Enfiteutas, propietarios, agregados y ocupantes en el 'nuevo sur': los partidos de Arenales y Ayacucho (1823-1860)

Este artículo se centra en la ocupación y apropiación de tierras en una región del sudeste de la provincia de Buenos Aires, que integraba en las primeras décadas del siglo XIX el llamado "nuevo sur": los partidos de Arenales y Ayacucho, entre 1823 y 1860. Comenzaremos por caracterizar el traspaso de estos territorios a particulares, el impacto de las distintas modalidades de transferencia y la evolución de la estructura de tenencia. Esto nos llevará a interrogarnos por los protagonistas de este proceso: ¿quiénes fueron los beneficiarios de este reparto? ¿cómo llegaron a estas tierras del "nuevo sur"? ¿cómo fue la conformación del grupo de propietarios en esta zona?, ¿permanecieron los mismos apellidos a lo largo del período? Además, ¿existieron, en esta zona como en otras regiones, posibilidades de ocupación sin la tenencia legal? La comparación con otros procesos de ocupación y apropiación de terrenos del estado, especialmente al sur del río Salado, nos posibilitará una visión más completa de este caso, que obviamente está integrado en un proceso más amplio.

How serious is the omission of bilateral tariff rates in gravity?

In this paper, using the worldwide dataset of bilateral tariff rates, we explore how serious the omission of bilateral tariff rates in gravity is. Our findings are as follow. Firstly, the omission of bilateral tariff rates seems not to be so serious in terms of omitted-variable biases because the coefficients for the usual gravity variables do not change before or after their inclusion. Secondly, while the widely-used dummy variable of regional trade agreement could not play an alternative role in place of tariff rates, the inclusion of time-invariant pair fixed effects in addition to the time-variant importer fixed effects and exporter fixed effects accounts for the omission of tariff rates. The inclusion of those fixed effects makes the coefficient for bilateral tariff rates insignificant.

The role of a firm's absorptive capacity and the technology transfer process in clusters: How effective are technology centres in low-tech clusters?

This paper analyses how the internal resources of small- and medium-sized enterprises determine access (learning processes) to technology centres (TCs) or industrial research institutes (innovation infrastructure) in traditional low-tech clusters. These interactions basically represent traded (market-based) transactions, which constitute important sources of knowledge in clusters. The paper addresses the role of TCs in low-tech clusters, and uses semi-structured interviews with 80 firms in a manufacturing cluster. The results point out that producer–user interactions are the most frequent; thus, the higher the sector knowledge-intensive base, the more likely the utilization of the available research infrastructure becomes. Conversely, the sectors with less knowledge-intensive structures, i.e. less absorptive capacity (AC), present weak linkages to TCs, as they frequently prefer to interact with suppliers, who act as transceivers of knowledge. Therefore, not all the firms in a cluster can fully exploit the available research infrastructure, and their AC moderates this engagement. In addition, the existence of TCs is not sufficient since the active role of a firm's search strategies to undertake interactions and conduct openness to available sources of knowledge is also needed. The study has implications for policymakers and academia.

Attenuation of virulence in Mycobacterium tuberculosis expressing a constitutively active iron repressor

Iron is an essential nutrient for the survival of most organisms and has played a central role in the virulence of many infectious disease pathogens. Mycobacterial IdeR is an iron-dependent repressor that shows 80% identity in the functional domains with its corynebacterial homologue, DtxR (diphtheria toxin repressor). We have transformed Mycobacterium tuberculosis with a vector expressing an iron-independent, positive dominant, corynebacterial dtxR hyperrepressor, DtxR(E175K). Western blots of whole-cell lysates of M. tuberculosis expressing the dtxR(E175K) gene revealed the stable expression of the mutant protein in mycobacteria. BALB/c mice were infected by tail vein injection with 2 × 105 organisms of wild type or M. tuberculosis transformed with the dtxR mutant. At 16 weeks, there was a 1.2 log reduction in bacterial survivors in both spleen (P = 0.0002) and lungs (P = 0.006) with M. tuberculosis DtxR(E175K). A phenotypic difference in colonial morphology between the two strains also was noted. A computerized search of the M. tuberculosis genome for the palindromic consensus sequence to which DtxR and IdeR bind revealed six putative “iron boxes” within 200 bp of an ORF. Using a gel-shift assay we showed that purified DtxR binds to the operator region of five of these boxes. Attenuation of M. tuberculosis can be achieved by the insertion of a plasmid containing a constitutively active, iron-insensitive repressor, DtxR(E175K), which is a homologue of IdeR. Our results strongly suggest that IdeR controls genes essential for virulence in M. tuberculosis.

How far do the borders of the west extend? Russian/Polish strategic conflicts in the period 1990-2010. OSW Report, 2010-03-18

From a historical perspective, the last two decades can almost be regarded as a 'golden age' of Polish-Russian relations. This is the first time in several centuries that a sovereign Poland and Russia have been able to develop mutual relations without resorting to force; moreover, they have established a bilateral legal basis and put into practice its provisions on "the inviolability of borders, territorial integrity, non-interference with internal affairs and the nations' right to self-determination. This does not change the fact that since 1990 the atmosphere between the two countries has much more often been chilly and tense. Contrary to the widely-held belief, Polish-Russian conflicts do not stem from genetic Russophobia on the part of Poland, or irrational prejudice on the part of Russia. Their substance is real and concerns strategic issues. At the deepest level, though, this is a dispute about how far the borders of the Western world extend, and about the Russian Federation's sphere of influence. However, it is not a clash between two states; moreover, Poland is certainly not the most important actor in this regard, although due to the historical context and its geographic location, it is one of the countries that lies closest to the 'line of contact', and is therefore particularly entangled in the disagreement.

William J. Olcott, University of Michigan football captain 1882, 1883

Cropped from 1883 team photo.

William C. Malley, 1890 University of Michigan football captain

Cropped from 1889 team photo.

Fair Em, the miller's daughter of Manchester : with the love of William the Conqueror /

Imprint fictitious. Printed by the editor for private circulation. Cf. Jaggard, William. Shakespeare bibliography, 1911, page 552.

Lectures delivered to the employes of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company,

Brooks, W.K. On some methods of locomotion in animals.--Martin, H.N. How skulls and backbones are built.--Sedgwick, W.T. On fermentation.--Sewall, H. How we move.

Remarks by Dr. William Haddon, Jr., director, National Safety Bureau, Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation, before the annual convention of the Association of Minnesota Counties, Minneapolis Counties, Minneapolis, Minnesota, November 28, 1967.

Mode of access: Internet.

An exposition of the creed /

Includes bibliographical references and indexes.

Memoirs of Dr. Thomas W. Evans. Recollections of the second French empire.

Mode of access: Internet.

Letters of William III. and Louis XIV. and their ministers; illustrative of the domestic and foreign politics of England, from the peace of Ryswick to the accession of Philip V. of Spain, 1697 to 1700.

With appendix of treaties and documents.

The reform act, 1832; the correspondence of the late Earl Grey with His Majesty King William IV. and with Sir Herbert Taylor, from Nov. 1830 to June 1832;

Mode of access: Internet.