Brazilian roasted coffee oil obtained by mechanical expelling: compositional analysis by GC-MS

A preliminary analysis by GC-MS comparing the mass spectrum of the compounds with the Wiley 275 L mass spectral data base was used to identify the fatty acids and mainly, some volatile compounds responsible for the flavor of the roasted coffee oil. The oil was obtained by mechanical expelling of Brazilian beans (Coffea arabica) roasted at 238ºC for 10 minutes. Different sample preparation methodologies such as headspace, adsorbent suction trapping and esterification were used. It was possible to identify pyrazines, pyridines, furan derivatives and other compounds not reported in the literature.

Continuous Counter-current Solvent Extraction of Magnesium and Calcium from Lithium-rich Brine

Solvent extraction of calcium and magnesium impurities from a lithium-rich brine (Ca ~ 2,000 ppm, Mg ~ 50 ppm, Li ~ 30,000 ppm) was investigated using a continuous counter-current solvent extraction mixer-settler set-up. The literature review includes a general review about resources, demands and production methods of Li followed by basics of solvent extraction. Experimental section includes batch experiments for investigation of pH isotherms of three extractants; D2EHPA, Versatic 10 and LIX 984 with concentrations of 0.52, 0.53 and 0.50 M in kerosene respectively. Based on pH isotherms LIX 984 showed no affinity for solvent extraction of Mg and Ca at pH ≤ 8 while D2EHPA and Versatic 10 were effective in extraction of Ca and Mg. Based on constructed pH isotherms, loading isotherms of D2EHPA (at pH 3.5 and 3.9) and Versatic 10 (at pH 7 and 8) were further investigated. Furthermore based on McCabe-Thiele method, two extraction stages and one stripping stage (using HCl acid with concentration of 2 M for Versatic 10 and 3 M for D2EHPA) was practiced in continuous runs. Merits of Versatic 10 in comparison to D2EHPA are higher selectivity for Ca and Mg, faster phase disengagement, no detrimental change in viscosity due to shear amount of metal extraction and lower acidity in stripping. On the other hand D2EHPA has less aqueous solubility and is capable of removing Mg and Ca simultaneously even at higher Ca loading (A/O in continuous runs > 1). In general, shorter residence time (~ 2 min), lower temperature (~23 °C), lower pH values (6.5-7.0 for Versatic 10 and 3.5-3.7 for D2EHPA) and a moderately low A/O value (< 1:1) would cause removal of 100% of Ca and nearly 100% of Mg while keeping Li loss less than 4%, much lower than the conventional precipitation in which 20% of Li is lost.

Evaluation of the in vitro glycemic index of a fiber-rich extruded breakfast cereal produced with organic passion fruit fiber and corn flour

The aim of this study was to determine the influence of process parameters and Passion Fruit Fiber (PFF) addition on the Glycemic Index (GI) of an extruded breakfast cereal. A 2³ Central Composite Rotational Design (CCRD) was used, with the following independent variables: raw material moisture content (18-28%), 2nd and 3rd barrel zone temperatures (120-160 ºC), and PFF (0-30%). Raw materials (organic corn flour and organic PFF) were characterized as to their proximate composition, particle size, and in vitro GI. The extrudates were characterized as to their in vitro GI. The Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) were used to analyze the results. Corn flour and PFF presented 8.55 and 7.63% protein, 2.61 and 0.60% fat, 0.52 and 6.17% ash, 78.77 and 78.86% carbohydrates (3 and 64% total dietary fiber), respectively. The corn flour particle size distribution was homogeneous, while PFF presented a heterogeneous particle size distribution. Corn flour and PFF presented values of GI of 48 and 45, respectively. When using RSM, no effect of the variables was observed in the GI of the extrudates (average value of 48.41), but PCA showed that the GI tended to be lower when processing at lower temperatures (<128 ºC) and at higher temperatures (>158 ºC). When compared to white bread, the extrudates showed a reduction of the GI of up to 50%, and could be considered an interesting alternative in weight and glycemia control diets.

A method to determine volatile contaminants in polyethylene terephthalate (PET) packages by HDC-GC-FID and its application to post-consumer materials

A simple and low cost method to determine volatile contaminants in post-consumer recycled PET flakes was developed and validated by Headspace Dynamic Concentration and Gas Chromatography-Flame Ionization Detection (HDC-GC-FID). The analytical parameters evaluated by using surrogates include: correlation coefficient, detection limit, quantification limit, accuracy, intra-assay precision, and inter-assay precision. In order to compare the efficiency of the proposed method to recognized automated techniques, post-consumer PET packaging samples collected in Brazil were used. GC-MS was used to confirm the identity of the substances identified in the PET packaging. Some of the identified contaminants were estimated in the post-consumer material at concentrations higher than 220 ng.g-1. The findings in this work corroborate data available in the scientific literature pointing out the suitability of the proposed analytical method.

(E)-2-Nonenal determination in brazilian beers using headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatographic coupled mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS)

(E)-2-nonenal is considered an important off-flavor of beer, related to the flavor of beer staling. In this study, a new method for determination of (E)-2-nonenal in beer using headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatographic coupled mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) was developed and applied in Brazilian beer samples. The extractions were carried out in CAR-PDMS (carboxen-polydimethylsiloxane) fiber and the best results were found with 15 minutes of equilibrium and 90 minutes of extraction at 50 °C. The method was linear in the range from 0.02 to 4.0 μg.L-1 with correlation coefficient of 0.9994. The limits of detection and quantification were 0.01 and 0.02 μg.L-1, respectively. 96.5% of recovery and 4% precision (RSD) were obtained in the fortification of beer samples with 2.0 μg.L-1 of (E)-2-nonenal. The developed method proved to be simple, efficient and highly sensitive to the determination of this analyte being easily applied in the quality control of the brewery. (E)-2-nonenal was found in all beer samples analyzed with levels between 0.17 and 0.42 μg.L-1.

Antioxidant capacity and chemical composition in seeds rich in omega-3: chia, flax, and perilla

The chemical composition and antioxidant capacity of five seeds, chia, golden flax, brown flax, white perilla, and brown perilla, were determined. The chemical properties analyzed included moisture, ash, crude protein, carbohydrates, total lipids, fatty acids, and antioxidant capacity (ABTS•+, DPPH•, and FRAP). The results showed the highest amounts of protein and total lipids in brown and white perilla. Perilla and chia showed higher amounts of alpha-linolenic fatty acid than those of flaxseed varieties, ranging between 531.44 mg g-1 of lipids in brown perilla, 539.07 mg g-1 of lipids in white perilla, and 544.85 mg g-1 of lipis in chia seed. The antioxidant capacity of the seeds, evaluated with ABTS•+, DPPH• , and FRAP methods, showed that brown perilla had greater antioxidant capacity when compared with white perilla, flax, and chia seeds.

Development and evaluation of iron-rich meatloaves containing pork liver for schoolchildren

AbstractIron deficiency is a highly prevalent nutritional problem worldwide and it impacts on the cognitive development of children. Therefore, the aim of this research was to develop meatloaf with high iron content by using in their formulations pork liver. Meatloaves were prepared with additions of 9.98% and 13.31% (formulations A and B) of pork liver in order to meet 15% and 20% of the daily requirement of iron (10 mg/day) for children. Samples were evaluated regarding their physicochemical, microbiological and sensory characteristics. The results were subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey test. Results of physicochemical analyses showed an increase in protein and mineral contents and a decrease in fat content. The iron and zinc contents were respectively 100.0% and 70.83% (formulation A) and 152.73% and 97.92% (formulation B) higher than that of the standard formulation. Regarding fat content, the reduction of 31.5% in formulation B makes it a light product. As for the microbiological aspect, all meatloaves were adequate for consumption. Regarding sensory analysis, all the attributes considered were not statistically different, but for purchase intention test formulation B was better accepted. Therefore, formulations A and B are good sources of iron and zinc.

Optimization of the HS-SPME-GC/MS technique for determining volatile compounds in red wines made from Isabel grapes (Vitis labrusca)

Abstract Brazilian wine production is characterized by Vitis labrusca grape varieties, especially the economically important Isabel cultivar, with over 80% of its production destined for table wine production. The objective of this study was to optimize and validate the conditions for extracting volatile compounds from wine with the solid-phase microextraction technique, using the response surface method. Based on the response surface analysis, it can be concluded that the central point values maximize the process of extracting volatile compounds from wine, i.e., an equilibrium time of 15 minutes, an extraction time of 35 minutes, and an extraction temperature of 30 °C. Esters were the most numerous compounds found under these extraction conditions, indicating that wines made from Isabel cultivar grapes are characterized by compounds that confer a fruity aroma; this finding corroborates the scientific literature.

Optimization of the HS-SPME-GC/MS technique for the analysis of volatile compounds in caprine Coalho cheese using response surface methodology

Abstract Caprine Coalho cheese presents great potential for a typical protected designation of origin, considering that this traditional Brazilian cheese presents a slightly salty and acid flavor, combined with a unique texture. This study optimized the HS-SPME-GC-MS methodology for volatile analysis of Coalho cheese, which can be used as a tool to help in the identification of the distinctive aroma profile of this cheese. The conditions of equilibrium time, extraction temperature and time were optimized using the statistical tool factorial experimental design 23, and applying the desirability function. After the evaluation, it was concluded that the optimum extraction conditions comprised equilibrium and extraction time of 20 and 40 minutes, respectively; and ideal extraction temperature of 45 °C. The optimum extraction of volatile compounds in goat Coalho cheese captured 32 volatile compounds: 5 alcohols, 5 esters, 3 ketones, 6 acids, 3 aldehydes, 3 terpenes, and 7 hydrocarbons.

Vigor e viabilidade de sementes de Senna multijuga (Rich.) Irwin et Barn. e Senna macranthera (Collad.) Irwin et Barn.; num banco de sementes em solo de viveiro

A viabilidade de sementes de espécies florestais tropicais, em banco de sementes do solo, ainda é pouco estudada. No entanto, pode fornecer informações sobre o potencial de restabelecimento da floresta após distúrbios naturais ou em áreas que sofreram intervenções antrópicas. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar o vigor e a viabilidade potencial de sementes de S. multijuga e S. macranthera, em semeadura direta, em condições de viveiro e testar a eficiência do teste de tetrazólio para avaliar a viabilidade delas em laboratório. Foram realizados testes de germinação, tetrazólio e emergência de plântulas para avaliar a viabilidade inicial das sementes de ambas as espécies. O teste de tetrazólio (0,075% e 30ºC), foi utilizado, ainda, para avaliar a viabilidade potencial das sementes presentes no solo, aos 6, 12 e 18 meses. Sementes de S. multijuga apresentaram viabilidade potencial de 93,1; 65,3; 52,5 e 17,7% aos 0, 6, 12 e 18 meses, respectivamente, enquanto as sementes de S. macranthera apresentaram viabilidade potencial de 79,3; 73,9; 32,5 e 14,7% aos 0, 6, 12 e 18 meses, respectivamente. As espécies estudadas apresentaram comportamento típico daquelas que formam bancos de sementes persistentes.

Testes para monitorar a qualidade fisiológica de sementes de Brachiaria brizantha (A. Rich.) Stapf. durante o armazenamento

O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a eficiência dos testes de envelhecimento acelerado e de deterioração controlada para monitorar a qualidade fisiológica de sementes de B. brizantha durante o armazenamento. Três lotes de sementes não escarificadas e escarificadas com H2SO4 concentrado foram acondicionados em embalagem permeável e armazenadas em condições de ambiente no Laboratório de Sementes do DFT/UFV no período de dezembro de 1999 a agosto de 2000. Foram, então, submetidos aos testes de germinação, envelhecimento acelerado a 43ºC/48h e 60h a 100% e 76 % UR, deterioração controlada a 45ºC/24h em sementes com 20 e 24% de umidade e índice de velocidade de emergência de plântulas. As avaliações foram feitas aos 0, 60, 120, 180 e 240 dias de armazenamento. O envelhecimento acelerado conduzido a 43ºC e 100% UR por 48h foi o procedimento mais eficiente para monitorar o comportamento das sementes de B. brizantha durante o armazenamento, fornecendo informações correlacionadas ao índice de velocidade de emergência das plântulas.

Duração do teste de germinação de Brachiaria brizantha cv. marandu (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Stapf

O presente trabalho objetivou determinar o tempo mínimo necessário à realização do teste de germinação para sementes de B. brizantha cv. Marandu, o método de superação de dormência e a condição de temperatura que proporcionem a maior germinação no menor tempo. Numa primeira etapa, realizou-se o teste de germinação em trinta lotes de sementes, sob duas condições de temperaturas (15-35ºC e 20-35ºC), avaliadas em conjunto com três métodos para a superação de dormência (H2SO4, KNO3 e Controle), constituindo seis tratamentos. Realizaram-se contagens diárias da germinação para a determinação da data mais apropriada para o término do teste. Na segunda etapa, realizaram-se testes de germinação em oito lotes de diferentes níveis de vigor, utilizando-se os mesmos seis tratamentos e com encerramento do teste nas datas definidas na primeira etapa. Conclui-se que, para o teste de germinação de B. brizantha, a escarificação com H2SO4 e a temperatura de 20-35ºC são tratamentos que resultam na maior germinação em um menor tempo, possibilitando o encerramento do teste aos 11 dias após a semeadura.

Avaliação da viabilidade de sementes de Brachiaria brizantha (Hochst. ex A. Rich) Stapf pelo teste de tetrazólio

As sementes de Brachiaria brizantha apresentam dormência, principalmente quando recém colhidas, o que torna o teste de germinação ineficiente para avaliar a viabilidade, sendo necessária a realização do teste de tetrazólio. Visando comparar as metodologias mais utilizadas na condução do teste de tetrazólio nestas sementes, determinou-se a viabilidade de quatro lotes da cultivar Marandu, com diferentes qualidades fisiológicas e intensidades de dormência, em cinco épocas trimestrais. O teste de tetrazólio foi conduzido com as seguintes concentrações de 2,3,5 trifenil cloreto tetrazólio: 1,0% (conforme metodologia prescrita pela International Seed Testing Association - ISTA); 0,2% e 0,1% (sem descarte de uma metade da semente). Como teste referencial foi realizada a germinação sem e com tratamento para superar a dormência, utilizando a escarificação em ácido sulfúrico. Os resultados dos testes de tetrazólio obtidos com as menores concentrações não diferiram da metodologia recomendada pela ISTA, mas facilitaram a interpretação, devido a melhor visualização da estrutura embrionária. O tratamento para superação da dormência não foi eficiente para todas as sementes e prejudicou a germinação das não dormentes. Os testes de tetrazólio e de germinação podem ser considerados como complementares e, em conjunto, permitem avaliar a qualidade fisiológica das sementes de Brachiaria brizantha.

Morfoanatomia e histoquímica da semente de sororoca (Phenakospermum guyannense (Rich.) Endl. - Strelitziaceae)

Phenakospermum guyannense é popularmente conhecida na Amazônia como sororoca, geralmente encontrada próxima a cursos d´água, em ambientes ombrófilos. Objetivou-se com este estudo descrever a morfoanatomia e histoquímica da semente madura de P. guyannense, como contribuição a estudos taxonômicos, fisiológicos e ecológicos. Sementes maduras foram coletadas nas margens da Cachoeira do Urubuí, no Município de Presidente Figueiredo, Amazonas. O estudo anatômico foi realizado conforme técnicas usuais para análise em microscopia óptica e eletrônica de varredura. Foram aplicados testes histoquímicos para a detecção de compostos fenólicos, amido, proteína e lipídios. A semente madura de P. guyannense é estenospérmica, com envoltório de cor negra, formado por vários estratos de diferentes tipos celulares, sendo a maioria impregnada de compostos fenólicos. O hilo é punctiforme, circundado por células que constituem o arilo. O endosperma é sólido, constituído por células tetraédricas de conteúdo amiláceo e proteico. O embrião é basal capitado, apresentando células de conteúdo lipídico e proteico, composto por eixo hipocótilo-radícula levemente dilatado de forma cilíndrica e localiza-se na região proximal. O haustório apresenta formato aplanado e situa-se na região distal.