Brucelose na Província do Namibe, Angola, 2012 : prevalências humana (profissionais da pecuária) e animal, factores de risco, conhecimento e práticas

RESUMO - Enquadramento: A Brucelose é uma antropozoonose prevalente no Mundo e é uma das mais negligenciadas. A sua transmissão ao ser humano é directa e indirecta, e acontece por via de contacto com animal infectado, o consumo de leite e seus derivados não pasteurizados e a não observância de uso de equipamentos de protecção individual e colectiva, entre outros factores. O conhecimento da prevalência e incidência da brucelose animal e humana no Namibe, uma província de Angola, é muito escasso sendo poucos os estudos que evidenciam esta doença no seio dos profissionais da pecuária expostos: trabalhadores de matadouros, veterinários e criadores de gado. É assim pertinente, com base em estudos científicos específicos, caracterizar esta situação. Objectivos: Caracterizar os ambientes dos profissionais (matadouro, talhos e salas municipais de abate e explorações); estimar a seroprevalência da brucelose humana em profissionais da pecuária (trabalhadores de matadouros e criadores de gado bovino) na província do Namibe, Angola em 2012; determinar a associação da presença da brucelose humana com variáveis sócio-demográficas, de conhecimento, de práticas e de características das explorações; determinar a prevalência da Brucelose em animais e em explorações; caracterizar os factores associados à presença da Brucelose em explorações bovinas; caracterizar o conhecimento e práticas sobre a Brucelose dos profissionais da pecuária e analisar a relação entre as prevalências nas explorações (infectadas versus não infectadas) e nos criadores (infectados versus não infectados). Métodos e materiais: estudos observacional e transversal seroepidemiológico em 131 trabalhadores de talhos, salas de abate e matadouro e 192 criadores amostrados aleatoriamente em toda província do Namibe. Os dados foram obtidos através da colheita de sangue e da aplicação de um questionário. Os testes laboratoriais utilizados foram o Rosa de Bengala (RBT) e a Aglutinação Lenta em Tubos (SAT). O estudo de conhecimento foi principalmente centrado na pergunta “Já ouviu falar de Brucelose” e nas questões relativas ao nível de conhecimento e práticas (indicadores baseados nas percentagens de respostas correctas ou práticas adequadas) dos factores de risco da Brucelose. Também foram investigados 1344 animais (em 192 explorações) com recurso ao método de diagnóstico laboratorial RBT para análise de soro sanguíneo e, complementarmente, foi aplicado um questionário aos respectivos criadores. Em termos de análise estatística, para além da abordagem descritiva, foram utilizados os testes de Independência do Quiquadrado, Fisher, Teste não paramétrico de Mann-Whitney, Teste de correlação de Spearman. Adicionalmente, com base em modelos de regressão logística, foram determinados odds ratio e os respectivos intervalos de confiança utilizando um nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: os ambientes dos profissionais (matadouro, talhos e salas municipais de abate e explorações) não reuniram as condições higio-sanitárias definidas internacionalmente como adequadas. Nos profissionais a infecção geral ponderada da Brucelose foi de 15.56% (IC95% : 13.61-17.50), sendo 5.34% em trabalhadores e 16.66% (IC95% : 11.39-21.93) em criadores. A significância estatística foi observada entre a seroprevalência humana e a categoria (trabalhador e criador) (p< 0.001) e o nível de instrução (p= 0.032), início de actividade (p= 0.079) e local de serviço (p= 0.055). Num contexto multivariado o factor positivamente associado à brucelose em profissionais foi a categoria profissional (OR = 3.54, IC95%: 1.57-8.30, relativo aos criadores em relação a trabalhadores). As taxas gerais aparentes de prevalência em animais e explorações foram respectivamente de 14.96% (IC 95%, 12.97-17.19) e de 40.10% (IC 95%, 32.75-47.93). Encontrou-se uma correlação positiva moderada entre o número de animais infectados por exploração com a média do número de abortos na exploração = 0.531, p< 0.001). Em média os profissionais tiveram um conhecimento global muito insuficiente (16.1%), tendo os trabalhadores apresentado valores mais elevados que os criadores (20.2% e 13.8%), diferença não estatisticamente significativa (p= 0.170). As perguntas “o leite in natura é fervido antes do consumo humano?”, “contacto com materiais fetais animais?”, “contacto com aerossóis no local de trabalho?” e “já fez alguma vez o teste de Brucelose humana?” (relacionadas com práticas) e as perguntas “já ouviu falar da Brucelose?”, “Brucelose é doença zoonótica/só animal/só humana? e “como a Brucelose se transmite aos humanos?” apresentaram níveis médios de práticas adequadas e conhecimentos correctos inferiores a 20%. Nas explorações infectadas, 39% dos criadores foram positivos (infectados) e nas não infectadas apenas 1.7%. O risco de um criador ser infectado estando numa exploração infectada foi significativamente mais elevado (OR= 36, IC95%: 8.28-157.04). Conclusões: os ambientes dos profissionais (matadouros, salas municipais de abate e talhos e explorações) propiciam o risco à brucelose. O estudo permite aferir que a Brucelose humana em profissionais da pecuária e a Brucelose animal são prevalentes na província do Namibe. Os níveis de seroprevalência detectados são elevados comparandoos com outros encontrados em algumas localidades africanas que possuem condições similares às do Namibe. Perto de duas em cada cinco (40.10%) explorações estão infectadas por esta doença. O número de abortos (média) está claramente relacionado com as explorações infectadas. O conhecimento geral dos profissionais da pecuária sobre a Brucelose é muito insuficiente, tendo os trabalhadores mostrado um maior conhecimento em relação aos criadores, mas ambos com níveis alarmantes. Os criadores infectados estão relacionados com as explorações infectadas. Há necessidade de controlar a doença e de informar e educar os profissionais sobre a brucelose, sendo fundamental que os serviços provinciais de veterinária reforcem acções de divulgação e de fiscalização.

Decisions of technology innovation: the role of indicators

This work presents research conducted to understand the role of indicators in decisions of technology innovation. A gap was detected in the literature of innovation and technology assessment about the use and influence of indicators in this type of decision. It was important to address this gap because indicators are often frequent elements of innovation and technology assessment studies. The research was designed to determine the extent of the use and influence of indicators in decisions of technology innovation, to characterize the role of indicators in these decisions, and to understand how indicators are used in these decisions. The latter involved the test of four possible explanatory factors: the type and phase of decision, and the context and process of construction of evidence. Furthermore, it focused on three Portuguese innovation groups: public researchers, business R&D&I leaders and policymakers. The research used a combination of methods to collect quantitative and qualitative information, such as surveys, case studies and social network analysis. This research concluded that the use of indicators is different from their influence in decisions of technology innovation. In fact, there is a high use of indicators in these decisions, but lower and differentiated differences in their influence in each innovation group. This suggests that political-behavioural methods are also involved in the decisions to different degrees. The main social influences in the decisions came mostly from hierarchies, knowledge-based contacts and users. Furthermore, the research established that indicators played mostly symbolic roles in decisions of policymakers and business R&D&I leaders, although their role with researchers was more differentiated. Indicators were also described as helpful instruments to conduct a reasonable interpretation of data and to balance options in innovation and technology assessments studies, in particular when contextualised, described in detail and with discussion upon the options made. Results suggest that there are four main explanatory factors for the role of indicators in these decisions: First, the type of decision appears to be a factor to consider when explaining the role of indicators. In fact, each type of decision had different influences on the way indicators are used, and each type of decision used different types of indicators. Results for policy-making were particularly different from decisions of acquisition and development of products/technology. Second, the phase of the decision can help to understand the role indicators play in these decisions. Results distinguished between two phases detected in all decisions – before and after the decision – as well as two other phases that can be used to complement the decision process and where indicators can be involved. Third, the context of decision is an important factor to consider when explaining the way indicators are taken into consideration in policy decisions. In fact, the role of indicators can be influenced by the particular context of the decision maker, in which all types of evidence can be selected or downplayed. More importantly, the use of persuasive analytical evidence appears to be related with the dispute existent in the policy context. Fourth and last, the process of construction of evidence is a factor to consider when explaining the way indicators are involved in these decisions. In fact, indicators and other evidence were brought to the decision processes according to their availability and capacity to support the different arguments and interests of the actors and stakeholders. In one case, an indicator lost much persuasion strength with the controversies that it went through during the decision process. Therefore, it can be argued that the use of indicators is high but not very influential; their role is mostly symbolic to policymakers and business decisions, but varies among researchers. The role of indicators in these decisions depends on the type and phase of the decision and the context and process of construction of evidence. The latter two are related to the particular context of each decision maker, the existence of elements of dispute and controversies that influence the way indicators are introduced in the decision-making process.

Public service culture collections of microorganisms: are they important for biotechnology?

Microbiology as a scientific discipline recognised the need to preserve microorganisms for scientific studies establishing from its very beginning research culture collections (CC). Later on, to better serve different scientific fields and bioindustries with the increasing number of strains of scientific, medical, ecological and biotechnological importance public service CC were established with the specific aims to support their user communities. Currently, the more developed public service CC are recognised as microBiological Resources Centres (mBRC). mBRC are considered to be one of the key elements for sustainable international scientific infrastructure, which is necessary to underpin successful delivery of the benefits of biotechnology, whether within the health sector, the industrial sector or other sectors, and in turn ensure that these advances help drive economic growth. In more detail, mBRCs are defined by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) as service providers and repositories of the living cells, genomes of organisms, and information relating to heredity and functions of biological systems. mBRCs contain collections of culturable organisms (e.g., microorganisms, plant, animal cells), replicable parts of these (e.g. genomes, plasmids, virus, cDNAs), viable but not yet culturable organisms, cells and tissues, as well as database containing molecular, physiological and structural information relevant to these collections and related bioinformatics. Thus mBRCs are fundamental to harnessing and preserving the world’s microbial biodiversity and genetic resources and serve as an essential element of the infrastructure for research and development. mBRCs serve a multitude of functions and assume a range of shapes and forms. Some are large national centres performing a comprehensive role providing access to diverse organisms. Other centres play much narrower, yet important, roles supplying limited but crucial specialised resources. In the era of the knowledge-based bio-economy mBRCs are recognised as vital element to underpinning the biotechnology.

Foreign acquisition and internal organization

NIPE WP 05/2016

Psychosocial adjustment and physical health in children of divorce

Objective: To review the literature on the effects of parental divorce over the psychological maladjustment and physical health problems in children of divorced parents, thus contributing to the integration of existing scientific knowledge based on the biopsychosocial model of the impact of divorce on children’s physical health as proposed by Troxel and Matthews (2004). Sources: Review of the literature using MEDLINE and PsycInfo (1980-2007) databases, selecting the most representative articles on the subject. Special attention was paid to contributions by internationally renowned investigators on the subject. Summary of the findings: Divorce may be responsible for a decline of physical and psychological health in children. The developmental maladjustment of children is not triggered by divorce itself, but rather by other risk factors associated with it, such as interparental conflict, parental psychopathology, decline in socio-economic level, inconsistency in parenting styles, a parallel and conflicting co-parenting relationship between parents and low levels of social support. Such risk factors trigger maladjusted developmental pathways, marked by psychopathological symptoms, poor academic performance, worst levels of physical health, risk behavior, exacerbated psychophysiological responses to stress and weakening of the immune system. Conclusions: Clear links were observed between experiencing parental divorce and facing problems of physical and psychological maladjustment in children. Divorce is a stressor that should be considered by health professionals as potentially responsible for maladjusted neuropsychobiological responses and for decline in children’s physical health.

Respuesta no lineal y criterios de diseño de puentes arco espaciales

El desarrollo más reciente de los puentes arco ha llevado a una nueva tipología: los “puentes arco espaciales”. Se entiende por puente arco espacial todo puente arco en el que, por su configuración geométrica y estructural, las cargas gravitatorias generan esfuerzos no contenidos en el plano del arco. Por un lado, aparecen para satisfacer las necesidades funcionales cuando estructuras en arco resultan las más adecuadas para sostener tableros curvos y evitar así apoyos intermedios. Desde un punto de vista estético, surgen como demanda de los nuevos puentes en entornos urbanos, buscando, no sólo una forma cuidada, sino persiguiendo convertirse en emblemas de la ciudad a partir de la originalidad y la innovación. Su proyecto y construcción es posible gracias a las grandes posibilidades que ofrecen los nuevos métodos de cálculo y dibujo por ordenador, en los que, a través del incremento de memoria y rapidez, cada vez se emplean programas más completos y nuevas modelizaciones, más cercanas a la realidad. No menos importante es el desarrollo de los medios auxiliares de construcción y de las herramientas de CAD/CAM, que convierte en construibles por control numérico formas de manufactura impensables. Ello trasciende en infinitas posibilidades de diseño y estructura. Sin embargo, el diseño y construcción de estas nuevas tipologías no ha estado acompañado por el avance en el estado del conocimiento fundamentado en la investigación, ya que se han desarrollado pocos estudios que explican parcialmente la respuesta estructural de estos puentes. Existe, por lo tanto, la necesidad de profundizar en el estado del conocimiento y clarificar su respuesta estructural, así como de plantear, finalmente, criterios de diseño que sirvan de apoyo en las fases de concepción y de proyecto a estas nuevas tipologías.

Can You Home Again? Desertion and Control of Hometowns in Civil Wars

What allows an armed group in a civil war to prevent desertion? This paper addresses this question with a focus on control in the rearguard. Most past studies focus on motivations for desertion. They explain desertion in terms of where soldiers stand in relation to the macro themes of the war, or in terms of an inability to provide positive incentives to overcome the collective action problem. However, since individuals decide whether and how to participate in civil wars for multiple reasons, responding to a variety of local conditions in an environment of threat and violence, a focus only on macro-level motivations is incomplete. The opportunities side of the ledger deserves more attention. I therefore turn my attention to how control by an armed group eliminates soldiers’ opportunities to desert. In particular, I consider the control that an armed group maintains over soldiers’ hometowns, treating geographic terrain as an important exogenous indicator of the ease of control. Rough terrain at home affords soldiers and their families and friends advantages in ease of hiding, the difficulty of using force, and local knowledge. Based on an original dataset of soldiers from Santander Province in the Spanish Civil War, gathered from archival sources, I find statistical evidence that the rougher the terrain in a soldier’s home municipality, the more likely he is to desert. I find complementary qualitative evidence indicating that soldiers from rough-terrain communities took active advantage of their greater opportunities for evasion. This finding has important implications for the way observers interpret different soldiers’ decisions to desert or remain fighting, for the prospect that structural factors may shape the cohesion of armed groups, and for the possibility that local knowledge may be a double-edged sword, making soldiers simultaneously good at fighting and good at deserting.

National Strategy for Higher Education 2030

Ireland’s higher education system has played a major role in the development of Irish society and the economy, and has an even more critical role to play in the coming decades as we seek to rebuild an innovative knowledge-based economy that will provide sustainable employment opportunities and good standards of living for all our citizens. Its role in enabling every citizen to realise their full potential and in generating new ideas through research are and will be the foundation for wider developments in society. The development of the higher education system in the years to 2030 will take place initially in an environment of severe constraints on public finances. Demand to invest in education to support job creation and innovation, and to help people back into employment is increasing. In the wider world, globalisation, technological advancement and innovation are defining economic development, people are much more mobile internationally as they seek out career opportunities, and competition for foreign direct investment remains intense.

National Strategy for Higher Education 2030 - Summary

Ireland’s higher education system has played a major role in the development of Irish society and the economy, and has an even more critical role to play in the coming decades as we seek to rebuild an innovative knowledge-based economy that will provide sustainable employment opportunities and good standards of living for all our citizens. Its role in enabling every citizen to realise their full potential and in generating new ideas through research are and will be the foundation for wider developments in society. The development of the higher education system in the years to 2030 will take place initially in an environment of severe constraints on public finances. Demand to invest in education to support job creation and innovation, and to help people back into employment is increasing. In the wider world, globalisation, technological advancement and innovation are defining economic development, people are much more mobile internationally as they seek out career opportunities, and competition for foreign direct investment remains intense.

Report of the Project Maths Implementation Group

Ireland's future economic growth and competitiveness will increasingly depend on the extent to which it can support high value knowledge based industries. Mathematics is essential for disciplines such as science, technology, engineering and finance, but it also promotes the ability to think rationally, analyse and solve problems, and process data clearly and accurately. In a globalised competitive economy it is important that Ireland moves beyond being “average” at mathematics towards the promotion of advanced levels of skills, creativity and innovation. We urgently need to improve attainment levels in mathematics generally and to encourage more students to take Higher Level Mathematics. In addition, mathematics is an essential life skill for citizenship and economic and social participation in an increasingly complex world.

Integration in strategic alliances : a conceptual framework of IT use in marketing as NPD key factor

En una economia basada en el coneixement, la innovació del producte es considera un factor clau a l'hora de determinar la competitivitat, la productivitat i el creixement d'una companyia. No obstant això, l'experiència de les companyies demostra la necessitat d'un nou model de gestió de la innovació del producte: una gestió basada en el màrqueting, en què la cooperació i l'ús intensiu de les tecnologies de la informació i de la comunicació (TIC) són especialment importants. En els darrers anys, la bibliografia sobre màrqueting ha analitzat el paper de la cooperació en l'èxit del procés d'innovació. No obstant això, fins ara pocs treballs han estudiat el paper que té l'ús de les TIC en el màrqueting en l'èxit del desenvolupament de nous productes (NPD, New Product Development en anglès). És una omissió curiosa, tenint en compte que el nou entorn competitiu és definit per una economia i una societat basades principalment en l'ús intensiu de les TIC i del coneixement. L'objectiu d'aquest treball és investigar el paper que l'ús de les TIC en el màrqueting té en el procés de desenvolupament de nous productes, com a element que reforça la integració d'agents al projecte, afavorint l'establiment de relacions dirigides a la cooperació i l'adquisició d'intel·ligència de mercat útil en el procés de desenvolupament de nous productes. L'estudi d'una mostra de 2.038 companyies de tots els sectors de l'activitat econòmica a Catalunya ens permet contrastar hipòtesis inicials i establir un perfil de companyia innovadora basat en les importants relacions que hi ha entre la innovació, l'ús de TIC en el màrqueting i la integració. Sobresurten dues idees en la nostra anàlisi. En primer lloc, l'ús intensiu de les TIC en el màrqueting fa que la companyia sigui més innovadora, ja que percep que el seu ús ajuda a superar barreres a la innovació i accelera els processos, que es tornen més eficients. En segon lloc, incrementant l'ús de les TIC en el màrqueting es fa augmentar la predisposició de la companyia a integrar agents particulars en l'entorn de negoci en el desenvolupament del procés d'innovació i a col·laborar-hi, de manera que es millora el grau d'adaptació del nou producte a les demandes del mercat.

Modelling habitat-suitability using museum collections: an example with three sympatric Apodemus species from the Alps

Aim, Location Although the alpine mouse Apodemus alpicola has been given species status since 1989, no distribution map has ever been constructed for this endemic alpine rodent in Switzerland. Based on redetermined museum material and using the Ecological-Niche Factor Analysis (ENFA), habitat-suitability maps were computed for A. alpicola, and also for the co-occurring A. flavicollis and A. sylvaticus. Methods In the particular case of habitat suitability models, classical approaches (GLMs, GAMs, discriminant analysis, etc.) generally require presence and absence data. The presence records provided by museums can clearly give useful information about species distribution and ecology and have already been used for knowledge-based mapping. In this paper, we apply the ENFA which requires only presence data, to build a habitat-suitability map of three species of Apodemus on the basis of museum skull collections. Results Interspecific niche comparisons showed that A. alpicola is very specialized concerning habitat selection, meaning that its habitat differs unequivocally from the average conditions in Switzerland, while both A. flavicollis and A. sylvaticus could be considered as 'generalists' in the study area. Main conclusions Although an adequate sampling design is the best way to collect ecological data for predictive modelling, this is a time and money consuming process and there are cases where time is simply not available, as for instance with endangered species conservation. On the other hand, museums, herbariums and other similar institutions are treasuring huge presence data sets. By applying the ENFA to such data it is possible to rapidly construct a habitat suitability model. The ENFA method not only provides two key measurements regarding the niche of a species (i.e. marginality and specialization), but also has ecological meaning, and allows the scientist to compare directly the niches of different species.

Beyond the Transatlantic Divide: The Multiple Authorities of Standards in the Global Political Economy of Services

This paper explores the plurality of institutional environments in which standards for the service sector are expected to support the rise of a global knowledge-based economy. Despite the careful wording of the World Trade Organization (WTO), a whole range of international bodies still have the capacity to define technical specifications affecting how services are expected to be traded on worldwide basis. The analysis relies on global political economy approaches to extend to the area of service standards the assumption that the process of globalization is not opposing states and markets, but a joint expression of both of them including new patterns and agents of structural change through formal and informal power and regulatory practices. It analyses on a cross-institutional basis patterns of authority in the institutional setting of service standards in the context of the International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO), the European Union, and the United States. In contrast to conventional views opposing the American system to the ISO/European framework, the paper questions the robustness of this opposition by showing that institutional developments of service standards are likely to face trade-offs and compromises across those systems and between two opposing models of standardisation.

Interacting software-agents to support a kind of expert supervision systems

Expert supervision systems are software applications specially designed to automate process monitoring. The goal is to reduce the dependency on human operators to assure the correct operation of a process including faulty situations. Construction of this kind of application involves an important task of design and development in order to represent and to manipulate process data and behaviour at different degrees of abstraction for interfacing with data acquisition systems connected to the process. This is an open problem that becomes more complex with the number of variables, parameters and relations to account for the complexity of the process. Multiple specialised modules tuned to solve simpler tasks that operate under a co-ordination provide a solution. A modular architecture based on concepts of software agents, taking advantage of the integration of diverse knowledge-based techniques, is proposed for this purpose. The components (software agents, communication mechanisms and perception/action mechanisms) are based on ICa (Intelligent Control architecture), software middleware supporting the build-up of applications with software agent features

La competència «El treball col·laboratiu» : una oportunitat per a incorporar les TIC en la didàctica universitària. Descripció de l'experiència amb la plataforma ACME (UdG)

L'article és una reflexió sobre els requisits de formació dels professionals que demana la societat del coneixement. Un dels objectius més importants que ha de tenir la universitat en la societat del coneixement és la formació de professionals competents que tinguin prou eines intel·lectuals per a enfrontar-se a la incertesa de la informació, a la consciència que aquesta té una data de caducitat a curt termini i a l'ansietat que això provoca. Però, a més, també han de ser capaços de definir i crear les eines de treball amb què donaran sentit i eficàcia a aquest coneixement mudable i mutant. Per això, l'espai europeu d'ensenyament superior prioritza la competència transversal del treball col·laboratiu amb l'objectiu de promoure un aprenentatge autònom, compromès i adaptat a les noves necessitats de l'empresa del segle xxi. En aquest context, es presenta l'entorn teòric que fonamenta el treball desenvolupat a la plataforma informàtica ACME, que uneix el treball col·laboratiu i l'aprenentatge semipresencial o blended learning. Així mateix, es descriuen amb detall alguns exemples de wikis, paradigma del treball col·laboratiu, fets en assignatures impartides per la Universitat de Girona en l'espai virtual ACME