Analysis of the Nicotiana tabacum Stigma/Style Transcriptome Reveals Gene Expression Differences between Wet and Dry Stigma Species

The success of plant reproduction depends on pollen-pistil interactions occurring at the stigma/style. These interactions vary depending on the stigma type: wet or dry. Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) represents a model of wet stigma, and its stigmas/styles express genes to accomplish the appropriate functions. For a large-scale study of gene expression during tobacco pistil development and preparation for pollination, we generated 11,216 high-quality expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from stigmas/styles and created the TOBEST database. These ESTs were assembled in 6,177 clusters, from which 52.1% are pistil transcripts/genes of unknown function. The 21 clusters with the highest number of ESTs (putative higher expression levels) correspond to genes associated with defense mechanisms or pollen-pistil interactions. The database analysis unraveled tobacco sequences homologous to the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) genes involved in specifying pistil identity or determining normal pistil morphology and function. Additionally, 782 independent clusters were examined by macroarray, revealing 46 stigma/style preferentially expressed genes. Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction experiments validated the pistil-preferential expression for nine out of 10 genes tested. A search for these 46 genes in the Arabidopsis pistil data sets demonstrated that only 11 sequences, with putative equivalent molecular functions, are expressed in this dry stigma species. The reverse search for the Arabidopsis pistil genes in the TOBEST exposed a partial overlap between these dry and wet stigma transcriptomes. The TOBEST represents the most extensive survey of gene expression in the stigmas/styles of wet stigma plants, and our results indicate that wet and dry stigmas/styles express common as well as distinct genes in preparation for the pollination process.

European 1: A globally important clonal complex of Mycobacterium bovis

We have identified a globally important clonal complex of Mycobacterium bovis by deletion analysis of over one thousand strains from over 30 countries. We initially show that over 99% of the strains of M. bovis, the cause of bovine tuberculosis, isolated from cattle in the Republic of Ireland and the UK are closely related and are members of a single clonal complex marked by the deletion of chromosomal region RDEu1 and we named this clonal complex European 1 (Eu1). Eu1 strains were present at less than 14% of French, Portuguese and Spanish isolates of M. bovis but are rare in other mainland European countries and Iran. However, strains of the Eu1 clonal complex were found at high frequency in former trading partners of the UK (USA, South Africa, New Zealand, Australia and Canada). The Americas, with the exception of Brazil, are dominated by the Eu1 clonal complex which was at high frequency in Argentina, Chile, Ecuador and Mexico as well as North America. Eu1 was rare or absent in the African countries surveyed except South Africa. A small sample of strains from Taiwan were non-Eu1 but, surprisingly, isolates from Korea and Kazakhstan were members of the Eu1 clonal complex. The simplest explanation for much of the current distribution of the Eu1 clonal complex is that it was spread in infected cattle, such as Herefords, from the UK to former trading partners, although there is evidence of secondary dispersion since. This is the first identification of a globally dispersed clonal complex M. bovis and indicates that much of the current global distribution of this important veterinary pathogen has resulted from relatively recent International trade in cattle. Crown Copyright (C) 2011 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Late Devonian acanthodians from Colombia

Acanthodian remains occur in micaceous siltstone lenses (presumed to have been deposited during a marine incursion) in the Cuche Formation (?Frasnian) of northeast Colombia. The acanthodians are represented by patches of scales from climatiidid Nostolepis sp. cf. N. gatijensis and a fin spine and scales from a new diplacanthid. Type material of N. gaujensis is from the Frasnian Sventoji regional stage in the Baltic, and Nostolepis sp. cf. N. gaujensis has been recorded in the Frasnian of Iran, as well as from Colombia. The new diplacanthid taxon shows affinity to Baltic and Antarctic diplacanthids. The fauna thus shows possible links to both Gondwanan and Euramerican acanthodian assemblages. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

How far have reforms gone in Islam?

The encounter of East and West has initiated a period of reforms in Muslim societies. Some of the legal reforms enacted by premodern and modem Muslim states have been hailed as victories for women's rights in Islam. A historical and comparative perspective on the issue reveals that this is far from being true. Reforms constitute a far more complex issue. In many Muslim countries, Islamic law remained the main reference in matters pertaining to family and personal laws. To this day, women's rights remain a sensitive issue. A look at some modem Muslim legislations regarding divorce and polygamy illustrates both the tension that exists between the duties of modem states to uphold women's rights and their alleged Islamic principles and the tension that exists between state and religion. Paradoxically, recent developments in Iran illustrate aptly that some sort of reforms of family laws may be envisioned within the strictures of an Islamic society where Islamic law rules. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Brazil and the nuclear issues in the years of the Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva government (2003-2010)

The present article is an analysis of Brazilian nuclear diplomacy and of the international relevance of the national nuclear program adopted during the two Presidential terms of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva. Particular attention will be given to the Brazilian position in the agreement on nuclear non-proliferation, to the role of mediation between Iran and the nuclear powers, and finally to the national ambitions concerning the industrial and military uses of the nuclear technologies.

Avaliação tecnológica de variedades de cana-de-açúcar influenciadas por diferentes adubações e supressões de irrigação

Objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar as características tecnológicas de duas variedades de cana-de-açúcar submetidas a diferentes níveis de adubação e supressões de irrigação. O experimento foi instalado na Fazenda Experimental da Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, em Janaúba-MG. O delineamento utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados, três repetições, em parcelas subdivididas (2 x 3 x 6), sendo na parcela duas variedades de cana-de-açúcar, RB85-5453 e SP80-1816, com três épocas de supressão de irrigação e precipitação após emergência dos perfilhos (DIAC), caracterizadas aos 165, 195 e 225 dias, e na subparcela adubou-se com seis níveis de adubação mineral, 1 (0 kg ha-1 de N e K2O), 2 (14 kg ha-1 de N e 33 kg ha-1 de K2O), 3 (29 kg ha-1 de N e 66 kg ha-1 de K2O), 4 (43 kg ha-1 de N e 100 kg ha-1 de K2O), 5 (57 kg ha-1 de N e 133 kg ha-1 de K2O) e 6 (71 kg ha-1 de N e 166 kg ha-1 de K2O. As variáveis avaliadas foram: Brix, Pol do caldo, Açúcar Total Recuperável (ATR), Pureza e Litros de álcool estimados. Os níveis de adubação influenciaram a qualidade do caldo, obtendo média geral de 24,30 °brix, 20,976% pol do caldo, com a variedade RB85-5453 obtendo maiores valores para todas as variáveis analisadas, a variedade RB85-5453 apresentou maiores teores de ATR, atingindo valores superiores a 189,25 kg t-1. Observaram-se valores em álcool estimados máximo de 115,09 L t-1 da variedade RB85-5453 e mínimo de 90,21 L t-1 na SP80-1816. Com aplicação de 71 kg ha-1 de N e 166 kg ha-1 de K2O de adubação obteve-se melhor desempenho nas condições de realização deste trabalho. Entre as duas variedades estudadas a RB85-5453 é a mais indicada para a região, pois atingiu altos níveis em produção industrial.

Tuberculose e parasitismo intestinal em população indígena na Amazônia brasileira

O objetivo do estudo foi estimar as freqüências de tuberculose e parasitoses intestinais na em comunidades indígenas da localidade de Iauareté (AM), em 2001. Estudo transversal (n=333) visando à obtenção de dados demográficos e amostras biológicas para exames de escarro e fezes. Dentre os 43 sintomáticos respiratórios, seis foram positivos na pesquisa de bacilos álcool-ácido resistentes no escarro. As parasitoses intestinais apresentaram freqüência significativamente maior entre a população Hüpda do que entre os índios que habitam os demais bairros (37,5% vs. 19,3% para Ascaris lumbricoides, 32,4% vs. 16,3% para Trichuris trichiura, 75% vs. 19,3% para ancilostomídeos, 75% vs. 35,4% para Entamoeba histolyticaD dispar e 33,3% vs. 10,7% para Giardia lamblia). Conclui-se que a tuberculose e o parasitismo intestinal são freqüentes nessas comunidades, exigindo medidas de controle e melhorias na assistência à saúde.

The discovery of three lost ‘Salting’ carpets: science as a tool for revealing their history

Thesis presented at the Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, to obtain a Master degree in Conservation and Restoration,Specialization in Textiles

As Características Teocráticas do Regime Político Iraniano e a Respectiva Influência na Formulação da Política Externa do País

Dissertação apresentada para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Ciência Política e Relações Internacionais – variante de Relações Internacionais

O radicalisno islamista na Península Ibérica. A reconquista do Al Andalus

Dissertação apresentada para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Ciência Política e RelaçõesInternacionais.

Cystoscopy in the diagnosis and follow-up of urinary schistosomiasis in Brazilian soldiers returning from Mozambique, Africa

The assessment of urinary schistosomiasis in individuals coming from endemic areas often requires diagnostic resources not used in areas of exposure in order to determine complications or to establish more precise criteria of cure. Cystoscopy and 24-hour urine examination were performed, after treatments with praziquantel 40 mg/kg body weight, single dose, on 25 Brazilian military men who were part of a United Nations peace mission to Mozambique in 1994. The median age of the individuals was 29 years and all presented a positive urine parasitological exam. The alterations detected by cystoscopy were hyperemia and granulomas in the vesical submucosa in 59.1% of the individuals and only granulomas in 40.9%. A vesical biopsy revealed granulomas in all patients and viable eggs in 77.3% even after a period during which the patients no longer excreted eggs in urine. Cystoscopy after treatment, followed by biopsy and histopathological evaluation, performed in areas where the evolution of the disease can be better monitored, was found to be a safe criterion of parasitological cure.

Schistosomiasis haematobia: histopathological course determined by cystoscopy in a patient in whom praziquantel treatment failed

Schistosomiasis haematobia or urinary schistosomiasis is one of the main public health problems in Africa and the Middle East. A single dose of 40 mg praziquantel per kg body weight continues to be the treatment of choice for this infection. The aims of this follow-up were to study the post-treatment course of a patient infected with S. haematobium and not submitted to re-exposure, and to identify complications of the disease and/or therapeutic failure after praziquantel treatment by histopathological analysis. Treatments were repeated under medical supervision to ensure the correct use of the drug. In view of the suspicion of lesions in cystoscopy, the patient was submitted to bladder biopsy. The histopathological characteristics observed in biopsies obtained, after each treatment, indicated viability of parasite eggs and activity of granulomas.

Adjihâd no extremo Sudoeste Peninsular. O recém- identificado Ribat da Arrifana (Século XII)

A concepção de djihâd, ou de Guerra Santa, e a sua prática, estiveram sempre presentes durante a permanência da administração muçulmana na Península Ibérica e, principalmente, tanto no início daquela como na sua fase final. A djihâd foi, e é ainda hoje, o combate religioso, considerando-se inimigos todos aqueles que professam outros credos, como os que enveredam por heresias dentro do islamismo. Ela aufere de dimensão individual, enquanto incute e faz desenvolver a fé em cada um dos crentes mas é, também, dever colectivo, na medida em que deve propagar o Islão, entre terras e populações consideradas inimigas, legitimando a guerra. Segundo Ibn al-Talla, o profeta Maomé terá incitado os seus seguidores à Guerra Santa na Península Ibérica dizendo: "O ribat terminará em todo o lado menos na ilha do al-Andalus, no Magreb Extremo, onde será o mais meritório de toda a face da terra" (Molina, 1983, p. 34). Os militares do Islão mortos em combate tomam-se mártires em nome de Alá, encontrando-se registada, durante a Idade Média, a presença, entre as tropas regulares, de voluntários, designados "gentes do ribaf ou muridún, que se ofereciam tendo em vista cumprirem obrigação canônica conforme à Guerra Santa.

Is land surface temperature an earthquake precursor?

Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Geospatial Technologies

Implementação, documentação e avaliação da aplicação de Lean Maintenance no Sistema de Armas Epsilon

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica