit, power operated, trailer mounted, 23 cfm, compressor, reciprocating, GED (Elliott Machine model ENG 3), NSN 4930-00-935-4451.

"10 May 1990."

Organizational maintenance repair parts and special tools lists : lubricating and servicing unit, power operated, trailer mtd, 23 cfm compressor, reciprocating, gasoline driven (Henry Spen model 901765-1), NSN 4930-00-017-9167.

"19 September 1980."