Pesquisa das actividades antioxidante e antimicrobiana em extractos de plantas do género Plectranthus

O uso de plantas medicinais é uma tendência generalizada na medicina popular. O género Plectranthus pertence à família das Lamiaceae tal como a salva (Salvia), o manjericão (Ocimum) e a hortelã (Mentha), que apresentam uma grande diversidade de usos etnobotânicos. No presente trabalho, foram avaliadas as atividades antimicrobiana e antioxidante de extractos de cinco espécies do género Plectranthus: P. hadiensis (vd), P. madagascarensis, P. neochilus, P. verticillatus e P. barbatus. Os extractos foram obtidos por diversos métodos: infusão, decocção, ultra-sons, micro-ondas e maceração (10% m/v de planta seca) com dois solventes diferentes (água e acetona). O método de infusão permitiu obter a maior quantidade de extrato seco a partir da planta Plectranthus barbatus (22 ± 1,0 – 33 ± 3,0 mg/mL). A actividade antimicrobiana dos extratos obtidos foi determinada usando o método da difusão em poço e foi testada contra três bactérias Gram-positivas e duas bactérias Gram-negativas. Só os extratos acetónicos de P. madagascarensis, P. verticillatus e P. hadiensis (vd) demonstraram ser ativos e exclusivamente em bactérias Gram-positivas. O extrato de P. madagascarensis demonstrou a maior actividade antibacteriana com halos de inibição entre 23 e 36 mm. A atividade antioxidante dos extratos foi determinada qualitativamente usando o método do radical 2,2-difenil-1-picril-hidrazina (DPPH) em ccd obtiveram-se resultados positivos na maioria dos extractos estudados.

Luchas políticas ambientalistas y poder económico transnacional: estrategias de comunicación en el caso Texaco

La presente tesis analiza las principales estrategias de comunicación y movilización social a nivel nacional e internacional desarrolladas por la Asamblea de Afectados por Texaco y el Frente de Defensa de la Amazonía del Ecuador, FDA, en su lucha por la justicia ambiental frente al desastre causado en la Amazonía por la empresa petrolera estadounidense Texaco, actualmente Chevron. La explotación petrolera, iniciada en Ecuador en 1967, se produce en el marco de la búsqueda ilimitada de recursos naturales para alcanzar el denominado “desarrollo”, que ahora es cuestionado desde varios sectores. Esta actividad ha causado enormes impactos sociales y ambientales en las poblaciones cercanas a la explotación petrolera. Para enfrentar situaciones como éstas, un grupo de pobladores de las provincias de Sucumbíos y Orellana en la Amazonía ecuatoriana, en representación de 30.000 indígenas y campesinos migrantes, demandó a la petrolera Chevron, antes Texaco, para exigir la limpieza, reparación y restauración de los daños causados durante el período de explotación petrolera desde 1964 hasta 1990. Los pobladores, que forman parte de la Asamblea de Afectados por Texaco y del Frente de Defensa de la Amazonía, han utilizado diversas estrategias de comunicación en su enfrentamiento a la poderosa transnacional Chevron, la segunda empresa más grande de petróleo en los Estados Unidos. También se han relacionado con el movimiento ecologista a nivel nacional e internacional, logrando la solidaridad y la movilización social en los países del Norte, especialmente en Estados Unidos. La lucha y la persistencia de los y las indígenas y campesinos de la Amazonía ecuatoriana sin duda constituyen un aporte para quienes día a día trabajan por alcanzar la justicia global.

Caso Chevron-Texaco: cuando los pueblos toman la palabra

Este libro analiza las estrategias de comunicación y movilización desarrolladas por los pobladores e indígenas de la Amazonía ecuatoriana en su lucha por la justicia ambiental frente al desastre causado por la Chevron- Texaco durante su operación entre 1964 y 1990. La sentencia emitida por la Corte de Justicia de Sucumbíos en febrero de 2011 reconoce la responsabilidad de la empresa estadounidense por los daños y la negligencia con la que operó, ordenando el pago de una suma millonaria a los pobladores de la Amazonía. En la primera parte, se enmarca la relación entre la explotación petrolera, la globalización neoliberal y el “desarrollo”; se presentan los impactos socioambientales de la explotación petrolera, y se examina el rol de la empresa, del Estado y de los actores sociales. En la segunda parte, se analiza el discurso hegemónico de Chevron-Texaco -dirigido sobre todo a negar la contaminación y deslegitimar a las organizaciones sociales y al Estado ecuatoriano-, y se abordan las estrategias discursivas y comunicacionales desarrolladas por la Asamblea de Afectados y el Frente de Defensa de la Amazonía -cuyo objetivo era simplemente mostrar la realidad-. En la tercera parte, se estudia cómo el trabajo en red con organizaciones ecologistas nacionales y transnacionales del Norte y del Sur potencia la movilización social y la lucha de los pobladores de la Amazonía. Y la autora concluye que esta experiencia constituye un ejemplo y un aporte para quienes día a día trabajan por alcanzar la justicia global.

spotlight europe 20120/05, August 2012: Confronting the crisis

The euro crisis has not gone away on holiday. In fact, it continues to generate a never-ending string of horrific headlines. Where is it all going to end? In this article we describe the proposed remedies that are currently being discussed, and what blue and red eurobonds, euro bills, FIRE and the debt redemption fund can actually achieve.

spotlight europe #2012/05, August 2012: Der Krise die Stirn bieten = Confronting the crisis

No abstract.

Strategies and biases in location memory in Williams syndrome

Individuals with Williams syndrome (WS) demonstrate impaired visuo-spatial abilities in comparison to their level of verbal ability. In particular, visuo-spatial construction is an area of relative weakness. It has been hypothesised that poor or atypical location coding abilities contribute strongly to the impaired abilities observed on construction and drawing tasks [Farran, E. K., & Jarrold, C. (2005). Evidence for unusual spatial location coding in Williams syndrome: An explanation for the local bias in visuo-spatial construction tasks? Brain and Cognition, 59, 159-172; Hoffman, J. E., Landau, B., & Pagani, B. (2003). Spatial breakdown in spatial construction: Evidence from eye fixations in children with Williams syndrome. Cognitive Psychology, 46, 260-301]. The current experiment investigated location memory in WS. Specifically, the precision of remembered locations was measured as well as the biases and strategies that were involved in remembering those locations. A developmental trajectory approach was employed; WS performance was assessed relative to the performance of typically developing (TD) children ranging from 4- to 8-year-old. Results showed differential strategy use in the WS and TD groups. WS performance was most similar to the level of a TD 4-year-old and was additionally impaired by the addition of physical category boundaries. Despite their low level of ability, the WS group produced a pattern of biases in performance which pointed towards evidence of a subdivision effect, as observed in TD older children and adults. In contrast, the TD children showed a different pattern of biases, which appears to be explained by a normalisation strategy. In summary, individuals with WS do not process locations in a typical manner. This may have a negative impact on their visuo-spatial construction and drawing abilities. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Carbon management, local governance and community engagement

This article examines the role of communities in carbon management as it relates to both climate change and energy policy at the local level and as a seedbed for grassroots activity. The article considers some of the implications of recent policy developments, particularly the ways in which the ‘lines of responsibility’ are now being drawn at the local level. Drawing upon in-depth interviews with local authorities in the UK and the USA, the article examines the political distinctions that are evident between the two situations and the ramifications of these for practical community engagement in carbon management at the local level. Community engagement is likely to be central to the delivery of CO2 reductions, but evidence so far points to a series of challenges that will require a greater emphasis on partnership working between community groups and formal decision-making bodies.

Public values and community energy: lessons from the US and UK

This paper examines some of the normative aspects of community energy programmes — defined here as decentralized forms of energy production and distributed energy technologies where production decisions are made as close as possible to sources of consumption. Such projects might also display a degree of separation from the formal political process. The development of a community energy system often generates a great deal of debate about both the degree of public support for such programmes and the values around which programmes ought to be organized. Community energy programmes also raise important issues regarding the energy choice problem, including questions of process, that is, by whom a project is developed and the influence of both community and exogenous actors, as well as certain outcome issues regarding the spatial and social distribution of energy. The case studies, drawn from community energy programmes in both the United States and the United Kingdom, allow for a careful examination of all of these factors, considering in particular the complex interplay and juxtaposition between the ideas of 'public value' and 'public values'.