Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and oxidative stress markers in the clam Ruditapes decussatus from the Ria Formosa (Portugal)

Tese dout., Ciências e Tecnologias do Ambiente, Universidade do Algarve, 2007

Effect of high CO2 and ocean acidification on photosynthesis and response to oxidative stress in seagrasses

Climate change scenarios comprise significant modifications of the marine realm, notably ocean acidification and temperature increase, both direct consequences of the rising atmospheric CO2 concentration. These changes are likely to impact marine organisms and ecosystems, namely the valuable seagrass-dominated coastal habitats. The main objective of this thesis was to evaluate the photosynthetic and antioxidant responses of seagrasses to climate change, considering CO2, temperature and light as key drivers of these processes. The methodologies used to determine global antioxidant capacity and antioxidant enzymatic activity in seagrasses were optimized for the species Cymodocea nodosa and Posidonia oceanica, revealing identical defence mechanisms to those found in terrestrial plants. The detailed analysis and identification of photosynthetic pigments in Halophila ovalis, H.stipulacea, Zostera noltii, Z marina, Z. capricorni, Cymodocea nodosa and Posidonia oceanica, sampled across different climatic zones and depths, also revealed a similarity with terrestrial plants, both in carotenoid composition and in the pigment-based photoprotection mechanisms. Cymodocea nodosa plants from Ria Formosa were submitted to the combined effect of potentially stressful light and temperature ranges and showed considerable physiological tolerance, due to the combination of changes in the antioxidant system, activation of the VAZ cycle and accumulation of leaf soluble sugars, thus preventing the onset of oxidative stress. Cymodocea nodosa plants living in a naturally acidified environment near submarine volcanic vents in Vulcano Island (Italy) showed to be under oxidative stress despite the enhancement of the antioxidant capacity, phenolics concentration and carotenoids. Posidonia oceanica leaves loaded with epiphytes showed a significant increase in oxidative stress, despite the increase of antioxidant responses and the allocation of energetic resources to these protection mechanisms. Globally, the results show that seagrasses are physiologically able to deal with potentially stressful conditions from different origins, being plastic enough to avoid stress in many situations and to actively promote ulterior defence and repair mechanisms when under effective oxidative stress.

A Survey of hMLH1 mRNA Splicing Profiles in Human Cell Lines: Comparing Primary Cultured Fibroblasts Before and After Oxidative Stress and Transiently versus Stably Demethylated Colon Cancer Derived Cell Lines

Most human genes undergo alternative splicing and loss of splicing fidelity is associated with disease. Epigenetic silencing of hMLH 1 via promoter cytosine methylation is causally linked to a subset of sporadic non-polyposis colon cancer and is reversible by 5-aza-2' -deoxycytidine treatment. Here I investigated changes in hMLHI mRNA splicing profiles in normal fibroblasts and colon cancer-derived human cell lines. I established the types and frequencies of hMLHI mRNA transcripts generated under baseline conditions, after hydrogen peroxide induced oxidative stress, and in acutely 5-aza-2' -deoxycytidine-treated and stably derepressed cancer cell lines. I found that hMLHI is extensively spliced under all conditions including baseline (50% splice variants), the splice variant distribution changes in response to oxidative stress, and certain splice variants are sensitive to 5- aza-2' -deoxycytidine treatment: Splice variant diversity and frequency of exon 17 skipping correlates with the level of hMLHI promoter methylation suggesting a link between promoter methylation and mRNA splicing.

Importance du stress oxydant dans le diabète secondaire à la fibrose kystique

Introduction : La fibrose kystique (FK) est une maladie génétique mortelle qui touche principalement les poumons et l’appareil digestif. Elle est causée par des mutations sur le gène codant la protéine du CFTR, un canal chlore exprimé à la surface des organes à sécrétions exocrines. Les fonctions principales du CFTR sont les suivantes: 1) la régulation de l’homéostasie ionique des sécrétions; 2) le maintien de la fluidité des sécrétions et; 3) le transport du glutathion. Le dysfonctionnement de la protéine du CFTR rend les sécrétions visqueuses et épaisses, avec des phénomènes obstructifs qui sont responsables de l’apparition de fibrose au sein des divers organes. Dans le poumon, l’accumulation du mucus épais rend difficile l’élimination des bactéries inhalées, ces dernières établissent alors des cycles d’infection qui endommagent les tissus pulmonaires à travers des processus inflammatoires. Dans le tube digestif, le mucus épais entrave l’absorption d’une quantité suffisante d’éléments nutritifs incluant les principaux antioxydants. L’infection et l’inflammation des poumons favorisent l’apparition d’un stress oxydant qui détruit davantage le tissu pulmonaire. Le déficit en glutathion, probablement lié au dysfonctionnement de la proteine du CFTR, et la malabsorption des antioxydants favorisent l’augmentation du stress oxydant. Une augmentation du stress oxydant a été démontrée au cours du diabète et les produits dérivés du stress oxydant ont été mis en évidence dans la pathogenèse des complications associées au diabète. Une augmentation du stress oxydant a également été montrée durant la FK, mais sans pour autant expliquer la survenue du diabète secondaire à la FK dont la prévalence augmente sans cesse. Objectifs : Notre étude consiste à évaluer l’impact du stress oxydant dans les anomalies du métabolisme du glucose durant la FK, et à étudier son rôle dans les mécanismes de sécrétion d’insuline induite par le glucose. Pour ce faire, nous avons déterminé l’impact de la peroxydation lipidique sur la tolérance au glucose et la défense antioxydante globale, in vivo, chez des patients FK présentant une altération du métabolisme du glucose. De plus, nous avons évalué le rôle du stress oxydatif sur la synthèse et la sécrétion d’insuline, in vitro, dans les cellules pancréatiques βTC-tet. Résultats : Dans l’étude in vivo, nous avons démontré que l’intolérance au glucose et le diabète étaient associés à une augmentation de la peroxydation lipidique, traduite par la hausse des niveaux sanguins de 4-hydroxynonenal lié aux protéines (HNE-P). La défense antioxydante évaluée par la mesure du glutathion sanguin démontre que les niveaux de glutathion oxydé restent également élevés avec l’intolérance au glucose. Dans l’étude in vitro, nos résultats ont mis en évidence que l’exposition de la cellule βTC-tet au stress oxydant: 1) induit un processus de peroxydation lipidique; 2) augmente la sécrétion basale d’insuline; 3) diminue la réponse de la sécrétion d’insuline induite par le glucose; et 4) n’affecte que légèrement la synthèse de novo de l’insuline. Nous avons aussi démontré que les cellules pancréatiques βTC-tet résistaient au stress oxydant en augmentant leur synthèse en glutathion tandis que la présence d’un antioxydant exogène pouvait restaurer la fonction sécrétoire de ces cellules. Conclusion : Le stress oxydant affecte le fonctionnement de la cellule pancréatique β de plusieurs manières : 1) il inhibe le métabolisme du glucose dont les dérivés sont nécessaires à la sécrétion d’insuline; 2) il active la voie de signalisation impliquant les gènes pro-inflammatoires et; 3) il affecte l’intégrité membranaire en induisant le processus de peroxydation lipidique.

The effects of oxidative stress on the retinal structure and function

Des études antérieures ont démontré que le métabolisme de la rétine, son apport sanguin et sa consommation de l'oxygène sont plus élevés dans le noir (Riva C.E. et al. 1983, Wang L. et al. 1996, Tam B.M. and Moritz O.L. 2007). Les stimuli physiologiques jouent supposément un rôle important dans le développement des différents systèmes nerveux (Arthur W. Spira, David Parkinson 1991). La privation de la rétine de son stimulus physiologique, la lumière, est un moyen valable de démontrer la validité de ce concept. D'autres études ont affirmé que les injections de dichlorure de paraquat dans la cavité vitréenne causent une sévère rétinopathie (Rétinopathie induite par paraquat: RIP). Cette rétinopathie est provoquée par les dérivés réactifs de l'oxygène (DRO) générés par le paraquat (Cingolani C. et al. 2006, Lu L. et al. 2006). Le but de notre premier projet (''Dark rearing project'') était de déterminer si les conséquences nocives de l'hyperoxie postnatale chez les rats albinos SD pourraient être amoindries en élevant une portée de rats au noir. Nos résultats suggèrent qu'une augmentation du métabolisme de la rétine causée par la déprivation de lumière chez les ratons, pourrait protéger ou masquer certains effets néfastes de l'hyperoxie postnatale. Le but de notre deuxième étude (''Paraquat project'') était d'examiner les possibles points de similitude entre RIP et d'autres modèles de rétinopathies oxydatives étudiés présentement par notre équipe, à savoir: Rétinopathie induite par l'oxygène (RIO) et Rétinopathie induite par la lumière (RIL). Nos résultats suggèrent que l'injection de dichlorure de paraquat dans la cavité vitréenne cause des changements sévères de la fonction de la rétine, tandis que sa structure semble intacte. La sévérité de ces changements dépend inversement de la maturité de la rétine au moment de l'injection.

Non-invasive investigation of the response to oxidative stress in living cardiomyocytes by studying mitochondrial NAD(P)H

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Portacaval anastomosis-induced hyperammonemia does not lead to oxidative stress.

Ammonia is neurotoxic and believed to play a major role in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy (HE). It has been demonstrated, in vitro and in vivo, that acute and high ammonia treatment induces oxidative stress. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are highly reactive and can lead to oxidization of proteins resulting in protein damage. The present study was aimed to assess oxidative status of proteins in plasma and brain (frontal cortex) of rats with 4-week portacaval anastomosis (PCA). Markers of oxidative stress, 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) and carbonylation were evaluated by immunoblotting in plasma and frontal cortex. Western blot analysis did not demonstrate a significant difference in either HNE-linked or carbonyl derivatives on proteins between PCA and sham-operated control rats in both plasma and frontal cortex. The present study suggests PCA-induced hyperammonemia does not lead to systemic or central oxidative stress.

Angiopoietin like-2: a pro-inflammatory and pro-oxidative protein that contributes to endothelial dysfunction

Le vieillissement vasculaire est caractérisé par une dysfonction de l’endothélium. De nombreux facteurs de risque cardiovasculaire tels que l’obésité et l’hypertension prédisposent l’endothélium à un stress oxydant élevé aboutissant à une dysfonction endothéliale, celle-ci étant communément accompagnée d’une diminution de la biodisponibilité du monoxyde d’azote. Bien que la fonction endothéliale soit un déterminant majeur de la prédiction du risque cardiovasculaire des patients, son évaluation individuelle reste très limitée. En conséquence, il existe un intérêt scientifique grandissant pour la recherche de meilleurs biomarqueurs. L’Angiopoiétine like-2 (angptl2), une protéine identifiée récemment, joue un rôle pro-inflammatoire et pro-oxydant dans plusieurs désordres causés par une inflammation chronique allant de l’obésité à l’athérosclérose. L’inflammation et un stress oxydant accru ont été établis comme des mécanismes sous-jacents à l’apparition d’une dysfonction endothéliale, c’est pourquoi ce travail met l’accent sur le rôle de l’angptl2 dans la dysfonction endothéliale. Plus précisément, ce travail vise à: 1) déterminer les effets aigus de l’angptl2 sur la fonction endothéliale, 2) caractériser la fonction endothéliale et la contribution des différents facteurs relaxants dérivés de l'endothélium (EDRF) dans plusieurs lits vasculaires, et ce, dans un modèle de souris réprimant l’expression de l’angptl2 (knock-down, KD), et 3) examiner si l'absence d'expression angptl2 protège contre la dysfonction endothéliale induite par un régime riche en graisses (HFD) ou par perfusion d'angiotensine II (angII) chez la souris. Dans la première étude, l’incubation aigue avec de l’angptl2 recombinante induit une dysfonction endothéliale dans les artères fémorales isolées de souris de type sauvage (WT), probablement en raison d’une production accrue d'espèces réactives oxygénées. Les artères fémorales de souris angptl2 KD présentent une meilleure fonction endothéliale en comparaison aux souris WT, vraisemblablement par une plus grande contribution de la prostacycline dans la vasodilatation. Après 3 mois d’une diète HFD, les principaux EDRF respectifs des artères fémorales et mésentériques sont conservés uniquement dans les souris angptl2 KD. Cette préservation est associée à un meilleur profil métabolique, une moindre accumulation de triglycérides dans le foie et des adipocytes de plus petite taille. De plus, l’expression de gènes inflammatoires dans ces tissus adipeux n’est augmentée que chez les souris WT. Dans la seconde étude, l’absence d’angptl2 résulte en une production accrue de monoxyde d’azote dans les artères cérébrales isolées par rapport à celles des souris WT. La perfusion chronique d’angII provoque, seulement chez les souris WT, une dysfonction endothéliale cérébrale probablement par le biais d’une augmentation de la production d’espèces réactives oxygénées, probablement dérivé des NADPH oxydase 1 et 2, ainsi que l'augmentation des facteurs constricteurs dérivés de l’endothélium issus de la cyclo-oxygénase. En revanche, l’apocynine réduit la dilatation cérébrale chez les souris KD traitées à l’angII, ce qui suggère le recrutement potentiel d’une voie de signalisation compensatoire impliquant les NADPH oxydases et qui aurait un effet vaso-dilatateur. Ces études suggèrent fortement que l’angptl2 peut avoir un impact direct sur la fonction endothéliale par ses propriétés pro-inflammatoire et pro-oxydante. Dans une optique d’application à la pratique clinique, les niveaux sanguins d’angptl2 pourraient être un bon indicateur de la fonction endothéliale.

Hydroponic isotope labelling of entire plants (HILEP) for quantitative plant proteomics; an oxidative stress case study

Hydroponic isotope labelling of entire plants (HILEP) is a cost-effective method enabling metabolic labelling of whole and mature plants with a stable isotope such as N-15. By utilising hydroponic media that contain N-15 inorganic salts as the sole nitrogen source, near to 100% N-15-labelling of proteins can be achieved. In this study, it is shown that HILEP, in combination with mass spectrometry, is suitable for relative protein quantitation of seven week-old Arabidopsis plants submitted to oxidative stress. Protein extracts from pooled N-14- and N-15-hydroponically grown plants were fractionated by SDS-PAGE, digested and analysed by liquid chromatography electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). Proteins were identified and the spectra of N-14/N-15 peptide pairs were extracted using their m/z chromatographic retention time, isotopic distributions, and the m/z difference between the N-14 and N-15 peptides. Relative amounts were calculated as the ratio of the sum of the peak areas of the two distinct N-14 and N-15 peptide isotope envelopes. Using Mascot and the open source trans-proteomic pipeline (TPP), the data processing was automated for global proteome quantitation down to the isoform level by extracting isoform specific peptides. With this combination of metabolic labelling and mass spectrometry it was possible to show differential protein expression in the apoplast of plants submitted to oxidative stress. Moreover, it was possible to discriminate between differentially expressed isoforms belonging to the same protein family, such as isoforms of xylanases and pathogen-related glucanases (PR 2). (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Free radicals, metals and antioxidants in oxidative stress-induced cancer

Oxygen-free radicals, more generally known as reactive oxygen species (ROS) along with reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are well recognised for playing a dual role as both deleterious and beneficial species. The "two-faced" character of ROS is substantiated by growing body of evidence that ROS within cells act as secondary messengers in intracellular signalling cascades, which induce and maintain the oncogenic phenotype of cancer cells, however, ROS can also induce cellular senescence and apoptosis and can therefore function as anti-tumourigenic species. The cumulative production of ROS/RNS through either endogenous or exogenous insults is termed oxidative stress and is common for many types of cancer cell that are linked with altered redox regulation of cellular signalling pathways. Oxidative stress induces a cellular redox imbalance which has been found to be present in various cancer cells compared with normal cells; the redox imbalance thus may be related to oncogenic stimulation. DNA mutation is a critical step in carcinogenesis and elevated levels of oxidative DNA lesions (8-OH-G) have been noted in various tumours, strongly implicating such damage in the etiology of cancer. It appears that the DNA damage is predominantly linked with the initiation process. This review examines the evidence for involvement of the oxidative stress in the carcinogenesis process. Attention is focused on structural, chemical and biochemical aspects of free radicals, the endogenous and exogenous sources of their generation, the metal (iron, copper, chromium, cobalt, vanadium, cadmium, arsenic, nickel)-mediated formation of free radicals (e.g. Fenton chemistry), the DNA damage (both mitochondrial and nuclear), the damage to lipids and proteins by free radicals, the phenomenon of oxidative stress, cancer and the redox environment of a cell, the mechanisms of carcinogenesis and the role of signalling cascades by ROS; in particular. ROS activation of AP-1 (activator protein) and NF-kappa B (nuclear factor kappa B) signal transduction pathways, which, in turn lead to the transcription of genes involved in cell growth regulatory pathways. The role of enzymatic (superoxide dismutase (Cu. Zn-SOD. Mn-SOD), catalase, glutathione peroxidase) and non-enzymatic antioxidants (Vitamin C, Vitamin E, carotenoids, thiol antioxidants (glutathione, thioredoxin and lipoic acid), flavonoids, selenium and others) in the process of careinogenesis as well as the antioxidant interactions with various regulatory factors, including Ref-1, NF-kappa B, AP-1 are also reviewed. 2006 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Zinc-histidine complex protects cultured cortical neurons against oxidative stress-induced damage

The levels of zinc in the brain are directly affected by dietary zinc and deficiency has been associated with alcohol withdrawal seizures, excitotoxicity, impaired learning and memory and an accelerated rate of dysfunction in aged brain. Although zinc is essential for a healthy nervous system, high concentrations of zinc are neurotoxic, thus it is important to identify the most effective forms of zinc for treatment of conditions of the central nervous system. Accumulating evidence suggests that zinc-histidine complex (Zn(HiS)(2)) has greater biological potency and enhanced bioavailability compared with other zinc salts and also has antioxidant potential. Therefore, in this study we investigated the ability of zinc-histidine to protect cultured cortical neurons against hydrogen peroxide-induced damage. Pre-treating neurons for 18h with subtoxic concentrations of zinc-histidine (5-25 muM) improved neuronal viability and strongly inhibited hydrogen peroxide-induced (75 muM, 30 min) cell damage as assessed by MTT turnover and morphological analysis 24 It later. Low concentrations of zinc-histidine were more neuroprotective than zinc chloride. There was evidence of an anti-apoptotic mechanism of action as zinc-histidine inhibited hydrogen peroxide-induced caspase-3 activation and c-jun-N-terminal kinase phosphorylation. In summary, zinc supplementation with zinc-histidine protects cultured neurons against oxidative insults and inhibits apoptosis which suggests that zinc-histidine may be beneficial in the treatment of diseases of the CNS associated with zinc deficiency. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Expression of SOD1 G93A or wild-type SOD1 in primary cultures of astrocytes down-regulates the glutamate transporter GLT-1: lack of involvement of oxidative stress

Glutamate excitotoxicity is implicated in the aetiology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) with impairment of glutamate transport into astrocytes a possible cause of glutamate-induced injury to motor neurons. It is possible that mutations of Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1), responsible for about 20% of familial ALS, down-regulates glutamate transporters via oxidative stress. We transfected primary mouse astrocytes to investigate the effect of the FALS-linked mutant hSOD1(G93A) and wild-type SOD1 (hSOD1(wt)) on the glutamate uptake system. Using western blotting, immunocytochemistry and RT-PCR it was shown that expression of either hSOD1(G93A) or hSOD1(wt) in astrocytes produced down-regulation of the levels of a glutamate transporter GLT-1, without alterations in its mRNA level. hSOD1(G93A) or hSOD1(wt) expression caused a decrease of the monomeric form of GLT-1 without increasing oxidative multimers of GLT-1. The effects were selective to GLT-1, since another glutamate transporter GLAST protein and mRNA levels were not altered. Reflecting the decrease in GLT-1 protein, [H-3]D-aspartate uptake was reduced in cultures expressing hSOD1(G93A) or hSOD1(wt). The hSOD1-induced decline in GLT-1 protein and [H-3]D-aspartate uptake was not blocked by the antioxidant Trolox nor potentiated by antioxidant depletion using catalase and glutathione peroxidase inhibitors. Measurement of 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein (DCF)-induced fluorescence revealed that expression of hSOD1(G93A) or hSOD1(wt) in astrocytes does not lead to detectable increase of intracellular reactive oxygen species. This study suggests that levels of GLT-1 protein in astrocytes are reduced rapidly by overexpression of hSOD1, and is due to a property shared between the wild-type and G93A mutant form, but does not involve the production of intracellular oxidative stress.

Cigarette smokers have decreased lymphocyte and platelet alpha-tocopherol levels and increased excretion of the gamma-tocopherol metabolite gamma-carboxyethyl-hydroxychroman (gamma-CEHC)

Cigarette smoking is associated with increased oxidative stress and increased risk of degenerative disease. As the major lipophilic antioxidant, requirements for vitamin E may be higher in smokers due to increased utilisation. In this observational study we have compared vitamin E status in smokers and non-smokers using a holistic approach by measuring plasma, erythrocyte, lymphocyte and platelet alpha- and gamma-tocopherol, as well as the specific urinary vitamin E metabolites alpha- and gamma-carboxyethylhydroxychroman (CEHC). Fifteen smokers (average age 27 years, smoking time 7.5 years) and non-smokers of comparable age, gender and body mass index (BMI) were recruited. Subjects completed a 7-day food diary and on the final day they provided a 24 h urine collection and a 20 ml blood sample for measurement of urinary vitamin E metabolites and total vitamin E in blood components, respectively. No significant differences were found between plasma and erythrocyte alpha- and gamma-tocopherol in smokers and non-smokers. However, smokers had significantly lower ce-tocopherol (mean +/-SD, 1.34+/-0.31 mumol/g protein compared with 1.94+/-0.54, P = 0.001) and gamma-tocopherol (0.19 +/- 0.04 mumol/g protein compared with 0.26 +/- 0.08, P = 0.026) levels in their lymphocytes, as well as significantly lower (alpha-tocopherol levels in platelets (1.09 +/- 0.49 mumol/g protein compared with 1.60 +/- 0.55, P = 0.014; gamma-tocopherol levels were similar). Interestingly smokers also had significantly higher excretion of the urinary gamma-tocopherol metabolite, gamma-CEHC (0.49 +/- 0.25 mg/g creatinine compared with 0.32 +/- 0.16, P = 0.036) compared to non-smokers, while their (alpha-CEHC (metabolite of a-tocopherol) levels were similar. There was no significant difference between plasma ascorbate, urate and F-2-isoprostane levels. Therefore in this population of cigarette smokers (mean age 27 years, mean smoking duration 7.5 years), alterations to vitamin E status can be observed even without the more characteristic changes to ascorbate and F-2-isoprostanes. We suggest that the measurement of lymphocyte and platelet vitamin E may represent a valuable biomarker of vitamin E status in relation to oxidative stress conditions.

Effect of apoE genotype and vitamin E on biomarkers of oxidative stress in cultured neuronal cells and the brain of targeted replacement mice

The aetiology of apoE4 genotype-Alzheimer's disease (AD) association are complex. The current study emphasizes the impact of apoE genotype and potential beneficial effects of vitamin E (VE) in relation to oxidative stress. Agonist induced neuronal cell death was examined 1) in the presence of conditioned media containing equal amounts of apoE3 or apoE4 obtained from stably transfected macrophages, and 2) after pretreatment with alpha- and gamma-tocopherol, and -tocotrienol. ApoE3 and apoE4 transgenic mice were fed a diet poor or rich in VE to study the interplay of both apoE genotype and VE status, on membrane lipid peroxidation, antioxidative enzyme activity and glutathione levels in the brain. Cytotoxicity of hydrogen peroxide and glutamate was higher in neuronal cells cultured with apoE4 than apoE3 conditioned media. VE pre-treatment of neurons counteracted the cytotoxicity of a peroxide challenge but not of nitric oxide. No significant effects of apoE genotype or VE supplementation were observed on lipid peroxidation or antioxidative status in the brain of apoE3 and apoE4 mice. VE protects against oxidative insults in vitro, however, no differences in brain oxidative status were observed in mice. Unlike in cultured cells, apoE4 may not contribute to higher neuronal oxidative stress in the brain of young targeted replacement mice.

Role of quercetin and its in vivo metabolites in protecting H9c2 cells against oxidative stress

The aim of this study was to investigate the potential of quercetin and two of its "in vivo" metabolites, 3'-O-methyl quercetin and 4'-O-methyl quercetin, to protect H9c2 cardiomyoblasts against H2O2-induced oxidative stress. As limited data are available regarding the potential uptake and cellular effects of quercetin and its metabolites in cardiac cells, we have evaluated the cellular association/uptake of the three compounds and their involvement in the modulation of two pro-survival signalling pathways: ERK1/2 signalling cascade and PI3K/Akt pathway. The three flavonols associated with cells to differing extents. Quercetin and its two O-methylated metabolites were able to reduce intracellular ROS production but only quercetin was able to counteract H2O2 cell damage, as measured by MTT reduction assay, caspase-3 activity and DNA fragmentation assays. Furthermore, only quercetin was observed to modulate pro-survival signalling through ERK1/2 and PI3K/Akt pathway. In conclusion we have demonstrated that quercetin, but not its O-methylated metabolites, exerts protective effects against H2O2 cardiotoxicity and that the mechanism of its action involves the modulation of PI3K/Akt and ERK1/2 signalling pathways. (c) 2006 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.