Geografia e propaganda segundo a Historia del gran Reyno de la China de frei Juan González de Mendoza, 1585-1586

Mercê das cerca de 45 edições em sete línguas publicadas entre 1585 e o termo do século XVI, a Historia de las cosas mas notables, ritos y costumbres del gran Reyno de la Chinado agostinho espanhol Juan González de Mendoza logrou ser o primeiro best-seller internacional sobre o mundo chinês e um dos mais influentes livros da proto-sinologia europeia de Quinhentos e Seiscentos. As reivindicações dos poderes seculares da colónia espanhola de Manila e dos mendicantes do Padroado por um lugar na China não só contribuíram decisivamente para a génese da obra, como ajudam a justificar o impacto que esta conseguiu na Europa culta da transição do século XVI para o século XVII. Seja como for, para a cabal compreensão deste caso editorial é necessário proceder a inquéritos complementares, como o que investigue o modo como frei González de Mendoza articulou as informações de origem espanhola e portuguesa de que dispôs para compor a sua síntese sobre a China. Neste particular, ganha especial importância observar o tratamento concedido aos conteúdos de índole geográfica e avaliar, a partir daí, as razões subjacentes a opções que certa vez denotam um recuo objectivo em relação às informações disponíveis, outras uma aparente ruptura face a textos de referência, outras ainda a recuperação de ideias há muito abandonadas nos meios de vanguarda que se iam encarregando da actualização do moderno conhecimento europeu sobre a China. A articulação entre algumas destas opções e o serviço da propaganda do acto missionário dos mendicantes espanhóis constitui uma das principais pistas a explorar.

Phylogenetic analysis reveals a high level of speciation in the Paracoccidioides genus

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Evaluation of the antigenotoxicity of polysaccharides and beta-glucans from Agaricus blazei, a model study with the single cell gel electrophoresis/Hep G2 assay

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Updated Brazilian database on food carotenoids: Factors affecting carotenoid composition

This article updates the Brazilian database on food carotenoids. Emphasis is on carotenoids that have been demonstrated important to human health: alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, beta-cryptoxanthin, lycopene, lutein and zeaxanthin. The sampling and sample preparation strategies and the analytical methodology are presented. Possible sources of analytical errors, as well as the measures taken to avoid them, are discussed. Compositional variation due to such factors as variety/cultivar, stage of maturity, part of the plant utilized, climate or season and production technique are demonstrated. The effects of post-harvest handling, preparation, processing and storage of food on the carotenoid composition are also discussed. The importance of biodiversity is manifested by the variety of carotenoid sources and the higher levels of carotenoids in native, uncultivated or semi-cultivated fruits and vegetables in comparison to commercially produced crops. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Total and individual carotenoid profiles in Solanum phureja of cultivated potatoes: I. Concentrations and relationships as determined by spectrophotometry and HPLC

Total and individual carotenoid concentrations were determined by spectro photometry and HPLC, in raw tubers of a sample of 23 accessions of Solanum phureja potatoes taken at random from the world germplasm collection following its stratification on tuber flesh color. Lutein, zeaxanthin, violaxanthin, antheraxanthin and beta-carotene were detected in all accessions and three distinct patterns of carotenoid accumulation were evidenced by cluster analysis. Accessions in group 1 showed the highest concentrations of total carotenoids (1258-1840 mu g 100 g(-1) FW) comprised largely of zeaxanthin (658-1290 mu g 100 g(-1) FW) with very low or no presence of beta-carotene (below 5.4 mu g 100 g(-1) FW). Accessions in group 2 presented moderate total carotenoid concentrations with violaxanthin, antheraxanthin, lutein and zeaxanthin as the major carotenoids. Accessions in group 3 showed low concentrations of total carotenoids (97-262 mu g 100 g(-1) FW) and very low or no zeaxanthin, with lutein and violaxanthin as the predominant carotenoids and relatively high concentrations of beta-carotene(up to 27 mu g 100 g(-1) FW). Five accessions with significant concentrations of zeaxanthin were identified with the accession 703566 showing the highest concentration (1290 p g 100 g(-1) FW). This value is to our knowledge higher than any value previously reported for potatoes, including those achieved through genetic modification. For the 23 S. phureja accessions, total carotenoid concentration was positively and significantly correlated with antheraxanthin and zeaxanthin concentrations, and negatively and significantly correlated with beta-carotene concentration. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in raw cane sugar (rapadura) in Brazil

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Determination of the relative contribution of phenolic antioxidants in orange juice by voltammetric methods

The electrochemical oxidation of caffeic, chlorogenic, sinapic, ferulic and p-coumaric acids was investigated by cyclic voltammetry on acetate buffer pH 5.6 on glassy carbon electrode and modified glassy carbon electrode. According to their voltammetric behavior, the antioxidant activity of these phenolic acids was evaluated and the results pointed to the following sequence: caffeic acid (E-a = +0.31 V) > chlorogenic acid (+ 0.38 V) > sinapic acid (+ 0.45 V) > ferulic acid (+ 0.53 V) >p-coumaric acid (+ 0.73 V). The results were confirmed by DPPH test, which evidenced the strongest antiradical activity for compounds possessing the cathecol moiety (caffeic and chlorogenic acids). Linear calibration graphs were obtained for their determination at concentrations from 1 x 10(-4) to 1 x 10(-3) mol L-1. The method was applied to orange juice. Selectivity was illustrated by the analysis of caffeic and chlorogenic acids electrodeposited on a glassy carbon electrode previously modified by electrochemical activation in the presence of ascorbic acid. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Las dimensiones socioeconómicas de la desertificación: avances en la utilización de indicadores: un ejercicio en el caso de Mendoza, Argentina

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Perfil y características de la estructura industrial actual de la provincia de Mendoza: volumen I

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