Evaluation of Racial Differences in Seat Belt and Child Restraint Use: A Review of Current Literature, 2004

This report presents the results of a literature review conducted to evaluate differences in seat belt use by race. A literature review was conducted to evaluate overall seat belt use, racial differences in seat belt use, overall child restraint use, racial differences in child restraint use, and information about seat belt and child restraint use specific to Iowa. A number of national studies and regional studies were found and are presented. Mixed results were found as to whether racial differences exist in both seat belt use and child restraint use. However, in the course of the literature review, several items that are of interest to safety in Iowa have emerged, although little data specific to Iowa was encountered. First, national seat belt use appears to be lower among African-Americans than for Caucasians or Hispanics. Second, national crash rates among Hispanics appear to be higher than those for Caucasians, particularly when population and lower vehicle miles traveled (VMT) are considered. One issue that should be considered throughout this literature review is that the Hispanic population may be higher than reported due to large numbers of undocumented persons who do not appear in population estimates, driver’s license, or other databases.

Tulkintoja toiseudesta

Ajankohtaista

Orientalisme, colonialisme i gènere. ‘El Marroc sensual i fanàtic’ d'Aurora Bertrana

Els autors s’endinsen en aquest article en l’estudi de les relacions entre geografia, orientalisme i colonialisme a Europa al tombant del segle passat, tot introduint la perspectiva de gènere i en el marc d'un interès més general per la història del pensament geogràfic contemporani. Ho fan a partir de l’anàlisi contextualitzada d'un text de l’època que fa referència al cas espanyol i a la seva aventura colonial africana. Es tracta del llibre El Marroc sensual i fanàtic (1936) d’Aurora Bertrana, una versió molt elaborada del discurs de la diferència i una bona il•lustració de la literatura de viatges de dones europees, força excepcional i atípica -això sí- en el context literari català i espanyol de l’època

Hispania en las provincias occidentales del imperio durante la república y el alto imperio: una perspectiva arqueológica

El siguiente trabajo repasa los procesos y acontecimientos clave de la incidencia de Roma en la península Ibérica –en las denominadas «provincias hispanas»–, con especial atención al espacio comprendido entre el desembarco de Escipión en Emporion (218 a.C.) y el reinado de Adriano, por tanto, durante la República y el Alto Imperio. A partir de la documentación arqueológica y, en ocasiones, epigráfica, se esboza un panorama de la romanización peninsular partiendo de los acontecimientos más representativos de la misma y de sus huellas más evidentes. De igual modo, la bibliografía ofrecida pretende aportar la luz de las últimas novedades sobre la cuestión.

La élite municipal leridana bajo los Austrias

¿Cómo y respondiendo a qué intereses fue ejercido el poder municipal por las élites locales catalanas en el periodo de la formación del Estado moderno hispánico? tales son las cuestiones fundamentales que se intentan responder acudiendo al ejemplo concreto de la ciudad de Lleida, población altamente representativa del entorno urbano catalán dominante en los siglos XVI y XVII. Una breve introducción al marco urbano o institucional catalán abre paso al núcleo del estudio centrado en la caracterización social de la élite gobernante. La evolución del grupo social que dirigía la ciudad, sus características socio-económicas, la movilidad de sus integrantes o sus comportamientos familiares, conforman un retrato que culmina con el análisis de sus actitudes en el gobierno municipal y su actuación política en los siglos de los Austrias.

Magias y brujerías literarias en la Castilla medieval

El objetivo del presente trabajo es trazar una panorámica sobre algunas de las plasmaciones literarias más relevantes de la magia y de la brujería en las letras castellanas medievales y sobre sus significaciones históricas. Con tal propósito se comentan textos de Don Juan Manuel, Juan Ruiz, Juan de Mena o Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo, entre otros autores de los siglos XIII al XV, y se apuntan algunas coordenadas culturales que reformulan la especificidad del contexto hispánico en su marco europeo.

La "Materia de Bretaña" en las culturas hispánicas de la Edad Media y el Renacimiento : textos, ediciones y estudios

La publicación en 1977 de "A critical bibliography of Hispanic Arthurial material", de Harvey L. Sharrer (Londres, Grant & Cutler) contribuyó a un mejor conocimiento de los textos conservados, ediciones y estudios de la literatura artúrica y tristaniana medieval en España y Portugal. Treinta años después, este artículo amplía los contenidos de aquel volumen, al recoger los resultados del descubrimiento de nuevos testimonios y de las últimas investigaciones sobre este ámbito, en lengua catalana, gallego-portuguesa y castellana de la Edad Media.

Mujeres y literatura de los medioevos ibéricos : voces, ecos y distorsiones

La mayoría de estudios consagrados a las escritoras medievales han centrado sus esfuerzos en la exhumación de fuentes y en el análisis retórico de la diferencia literaria y sexual. Sus objetivos suelen integrar el deseo de construcción de una poética específica a partir de los testimonios conservados y la definición de una genealogía femenina secular. Este enfoque tal vez no afecte sensiblemente nuestra percepción de aquellos ámbitos culturales con una mayor producción escrita, pero sí que resulta poco fructífero en los reinos hispánicos, donde apenas contamos con testimonios anteriores al s. XV, ni en latín ni en romance. Sin embargo, en la Península Ibérica disponemos de otra vigorosa tradición cultural (la arábigo-andaluza), apenas reinterpretada comparativamente, cuya magnitud resulta insoslayable no tan solo por su peso específico, sino además por su valor excepcional para la mejor comprensión de las configuraciones de las propias literaturas del Medioevo ibero-románico.

El sonido de la guerra: Las trompas de la Fortaleza Medieval de Ausa (Zaldibia, Guipuzcoa)

During the fieldwork in the medieval fortification of Ausa (Gipuzkoa), a vast amount of sherds from several pottery artifacts featured by a cylindrical body has been found out. They presumably had the same function in contexts dated from the first half of xiv century. Although it has not been possible to reconstruct any of these artefacts, the study of the sherds allows us to think that they would have formed some sort of big-sized horn. This high-sounding instrument, which has been frequently reproduced in iconographic references, does not have at this moment any direct parallelism in Hispanic contexts, despite being plentiful of references to similar objects in medieval ranges from Provence and Languedoc. By introducing these artefacts from different approaches, we aim to go over the scarce knowledge of these instruments, whose evidence lets us to believe in their widespread distribution all over the landscape in several material contexts from Medieval Ages.

El sonido de la guerra: Las trompas de la Fortaleza Medieval de Ausa (Zaldibia, Guipuzcoa)

During the fieldwork in the medieval fortification of Ausa (Gipuzkoa), a vast amount of sherds from several pottery artifacts featured by a cylindrical body has been found out. They presumably had the same function in contexts dated from the first half of xiv century. Although it has not been possible to reconstruct any of these artefacts, the study of the sherds allows us to think that they would have formed some sort of big-sized horn. This high-sounding instrument, which has been frequently reproduced in iconographic references, does not have at this moment any direct parallelism in Hispanic contexts, despite being plentiful of references to similar objects in medieval ranges from Provence and Languedoc. By introducing these artefacts from different approaches, we aim to go over the scarce knowledge of these instruments, whose evidence lets us to believe in their widespread distribution all over the landscape in several material contexts from Medieval Ages.

Orientalismo, de Edward W. Said

Para Edward W. Said, el"orientalismo" no es una inocente rama del saber que estudia la civilización y las costumbres de los pueblos orientales, sino un sistema para conocer Oriente mediante el cual Occidente ha sido capaz de domi- narlo desde un punto de vista político, sociológico, militar e ideológico.

Fama y verdad en la épica quinientista española. El virgilianismo político y la tradición castellana del siglo xv

Fame and truth in Spanish XVth century epic. !e political vergilianism and the castilian tradition of the XVth century. The starting premise of this essay is that the Spanish Golden Age epic must be read from a historical perspective that takes into account the Hispanic literary tradition ofthe XVth century. In particular, it argues that epic should be approached from a theoretical perspective that explores its relationship with history in order to illuminate the diferences between Italian and Spanish epic theory and practice in the XVth century. The relationship between the discourses of epic and history can be explained through the imitation of the Vergilian model, specifically the Aeneid´s ideological representation of empire. However, it is also necessary to consider theoretical aspects in the light of the diferent uses of classical literature by Italian humanists and Castilian writers of the XV th century. Thus, its primary thesis is that although XVI th century Spanish epic shares the general principles of the Western Epic tradition, it should be approached from a specifically perspective Hispanic, in the light of the «political vergilianism» already enshrined in authors like Enrique de Villena and Juan de Mena, which is essential to appreciate how epic genre serves as memory for the present

El territorio y la ciudad de Tarraco

This paper presents a brief description of the archaeological research in the territory and in the city of Tarraco, the ancient capital of provincia Hispania Tarraconensis and one of the main centres for the spread of Hispanic Christianity. Althoug Tarraco was the last capital under imperial control and the firs Hispanic metropolitan see, the city had only a secondary role by comparison with other Hispanic cities during late antiquity. This evolution shaped the development of Tarraco during the 7th century, but archaeologists identify an important architectural vitality still in the 6th century at the same time as other episcopal cities were evolving. During this period, the final Christianization of the symbolic spaces of ancient paganism took place, establishing the ideological basis of medieval urbanism that is still preserved today. The paper also interprets the sites through raising key questions as well as describing rural settlements, where archaeological knowledge is not so far advanced, due in part to the difficult nature of archaeological research, and in part to the need to study new construcitve models, as well as to the systematic collection of the relevant material culture.

La terra sigillata hispánica tardía (TSHT) en la costa este de Hispania. Una aproximación general

Se recopila la información existente sobre la difusión de la terra sigillata hispánica tardía (TSHT) en el litoral mediterráneo de Hispania, concretamente en las actuales Cataluña, Comunidad Valenciana y Baleares. Se analizan los contextos arqueológicos conocidos con la finalidad de determinar la cronología y la presencia porcentual de este tipo cerámico en le levante peninsular.

Late Roman amphorae in the eastern Tarraconensis. Some chronological and quantitative approaches

Since the classic study of Simon J. Keay published in 1984, knowledge of late Roman amphorae has progressed markedly, thanks to scholars such as Michel Bonifay and Paul Reynolds, amongst others. The area studied by Keay was Catalonia, the ancient Eastern Tarraconensis. The overview here offered for this same region reveals the central role played by African imports in late Antique times, with a minor presence of the Eastern-Mediterranean and South-Hispanic (both Baetican and Lusitanian) productions. Progress in research in the last 25 years has been centred on a series of new and well-dated contexts: the data they have yielded has clarified more precisely the chronology and the proportions of the different imports. On occasion a quantitative approach may even be applied. At the same time the relationship between town and country with respect to the late Roman amphorae is proving of interest and providing results of significance.