Durabilidade de madeira de eucalipto citriodora (Corymbia citriodora (Hook.) K.D. Hill & L.A.S. Johnson) tratada com CCA em ambiente amazônico

A intensa exploração econômica tem causado diminuição do estoque original das espécies madeireiras amazônicas, incluindo aquelas de alta durabilidade natural destinadas a usos em contato com o solo. A escassez dessas madeiras resulta na elevação do preço, inviabilizando economicamente seu uso, sendo uma alternativa a substituição por espécies plantadas de rápido crescimento tratadas com preservativos. Outra vantagem, além da econômica, de utilizar espécies plantadas em substituição às tradicionais é ambiental, pois reduzirá a pressão exploratória sobre aquelas. Este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar o grau de degradação biológica de madeira de eucalipto citriodora (Corymbia citriodora (Hook.) K.D. Hill & L.A.S. Johnson) tratado por processo a vácuo e pressão com arseniato de cobre cromatado (CCA) e exposta em ensaio de campo em Rio Branco-AC. O ensaio foi implantado em maio de 2005 com estacas tratadas ou não com CCA. As variáveis avaliadas foram: 1) degradação por fungos, 2) degradação por cupins, e 3) região ou parte da peça afetada. A partir da terceira avaliação (47 meses de ensaio), 100% dos corpos de prova não tratados foram classificados com o grau de degradação máximo e, ao contrário, 100% dos tratados com CCA, decorridos 60 meses de ensaio, foram classificados com o grau mínimo. As partes não tratadas com maior e menor grau de degradação foram, respectivamente, o topo inferior e a parte aérea acima de 10 cm do solo. A degradação provocada por fungos foi levemente inferior à dos cupins. O ensaio aponta para a viabilidade técnica do uso de madeira tratada de eucalipto em substituição às espécies tradicionais da Amazônia.

Measurement of the production of neighbouring jets in lead-lead collisions at √sNN=2.76 TeV with the ATLAS detector

This Letter presents measurements of correlated production of nearby jets in Pb+Pb collisions at sNN−−−√=2.76 TeV using the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider. The measurement was performed using 0.14 nb−1 of data recorded in 2011. The production of correlated jet pairs was quantified using the rate, RΔR, of ``neighbouring'' jets that accompany ``test'' jets within a given range of angular distance, ΔR, in the pseudorapidity--azimuthal angle plane. The jets were measured in the ATLAS calorimeter and were reconstructed using the anti-kt algorithm with radius parameters d=0.2, 0.3, and 0.4. RΔR was measured in different Pb+Pb collision centrality bins, characterized by the total transverse energy measured in the forward calorimeters. A centrality dependence of RΔR is observed for all three jet radii with RΔR found to be lower in central collisions than in peripheral collisions. The ratios formed by the RΔR values in different centrality bins and the values in the 40--80 % centrality bin are presented.

Biomass production and essential oil yield from leaves, fine stems and resprouts using pruning the crown of Aniba canelilla (H.B.K.) (Lauraceae) in the Central Amazon

Aniba canelilla (H.B.K.) Mez. is a tree species from Amazon that produces essential oil. The oil extraction from its leaves and stems can be an alternative way to avoid the tree cutting for production of essential oil. The aim of this study was to analyse factors that may influence the essential oil production and the biomass of resprouts after pruning the leaves and stems of A. canelilla trees. The tree crowns were pruned in the wet season and after nine months the leaves and stems of the remaining crown and the resprouts were collected, in the dry season. The results showed that the essential oil yield and chemical composition differed among the stems, leaves and resprouts. The stems' essential oil production differed between the seasons and had a higher production in the resprouting stems than the old stems of the remaining crown. The production of essential oil and leaf biomass of resprouts were differently related to the canopy openness, indicating that light increases the production of the essential oil and decreases the biomass of resprouting leaves. This study revealed that plant organs differ in their essential oil production and that the canopy openness must be taken into account when pruning the A. canelilla tree crown in order to achieve higher oil productivity.

Mineralogia e reserva de K de Cambissolos submetidos a diferentes manejos após derrubada e queima da floresta na Amazônia Meridional

As altas temperaturas ocorrentes durante a queima na floresta Amazônica podem induzir transformações mineralógicas da fração argila. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar as alterações mineralógicas nas frações areia, silte e argila e na reserva mineral de solos submetidos a diferentes manejos (11 anos de mata secundária, pastagem e café) após a derrubada e queima de floresta nativa situada na Amazônia Meridional, município de Cacoal (RO). Uma área de floresta nativa ombrófila densa, com mesma feição pedológica, foi dividida em quatro partes, sendo três áreas submetidas ao corte e à queima e posteriormente cultivadas. Em cada manejo, os perfis de solos foram descritos e amostras dos horizontes A, AB, B1, 2B2 e 2BC foram coletadas para as análises mineralógicas das frações argila, silte e areia (difratometria de raios X) e químicas da fração argila (extração de Fe com ditionito-citrato-bicarbonato - DCB e com oxalato de amônio - OA). Os teores de K não trocáveis foram determinados nas amostras de solo após extração com HNO3 1 mol L-1 fervente. Verificou-se o predomínio da caulinita na fração argila e alta reserva mineral de K nos solos, associada à ocorrência de mica nas frações argila, silte e areia. Os diferentes manejos não afetaram os teores de Fe2O3DCB e Fe2O3OA; por outro lado, o maior valor estimado para a relação entre os teores de goethita e hematita [Gt/(Gt+Hm)] na fração argila no horizonte A da floresta indica uma possível transformação parcial de Gt em Hm durante a queima da floresta para a implantação dos manejos mata secundária, pastagem e café.

Measurement of the correlation between flow harmonics of different order in lead-lead collisions at root S-NN=2.76 TeV with the ATLAS detector

Correlations between the elliptic or triangular flow coefficients vm (m=2 or 3) and other flow harmonics vn (n=2 to 5) are measured using sNN−−−−√=2.76 TeV Pb+Pb collision data collected in 2010 by the ATLAS experiment at the LHC, corresponding to an integrated lumonisity of 7 μb−1. The vm-vn correlations are measured in midrapidity as a function of centrality, and, for events within the same centrality interval, as a function of event ellipticity or triangularity defined in a forward rapidity region. For events within the same centrality interval, v3 is found to be anticorrelated with v2 and this anticorrelation is consistent with similar anticorrelations between the corresponding eccentricities ϵ2 and ϵ3. On the other hand, it is observed that v4 increases strongly with v2, and v5 increases strongly with both v2 and v3. The trend and strength of the vm-vn correlations for n=4 and 5 are found to disagree with ϵm-ϵn correlations predicted by initial-geometry models. Instead, these correlations are found to be consistent with the combined effects of a linear contribution to vn and a nonlinear term that is a function of v22 or of v2v3, as predicted by hydrodynamic models. A simple two-component fit is used to separate these two contributions. The extracted linear and nonlinear contributions to v4 and v5 are found to be consistent with previously measured event-plane correlations.

Evaluation of the heart rate and arrhythmias following the Maze procedure for chronic atrial fibrillation

PURPOSE: To assess the presence and the prevalence of arrhythmias and the variability of the heart rate in the medium-term postoperative period following the maze procedure for chronic atrial fibrillation (AF). METHODS: Seventeen patients with a mean age of 51.7±12.9 years, who previously underwent the maze procedure without cryoablation for chronic atrial fibrillation, were evaluated with the 24 hour electrocardiogram (ECG) - Holter monitoring from the 6th month after the operation. Valvular and coronary procedures were concomitantly performed. RESULTS: The mean heart rate during Holter monitoring was 82±8bpm; the maximal heart rate was 126 ± 23bpm and the minimal heart rate 57±7bpm. Sinus rhythm was found in 10 (59%) patients and atrial rhythm was found in 7 (41%). Supraventricular extrasystoles had a rate of 2.3±5.5% of the total number of heartbeats and occurred in 16 (94%) patients. Six (35%) patients showed nonsustained atrial tachycardia. Ventricular extrasystoles, with a rate of 0.8±0.5% of the total heartbeats, occurred in 14 (82%) patients. The chronotropic competence was normal in 9 (53%) patients and attenuated in 8 (47%). The atrioventricular conduction (AV) was unchanged in 13 (76%) patients and there were 4 (24%) cases of first degree atrioventricular block (AVB). CONCLUSION: After the maze procedure, the values for the mean heart rate, AV conduction and chronotropic competence approach the normal range, although some cases show attenuation of the chronotropic response, first degree AV block or benign arrhythmias.

Unsupported valvuloplasty in children with congenital mitral valve anomalies. Late clinical results

OBJECTIVE: To analyze late clinical evolution after surgical treatment of children, with reparative and reconstructive techniques without annular support. METHODS: We evaluated 21 patients operated upon between 1975 and 1998. Age 4.67±3.44 years; 47.6% girls; mitral insufficiency 57.1% (12 cases), stenosis 28.6% (6 cases), and double lesion 14.3% (3 cases). The perfusion 43.10±9.50min, and ischemia time were 29.40±10.50min. The average clinical follow-up in mitral insufficiency was 41.52±53.61 months. In the stenosis group (4 patients) was 46.39±32.02 months, and in the double lesion group (3 patients), 39.41±37.5 months. The echocardiographic follow-up was in mitral insufficiency 37.17±39.51 months, stenosis 42.61±30.59 months, and in the double lesion 39.41±37.51 months. RESULTS: Operative mortality was 9.5% (2 cases). No late deaths occurred. In the group with mitral insufficiency, 10 (83.3%) patients were asymptomatic (p=0.04). The majorit y with mild reflux (p=0.002). In the follow-up of the stenosis group, all were in functional class I (NYHA); and the mean transvalve gradient varied between 8 and 12mmHg, average of 10.7mmHg. In the double lesion group, 1 patient was reoperated at 43 months. No endocarditis or thromboembolism were reported. CONCLUSION: Mitral stenosis repair has worse late results, related to the valve abnormalities and associated lesions. The correction of mitral insufficiency without annular support showed good long-term results.

Reliability of the information about the history of diagnosis and treatment of hypertension. Differences in regard to sex, age, and educational level. The pró-saúde study

OBJECTIVE: To assess the intraobserver reliability of the information about the history of diagnosis and treatment of hypertension. METHODS: A multidimensional health questionnaire, which was filled out by the interviewees, was applied twice with an interval of 2 weeks, in July '99, to 192 employees of the University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), stratified by sex, age, and educational level. The intraobserver reliability of the answers provided was estimated by the kappa statistic and by the coefficient of intraclass correlation (CICC). RESULTS: The general kappa (k) statistic was 0.75 (95% CI=0.73-0.77). Reliability was higher among females (k=0.88, 95% CI=0.85-0.91) than among males (k=0.62, 95% CI=0.59-0.65).The reliability was higher among individuals 40 years of age or older (k=0.79; 95% CI=0.73-0.84) than those from 18 to 39 years (k=0.52; 95% CI=0.45-0.57). Finally, the kappa statistic was higher among individuals with a university educational level (k=0.86; 95% CI=0.81-0.91) than among those with high school educational level (k=0.61; 95% CI=0.53-0.70) or those with middle school educational level (k=0.68; 95% CI=0.64-0.72). The coefficient of intraclass correlation estimated by the intraobserver agreement in regard to age at the time of the diagnosis of hypertension was 0.74. A perfect agreement between the 2 answers (k=1.00) was observed for 22 interviewees who reported prior prescription of antihypertensive medication. CONCLUSION: In the population studied, estimates of the reliability of the history of medical diagnosis of hypertension and its treatment ranged from substantial to almost perfect reliability.

Cultural circuits of climate change in U.K. broadsheet newspapers, 1985–2003

This article argues for a cultural perspective to be brought to bear on studies of climate change risk perception. Developing the “circuit of culture” model, the article maintains that the producers and consumers of media texts are jointly engaged in dynamic, meaning-making activities that are context-specific and that change over time. A critical discourse analysis of climate change based on a database of newspaper reports from three U.K. broadsheet papers over the period 1985–2003 is presented. This empirical study identifies three distinct circuits of climate change—1985–1990, 1991–1996, 1997–2003—which are characterized by different framings of risks associated with climate change. The article concludes that there is evidence of social learning as actors build on their experiences in relation to climate change science and policy making. Two important factors in shaping the U.K.’s broadsheet newspapers’ discourse on “dangerous” climate change emerge as the agency of top political figures and the dominant ideological standpoints in different newspapers.

Late Results of Endoventricular Patch Plasty Repair in Akinetic and Dyskinetic Areas After Acute Myocardial Infarction

OBJECTIVE - To assess the surgical results of endoventricular patch plasty repair in akinetic and dyskinetic left ventricular areas. METHODS - We studied 52 patients who had undergone endoventricular patch plasty repair associated with myocardial revascularization. The preoperative functional class distribution was as follows: class I in 1 (1.9%) patient; class II in 2 (3.8%) patients; class III in 23 (44.2%) patients; and class IV in 26 (50%) patients. RESULTS - The immediate mortality rate was 7.6% (4 patients). The clinical outcome of 44 patients followed up within a mean postoperative time of 29±25 months was as follows: class I in 33 (75%) patients; class II in 7 (15.9%) patients; class III in 2 (4.5%) patients; and class IV in 2 (4.5%) patients. Comparison between pre- and postoperative catheterization in 21 patients showed that the ejection fraction increased from 46.3% to 51.3% (p=0. 17); the left ventricular systolic volume decreased from 76.4 mL to 57.5 mL, (p=0.078); and the left ventricular diastolic volume decreased from 141.2 mL to 105.8 mL (p=0.0 73). These findings showed the tendency toward improvement, but with nonsignificant results. CONCLUSION - The technique proved to be effective, to have a low mortality rate, to cause significant clinical improvement, an increase in ejection fraction, and a reduction in left ventricular volumes.

EVALUACIÓN DE LA CONSTANTE CINÉTICA k PARA EL EJERCICIO DE LA DBO EN EFLUENTES DE LA INDUSTRIA CHACINERA

La industria chacinera genera efluentes con alto contenido de materia orgánica, la cual puede evaluarse midiendo la demanda bioquímica de oxígeno (DBO). Conocer la velocidad a la cual es oxidada por vía biológica permite diseñar adecuadamente los sistemas de depuración, como así también evaluar el impacto que su vertido puede ocasionar sobre el ambiente. En el presente trabajo se determinó la constante de velocidad de reacción (k) y la demanda bioquímica de oxígeno última (L) para el efluente generado por un frigorífico faenador de porcinos y elaborador de chacinados, considerando que el ejercicio de la DBO es directamente proporcional a la concentración del sustrato (cinética de primer orden). Se evaluaron muestras del efluente recogidas en diferentes días de la semana, incubándolas durante diez días en condiciones estándar y se midió la DBO ejercida cada 24 horas. Con los valores encontrados se procedió a calcular los parámetros cinéticos k y L utilizando el método de los mínimos cuadrados. Se encontraron valores de k de 0,25 - 0,85 d-1 (rango 0,60 d-1) y L de 1578 – 3270 mg/l (rango 1692 mg/l). La DBO ejercida luego de 5 días de incubación (DBO5) osciló de 1328 – 2730 mg/l (rango 1402 mg/l). Los resultados de este estudio indican una importante variación en la carga contaminante del efluente medida en términos de DBO5, al igual que la velocidad de estabilización por vía biológica evaluada según los valores de k. Del mismo modo, la DBO5 expresa solo una fracción de la cantidad de oxígeno que se consumirá para la estabilización del residuo en un sistema de depuración o en el ambiente luego de su vertido. Estas situaciones influirán en la eficiencia de las plantas de depuración para este tipo de efluente a los efectos de lograr una adecuada depuración. Se considera conveniente conocer los parámetros cinéticos para optimizar el diseño de las instalaciones para el tratamiento del efluente generado por la industria chacinera y evaluar adecuadamente el impacto ambiental de este residuo.

Efetividade da prótese de Amplatzer™ para fechamento percutâneo do defeito do septo interatrial tipo Ostium Secundum

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a efetividade da prótese de Amplatzer® para tratamento de comunicação interatrial tipo ostium secundum (CIA OS). MÉTODOS: Estudo de coorte histórica entre novembro de 1998 e setembro de 2005, em que foram realizados 101 procedimentos para oclusão percutânea de CIA OS em nossa instituição. Os procedimentos foram efetuados no laboratório de hemodinâmica, sob anestesia geral e com monitorização por ecocardiografia transesofágica (ETE). Os pacientes foram acompanhados clinicamente e com ecocardiografia em 30 dias, seis meses e depois anualmente. O resultados são apresentados em média, desvio padrão e porcentual, e a sobrevida livre de eventos foi estimada pela curva de Kaplan-Meier. RESULTADOS: Dos 101 pacientes, 60 (59,4%) eram mulheres. As médias para idade, peso, altura, índice de massa corporal e superfície corporal foram, respectivamente, de 24,3 + 18,31 anos, 51,88 + 23,76 kg, 140,59 + 39,3 cm, 23,18 + 18,9 kg/m², e 1,24 + 0,21 m². A prevalência de aneurisma do septo interatrial foi de 4,95%, e 98 casos eram de defeito único. O diâmetro das CIAs foi de 21,47 + 6,96 mm pela angiografia e de 21,22 + 7,93 mm pela ETE. As próteses implantadas mediam 23,92 + 7,25 mm, variando de 9 mm a 40 mm. O tempo de procedimento foi de 90,47 + 26,67 minutos e a média de internação hospitalar, de 2,51 + 0,62 dias. Os seguimentos clínico e ecocardiográfico ocorreram com 12,81 + 8,41 meses e todas as próteses estavam bem ancoradas e sem shunt residual. O sucesso do procedimento foi de 93% (94/101). Em cinco casos não se conseguiu liberação adequada do dispositivo e dois pacientes apresentaram CIA residual. Não foram registradas complicações maiores. CONCLUSÃO: A prótese de Amplatzer® mostrou-se efetiva para o tratamento percutâneo de CIA OS.

Regulación del transporte de iones a través de membranas biológicas: El transporte activo Na/K y el contratransporte Na/Ca

El contra-transporte Na-Ca presente en células excitables es un sistema que, reversiblemente, puede introducir Ca de las células en intercambio por Na. La energía requerida para el transporte de Ca en contra de su gradiente electroquímico es provista por el gradiente de Na generado por la actividad de la Na+, K+- ATPasa. Por ello, aunque estos dos mecanismos funcionan independientemente uno del otro, están íntimamente ligados en la gestión integradora de la homeostasis iónica celular. (...) El presente plan consiste en dos subproyectos que estudiarán dos sistemas de transporte de cationes a través de la membrana celular estrechamente ligados entre sí. Estos son el contratransporte Na/Ca y el transporte activo Na/K que a su vez provee de energías (el gradiente de Na) para el funcionamiento del primero. Los estudios enfatizarán la regulación metabólica, su relevancia en la maduración y diferenciación celular y los intermediarios en los ciclos de reacción. (I) Subproyecto de Intercambio Na/Ca: Los objetivos que se persiguen son: (i) avanzar en la propiedades del sitio activador externo para cationes monovalentes (SAECM); (ii) analizar el ciclo de reacción en base a las propiedades del ciclo único tratando de establecer la cinética del sistema de unión de ligandos transportados (secuencial o ping pong); (iii) analizar el/los mecanismos asociados a la estimulación por MgATP. Si la fosforilación por ATP es requerida, identificar las reacciones y estructuras involucradas. Las preparaciones a utilizar incluyen células nerviosas en cultivo, vesículas de esas células y vesículas de cerebro total y de miocardio. (II) Transporte activo Na/K: el propósito es proveer información relevante al debate respecto del mecanismo por el cual K estimula la reacción de intercambio fosforil entre ATP y ADP y revierte la inhibición por Na exterior de la actividad Na-ATPasa, de la deforilación de E2P y del intercambio ATP-ADP. La preparación a utilizar será la Na+, K+- ATPasa purificada; la ubicación topográfica de sitios de interacción se efectuará utilizando la enzima incorporada en liposomas.