Multivariate analysis of phenol mineralisation by combined hydrodynamic cavitation and heterogeneous advanced Fenton processing

Phenolic compounds in wastewaters are difficult to treat using the conventional biological techniques such as activated sludge processes because of their bio-toxic and recalcitrant properties and the high volumes released from various chemical, pharmaceutical and other industries. In the current work, a modified heterogeneous advanced Fenton process (AFP) is presented as a novel methodology for the treatment of phenolic wastewater. The modified AFP, which is a combination of hydrodynamic cavitation generated using a liquid whistle reactor and the AFP is a promising technology for wastewaters containing high organic content. The presence of hydrodynamic cavitation in the treatment scheme intensifies the Fenton process by generation of additional free radicals. Also, the turbulence produced during the hydrodynamic cavitation process increases the mass transfer rates as well as providing better contact between the pseudo-catalyst surfaces and the reactants. A multivariate design of experiments has been used to ascertain the influence of hydrogen peroxide dosage and iron catalyst loadings on the oxidation performance of the modified AFP. High er TOC removal rates were achieved with increased concentrations of hydrogen peroxide. In contrast, the effect of catalyst loadings was less important on the TOC removal rate under conditions used in this work although there is an optimum value of this parameter. The concentration of iron species in the reaction solution was measured at 105 min and its relationship with the catalyst loadings and hydrogen peroxide level is presented.

Hållfasthetsvariationer i bandände hos varmvalsade höghållfasta stål

Varmvalsade HSLA-stål (high strength low alloy) uppvisar normalt en lägre hållfasthet i sista änden av bandet. Denna s.k. ändeffekt har länge varit känd och flera undersökningar har genomförts för att utvärdera hur mycket de sistametrarna minskar i hållfasthet. Materialet som undersökts i detta examensarbete är Domex 700MC. DX 700MC är ett extra höghållfast kallformningsstål och dess typiska egenskaper är: • Utmärkt formbarhet i förhållande till sin höga hållfasthet. • God svetsbarhet • God slagseghet vid låg temperatur Materialet är varmvalsat och har en minsta sträckgräns längs valsriktningen på 700 MPa. Syfte och problemformulering är: • Bestämma ändeffektens utbredning med hjälp av hållfasthetsprovning • Litteraturstudie om materialmekanismer som inverkar på ändeffekten • Påverkan av värmebehandling • Inverkande tillverkningsfaktorer Examensarbetet är avgränsat till ett material med samma ämnesspecifikation, ÄS, vilket betyder att legeringshalterna i materialet är samma. Dessutom undersöks två olika tjocklekar av färdiga band.

3D roll-forming of hat-profile with variable depth and width

The use of roll-formed products in automotive, furniture, buildings etc. increases every year due to the low part-production cost and the complicated cross-sections that can be produced. The limitation with roll-forming until recent years is that one could only produce profiles with a constant cross-section in the longitudinal direction. About eight years ago ORTIC AB [1] developed a machine in which it was possible to produce profiles with a variable width (“3D roll-forming”) for the building industry. Experimental equipment was recently built for research and prototyping of profiles with variable cross-section in both width and depth for the automotive industry. The objective with the current study is to investigate the new tooling concept that makes it possible to roll-form hat-profiles, made of ultra high strength steel, with variable cross-section in depth and width. The result shows that it is possible to produce 3D roll-formed profiles with close tolerances.

Experimental and computational investigation of the roll forming process

One of the first questions to consider when designing a new roll forming line is the number of forming steps required to produce a profile. The number depends on material properties, the cross-section geometry and tolerance requirements, but the tool designer also wants to minimize the number of forming steps in order to reduce the investment costs for the customer. There are several computer aided engineering systems on the market that can assist the tool designing process. These include more or less simple formulas to predict deformation during forming as well as the number of forming steps. In recent years it has also become possible to use finite element analysis for the design of roll forming processes. The objective of the work presented in this thesis was to answer the following question: How should the roll forming process be designed for complex geometries and/or high strength steels? The work approach included both literature studies as well as experimental and modelling work. The experimental part gave direct insight into the process and was also used to develop and validate models of the process. Starting with simple geometries and standard steels the work progressed to more complex profiles of variable depth and width, made of high strength steels. The results obtained are published in seven papers appended to this thesis. In the first study (see paper 1) a finite element model for investigating the roll forming of a U-profile was built. It was used to investigate the effect on longitudinal peak membrane strain and deformation length when yield strength increases, see paper 2 and 3. The simulations showed that the peak strain decreases whereas the deformation length increases when the yield strength increases. The studies described in paper 4 and 5 measured roll load, roll torque, springback and strain history during the U-profile forming process. The measurement results were used to validate the finite element model in paper 1. The results presented in paper 6 shows that the formability of stainless steel (e.g. AISI 301), that in the cold rolled condition has a large martensite fraction, can be substantially increased by heating the bending zone. The heated area will then become austenitic and ductile before the roll forming. Thanks to the phenomenon of strain induced martensite formation, the steel will regain the martensite content and its strength during the subsequent plastic straining. Finally, a new tooling concept for profiles with variable cross-sections is presented in paper 7. The overall conclusions of the present work are that today, it is possible to successfully develop profiles of complex geometries (3D roll forming) in high strength steels and that finite element simulation can be a useful tool in the design of the roll forming process.

Influência da temperatura e da presença de H2S no comportamento mecânico e eletroquímico do aço API 5CT grau P110 em água do mar sintética

o presente trabalho teve por objetivo estudar o comportamento de um aço de alta resistência e baixa liga (com amostras de composição aproximada de 0,4% C, 0,6% Cr e 0,4% Mo), da classe API scr PIlO, utilizado na perfuração de petróleo offshore, frente a processos de fragilização causados pelo meio. Água do mar sintética foi utilizada como meio, com intuito de padronizar, em laboratório, as condições a que o material fica submetido na prática. Buscou-se avaliar e comparar o comportamento mecânico do material pela modificação dos parâmetros: temperatura, potencial aplicado ao material, e o efeito da presença ou ausência de H2S na solução. Para isso, foram realizados ensaios de tração pelo método de baixa taxa de deformação (da ordem de 10-6S-I), obtendo-se as curvas tensão x deformação nas diferentes situações ensaiadas, comparadas com as obtidas em óleo mineral. Análises fratográficas também foram utilizadas como forma de caracterizar os processos de fragilização. Além disso, estudou-se o comportamento eletroquímico do material nas diferentes condições através de ensaios de polarização potenciostáticos. Com isso, pode-se determinar quais as condições mais danosas e de maior risco para a utilização do material e em quais delas o seu uso é seguro. O aço estudado apresentou-se susceptível a processos de fragilização e todos os parâmetros analisados mostraram-se importantes no estudo desses processos.

Comportamento do reator seqüencial em batelada (RSB) sob estado estacionário dinâmico utilizando idade do lodo como parâmetro de controle operacional

O reator seqüencial em batelada (RSB) é uma variante de lodos ativados capaz de promover a remoção da matéria orgânica, a remoção dos nutrientes e a separação da fase sólida da líquida em uma unidade. A valorização das áreas urbanas, a carência de tratamento terciário e a crescente necessidade de redução nas dimensões de estações de tratamento de esgoto devem impulsionar o desenvolvimento de pesquisas sobre RSB em curto espaço de tempo. A partir deste cenário, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo modelar o comportamento do reator seqüencial em batelada a partir da teoria desenvolvida por Marais e colaboradores. Dentro deste contexto, a cinética de oxidação dos compostos orgânicos e do nitrogênio na forma amoniacal foi descrita e modelada. O trabalho experimental foi realizado em duas escalas: bancada e piloto. O experimento em escala de bancada foi dividido em duas fases. Foram utilizados dois RSBs e um sistema de fluxo contínuo. Um reator seqüencial em batelada (RSB1) foi operado com idade de lodo. O outro reator em batelada (RSB2) foi operado em função da relação F/M e o sistema de fluxo contínuo (FC1) por idade de lodo. Estes reatores foram utilizados como controle no monitoramento do RSB1 Na primeira fase, os três sistemas removeram apenas matéria orgânica. Na fase seguinte, removeram matéria orgânica e nitrogênio. A partir dos resultados obtidos em escala de bancada, foi possível concluir que o modelo desenvolvido pode ser aplicado ao reator seqüencial em batelada operando com idade de lodo, permitindo determinar a qualidade do efluente, a produção de lodo e o consumo de oxidante. Além disso, foi possível descrever o comportamento da taxa de consumo de oxigênio em função da oxidação da matéria orgânica biodegradável e da oxidação do nitrogênio na forma amoniacal. O reator seqüencial em batelada operado com idade de lodo (RSB1) alcançou remoção média de matéria orgânica de 90 % nas idades de lodo de 30, 20, 10 e 5 dias. A remoção média de nitrogênio mais elevada foi obtida na idade de lodo de 20 dias e atingiu 87 %. Nas demais idades de lodo a remoção média de nitrogênio variou entre 79 e 42 %. A modelagem do comportamento do reator seqüencial em batelada resultou numa proposta de metodologia para o dimensionamento que tem como finalidade abolir critérios obsoletos e inadequados para o dimensionamento de lodos ativados em batelada No experimento em escala piloto, foram utilizados um reator seqüencial em batelada, denominado RSB, e um sistema de fluxo contínuo com a configuração Bardenpho, denominado FC. Os sistemas de lodos ativados sob investigação foram monitorados em duas idades de lodo: 30 e 10 dias. Os dados do experimento em escala piloto mostraram que os processos físico-químicos e biológicos envolvidos na remoção de matéria orgânica e nitrogênio no RSB foram mais eficientes do que no Bardenpho quando trataram o mesmo esgoto doméstico e foram submetidos às mesmas condições operacionais. No RSB, obteve-se 88 e 89 % de remoção de matéria orgânica nas idades de lodo de 10 e 30 dias, respectivamente. Nesta seqüência das idades de lodo, a eficiência do Bardenpho caiu de 87 para 76 %. O sistema de fluxo contínuo removeu 66 e 52 % do nitrogênio total afluente nas idades de lodo de 10 e 30 dias, respectivamente. A eficiência do RSB na remoção de nitrogênio foi determinada apenas na idade de lodo de 10 dias e alcançou 69 %. A partir dos resultados obtidos em escala de bancada e piloto, constata-se que o reator seqüencial em batelada operando com idade de lodo pode ser utilizado no tratamento de esgoto doméstico e obter eficiência na remoção de matéria orgânica e nitrogênio igual ou superior ao sistema de fluxo contínuo.

Por que mudar de cidade?: uma análise da satisfação e desejo de mudança de lotação entre peritos da Polícia Federal em Belém e Brasília

Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo verificar até que ponto o grau de satisfação no trabalho dos Peritos Criminais Federais (PCFs) lotados na Região Norte do Brasil está relacionado com o alto índice de remoção destes servidores para outras localidades. Inicialmente foi realizada uma revisão bibliográfica sobre o tema satisfação no trabalho, incluindo aspectos sobre motivação e as variáveis relacionadas ao tema. Em seguida, em uma primeira etapa, foi aplicada a escala de satisfação no trabalho (EST) proposta por Siqueira (2008), onde são avaliadas cinco dimensões do trabalho: relacionamento com os colegas, relacionamento com a chefia, a natureza do trabalho, o salário e o sistema de promoções dentro da organização. Foram também aplicados questionários para caracterização da amostra e para verificação da intenção de remoção dos peritos para outra unidade. Comparou-se ainda a produção de laudos dos peritos lotados na Região Norte com a produção média do Brasil. A partir dos resultados encontrados, onde se tem a maioria dos Peritos satisfeitos, e com produção média próxima à média do Brasil, porém querendo ser removidos, fez-se necessária a realização de entrevistas em profundidade com amostra reduzida a fim de se entender este fenômeno, a princípio contraditório. As entrevistas foram realizadas, em uma segunda etapa da pesquisa, com peritos lotados em Belém-PA, cidade da região estudada e em Brasília-DF, cidade desejada como futura lotação pela maioria dos peritos que responderam ao questionário da primeira etapa. Os resultados das entrevistas apontam evidências de que a família dos Peritos, aqui entendida como pais, avós, irmãos, primos dentre outros, é a principal razão pela forte intenção de mudança de Unidade de Criminalística, apesar de estarem satisfeitos em seu trabalho. Assim como, é o principal fator apontado para a permanência dos peritos em Brasília, já que nenhum dos entrevistados tem a intenção de ser removido para outro local. Outras razões contribuem, em menor escala para esse desejo, tais como as condições de trabalho, o desenvolvimento da cidade, a segurança na cidade e a qualidade de vida na cidade. Por fim, sugestões colhidas nas entrevistas para melhoria da Criminalística na Polícia Federal são apresentadas, assim como propostas para novas pesquisas.

An improved and fast UHPLC-PDA methodology for determination of L-ascorbic and dehydroascorbic acids in fruits and vegetables: evaluation of degradation rate during storage

This study provides a versatile validated method to determine the total vitamin C content, as the sum of the contents of L-ascorbic acid (L-AA) and dehydroascorbic acid (DHAA), in several fruits and vegetables and its degradability with storage time. Seven horticultural crops from two different origins were analyzed using an ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatographic–photodiode array (UHPLC-PDA) system, equipped with a new trifunctional high strength silica (100% silica particle) analytical column (100 mm×2.1 mm, 1.7 μm particle size) using 0.1% (v/v) formic acid as mobile phase, in isocratic mode. This new stationary phase, specially designed for polar compounds, overcomes the problems normally encountered in HPLC and is suitable for the analysis of large batches of samples without L-AA degradation. In addition, it proves to be an excellent alternative to conventional C18 columns for the determination of L-AA in fruits and vegetables. The method was fully validated in terms of linearity, detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) limits, accuracy, and inter/intraday precision. Validation experiments revealed very good recovery rate of 96.6±4.4% for L-AA and 103.1±4.8 % for total vitamin C, good linearity with r2-values >0.999 within the established concentration range, excellent repeatability (0.5%), and reproducibility (1.6%) values. The LOD of the method was 22 ng/mL whereas the LOQ was 67 ng/mL. It was possible to demonstrate that L-AA and DHAA concentrations in the different horticulture products varied oppositely with time of storage not always affecting the total amount of vitamin C during shelf-life. Locally produced fruits have higher concentrations of vitamin C, compared with imported ones, but vegetables showed the opposite trend. Moreover, this UHPLC-PDA methodology proves to be an improved, simple, and fast approach for determining the total content of vitamin C in various food commodities, with high sensitivity, selectivity, and resolving power within 3 min of run analysis.

Efeito dos nutrientes (nitrogênio e fósforo) sobre o desenvolvimento da Gracilaria birdiae: crescimento e possível uso como biofiltro

Marine shrimp farming has grown exponentially during the last years in Brazil. In spite of the promising economical situation, this activity is facing an increasing criticism due to its environmental impact. Thus, the necessity of alternatives to mitigate environmental degradation caused by this activity. An alternative that is being studied is the policulture that is the integrated culture of two or more organisms, normally one of them a filtering organism. Among filtering organisms, macroalgae are very practicable because they are efficient in the removal of the exceeding nutrients of the water and do not leave residues in the water. Besides, the integrated culture with macroalgae allows the economical exploration of the seaweed (for the manufacture of jelly and jam, for the dairy industry, pharmaceuticals, etc.) along with possibility of a sustainable aquaculture. In the present experiment, the development of the seaweed Gracilaria birdiae, the influence and tolerance of this species to the environmental parameters, and its absorption efficiency in relation with the three kinds of macronutrients (NH4+, NO3- and PO4-3) found in the effluents of marine shrimp farming was studied. The experiment was divided in two parts: a laboratorial part and one part carried under natural conditions. The water used in the laboratory trial was collected in the shrimp ponds of Tecnarão farm and distributed in aquaria containing 20 g of G. birdiae. In the field trial, 0.5 kg of G. birdiae was inserted in PVC cages cultivated in the farm. The results of the study showed a modest growth of G. birdiae, probably due to its low tolerance to highly eutrophicated environments. However, the removal of nutrients was very expressive. Ammonia was reduced in approximately 34 %. Ortho-phosphate showed a reduction of 93.5 %. The capacity of biofiltration of the NO3- by the macro algae was of 100 %, showing that G. birdiae is a seaweed-filtered with a high level of removal for this nutrient under laboratorial conditions. In spite of the low growth of the macro algae in the experiment, the results in relation to the removal of nutrients of the water was encouraging, suggesting that this species can be an efficient biofilter and thus, a strong candidate to be used in a sustainable aquaculture

Efeito da adição de cargas minerais leves na resistência mecânica de grautes para cimentação de poços offshore

The preparation of cement slurries for offshore well cementing involves mixing all solid components to be added to the mixing water on the platform. The aim of this work was to study the formulation of pre-prepared dry mixtures, or grouts, for offshore oilwell cementing. The addition of mineral fillers in the strength of lightweight grouts applied for depths down to 400 m under water depths of 500 m was investigated. Lightweight materials and fine aggregates were selected. For the choice of starting materials, a study of the pozzolanic activity of low-cost fillers such as porcelain tile residue, microsilica and diatomaceous earth was carried out by X-ray diffraction and mechanical strength tests. Hardened grouts containing porcelain tile residue and microsilica depicted high strength at early ages. Based on such preliminary investigation, a study of the mechanical strength of grouts with density 1.74 g/cm3 (14.5 lb/gal) cured initially at 27 °C was performed using cement, microsilica, porcelain tile residue and an anti-foaming agent. The results showed that the mixture containing 7% of porcelain tile residue and 7% of microsilica was the one with the highest compressive strength after curing for 24 hours. This composition was chosen to be studied and adapted for offshore conditions based on testes performed at 4 °C. The grout containing cement, 7% of porcelain tile residue, 7% of active silica and admixtures (CaCl2), anti-foaming and dispersant resulted satisfactory rheology and mechanical strength after curing for 24 hours of curing

Influência da lubrirrefrigeração na qualidade superficial de metais retificados

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Estudo de concretos de diferentes resistências à compressão submetidos a altas temperaturas sem e com incorporação de fibras de politereftalato de etileno (PET)

The reinforced concrete structures are largely used in buildings worldwide. Upon the occurrence of fire in buildings, there is a consensus among researchers that the concrete has a high resistance to fire, due mainly to its low thermal conductivity. However, this does not mean that this material is not affected by exposure to high temperatures. Reduction of the compressive strength, modulus of elasticity, discoloration and cracking, are some of the effects caused by thermal exposure. In the case of concretes with higher resistance occurs even desplacamentos explosives, exposing the reinforcement to fire and contributing to reducing the support capacity of the structural element. Considering the above, this study aims to examine how the compressive strength and porosity of concrete are affected when subjected to high temperatures. Were evaluated concrete of different resistances, and even was the verified if addition fibers of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) in concrete can be used as an alternative to preventing spalling. The results indicated that explosive spalling affect not only high strength concrete whose values of this study ranged from 70 to 88 MPa, as well as conventional concrete of medium strength (52 MPa) and the temperature range to which the concrete begins to suffer significant changes in their resistance is between 400 º C and 600 º C, showing to 600 º C a porosity up to 188% greater than the room temperature

Influência da formação de pozolanas com adição de metacaulim em concreto de alta resistência

The need to build durable structures and resistant to harsh environments enabled the development of high strength concrete, these activities generate a high cement consumption, which implies factor in CO2 emissions. Often the desired strength is not achieved using only the cement composition. This study aims to evaluate the influence of pozzolans with the addition of metakaolin on the physical mechanics of high strength concrete comparing them with the standard formulation. Assays were performed to characterize the aggregates according to NBR 7211, evaluation of cement and coarse aggregate through the trials of petrography (NBR 15577-3/08) and alkali-aggregate reaction (NBR 15577-05/08). Specimens were fabricated according to NBR 5738-1/04 with additions of 0%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10% of metakaolin for cement mortars CP V in the formulations. For evaluation of the concrete hardened in fresh state and scattering assays were performed and compressive strength in accordance with the NBR 7223/1992 and NBR 5739-8/94 respectively. The results of the characterization of aggregates showed good characteristics regarding size analysis and petrography, as well as potentially innocuous as the alkali-aggregate reaction. As to the test of resistance to compression, all the formulations with the addition of metakaolin showed higher value at 28 days of disruption compared with the standard formulation. These results present an alternative to reduce CO2 emissions, and improvements in the quality and durability of concrete, because the fine particle size of metakaolin provides an optimal compression of the mass directly influencing the strength and rheology of the dough

Cellulose-Based Bio- and Nanocomposites: A Review

Cellulose macro- and nanofibers have gained increasing attention due to the high strength and stiffness, biodegradability and renewability, and their production and application in development of composites. Application of cellulose nanofibers for the development of composites is a relatively new research area. Cellulose macro- and nanofibers can be used as reinforcement in composite materials because of enhanced mechanical, thermal, and biodegradation properties of composites. Cellulose fibers are hydrophilic in nature, so it becomes necessary to increase their surface roughness for the development of composites with enhanced properties. In the present paper, we have reviewed the surface modification of cellulose fibers by various methods. Processing methods, properties, and various applications of nanocellulose and cellulosic composites are also discussed in this paper.

Remoção biológica de nitrato em água de abastecimento humano utilizando o endocarpo de coco como fonte de carbono

The groundwater quality has been compromised as a result of the intensification of human activities over the years. Groundwater contamination by nitrate is one of the effects of this degradation, a socio-environmental problem that affects many regions of the world and particular the city of Natal (RN). Developing techniques for nitrate removal in water is intended to eliminate or reduce the concentration of this compound, and those that involve biological processes have produced economic and environmental advantages. This study proposes a technology for biological removal of nitrate in water supply for humans, using the endocarp s coconut as a carbon source and bacteria support. The experiments were performed in pilot scale anoxic, testing different areas of the substrate surface. Results showed high rates nitrate removal during the monitoring period, noting the occurrence of denitrification after the beginning of system operation. The best performance was achieved in the treatment system containing substrate surface area increased, indicating that the decrease in the endocarp size contributed to increased bacterial activity, improving the ability to remove nitrate. About the quality analyzed aspects of water, it was found that the proposed technology has the potential water use for human consumption