Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act [microform] : hearing before the Subcommittee on Department Operations, Research, and Foreign Agriculture of the Committee on Agriculture, House of Representatives, Ninety-seventh Congress, second session, on H.R. 5203.

"Serial no. 97-R."

Les maladies des plantes. Leur traitement raisonné et efficace en agriculture et en horticulture,

Mode of access: Internet.

Handbook on pesticides and their uses in Florida agriculture.

Mode of access: Internet.

Handbook of toxicology.

Includes bibliographical references.

Crop protection digest bulletin series.

Reprinted, in part, from various journals.

Metallo-chemotherapy of plant diseases /

Mode of access: Internet.

List of publications on Fermate fungicide, from September 11, 1934 to July 1, 1944,

Mimeographed.

Du Pont products for crop use; a summary of recommended uses, dosages, timing, tolerances and limitations.

Mode of access: Internet.

Insects and fungi injurious to plants, with remedial treatment (pt. II.)

For pt. I see his Standard fungicides and insecticides in agriculture.

Insect and disease control on vegetables and truck crops,

Mode of access: Internet.

Pesticide background statements.

"August 1984"--Vol. 1; "October 1986"--Vol. 1:Supp.; "October 1986"--Vol. 2.

Elicitors of induced disease resistance in postharvest horticultural crops: a brief review

Increasing loss of conventional fungicides due to pathogen resistance and general unacceptability in terms of public and environmental risk have favoured the introduction of integrated pest management (IPM) programmes. Induction of natural disease resistance (NDR) in harvested horticultural crops using physical, biological and/or chemical elicitors has received increasing attention over recent years, it being considered a preferred strategy for disease management. This article reviews the enhancement of constitutive and inducible antifungal compounds and suppression of postharvest diseases through using elicitors. The effect of timing of pre- and/or postharvest elicitor treatment and environment on the degree of elicitation and the potential for inducing local acquired resistance, systemic acquired resistance and/or induced systemic resistance to reduce postharvest disease is discussed. The review highlights that more applied and basic research is required to understand the role that induced NDR can play in achieving practical suppression of postharvest diseases as part of an IPM approach. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Postharvest characteristics and handling of litchi fruit - an overview

Litchi ( Litchi chinensis Sonn.) is a tropical to subtropical crop that originated in South-East Asia. Litchi fruit are prized on the world market for their flavour, semi-translucent white aril and attractive red skin. Litchi is now grown commercially in many countries and production in Australia, China, Israel, South Africa and Thailand has expanded markedly in recent years. Increased production has made significant contributions to economic development in these countries, especially those in South-East Asia. Non-climacteric litchi fruit are harvested at their visual and organoleptic optimum. They are highly perishable and, consequently, have a short life that limits marketability and potential expansion of demand. Pericarp browning and pathological decay are common and important defects of harvested litchi fruit. Postharvest technologies have been developed to reduce these defects. These technologies involve cooling and heating the fruit, use of various packages and packaging materials and the application of fungicides and other chemicals. Through the use of fungicides and refrigeration, litchi fruit have a storage life of about 30 days. However, when they are removed from storage, their shelf life at ambient temperature is very short due to pericarp browning and fruit rotting. Low temperature acclimation or use of chitsoan as a coating can extend the shelf life. Sulfur dioxide fumigation effectively reduces pericarp browning, but approval from Europe, Australia and Japan for this chemical is likely to be withdrawn due to concerns over sulfur residues in fumigated fruit. Thus, sulfur-free postharvest treatments that maintain fruit skin colour are increasingly important. Alternatives to SO2 fumigation for control of pericarp browning and fruit rotting are pre-storage pathogen management, anoxia treatment, and dipping in 2% hydrogen chloride solution for 6-8 min following storage at 0 degrees C. Insect disinfestation has become increasingly important for the expansion of export markets because of quarantine issues associated with some fruit fly species. Thus, effective disinfestation protocols need to be developed. Heat treatment has shown promise as a quarantine technology, but it injures pericarp tissue and results in skin browning. However, heat treatment can be combined with an acid dip treatment that inhibits browning. Therefore, the primary aim of postharvest litchi research remains the achievement of highly coloured fruit which is free of pests and disease. Future research should focus on disease control before harvest, combined acid and heat treatments after harvest and careful temperature management during storage and transport.

Methods to evaluate pesticide damage to the biomass of the soil microflora

Respiratory methods to estimate the amount of C in the soil microbial biomass and the relative contributions of prokaryotes and eukaryotes in the biomass were used to evaluate the influence of pesticides on the soil microflora. Experiments were conducted with 5 and 50 micrograms per gram of three fungicides, captan, thiram and verdesan. At 5 micrograms per gram they caused significant decreases (40%) in the biomass; the organomercury fungicide verdesan also caused a shift from fungal to bacterial dominance. Within 8 days, biomass in captan- and thiram-amended soils had recovered to that of controls. Although the fungal to bacterial balance was restored in verdesan-amended soils, biomass recovery was not complete. At 50 micrograms per gram the fungicides caused long-term decreases in the biomass and altered the relative proportions of the bacterial and fungal populations. Verdesan had the greatest effect on soil microbial biomass and competition.

A preliminary investigation into the impact of a pesticide combination on human neuronal and glial cell lines in vitro

Many pesticides are used increasingly in combinations during crop protection and their stability ensures the presence of such combinations in foodstuffs. The effects of three fungicides, pyrimethanil, cyprodinil and fludioxonil, were investigated together and separately on U251 and SH-SY5Y cells, which can be representative of human CNS glial and neuronal cells respectively. Over 48h, all three agents showed significant reductions in cellular ATP, at concentrations that were more than tenfold lower than those which significantly impaired cellular viability. The effects on energy metabolism were reflected in their marked toxic effects on mitochondrial membrane potential. In addition, evidence of oxidative stress was seen in terms of a fall in cellular thiols coupled with increases in the expression of enzymes associated with reactive species formation, such as GSH peroxidase and superoxide dismutase. The glial cell line showed significant responsiveness to the toxin challenge in terms of changes in antioxidant gene expression, although the neuronal SH-SY5Y line exhibited greater vulnerability to toxicity, which was reflected in significant increases in caspase-3 expression, which is indicative of the initiation of apoptosis. Cyprodinil was the most toxic agent individually, although oxidative stress-related enzyme gene expression increases appeared to demonstrate some degree of synergy in the presence of the combination of agents. This report suggests that the impact of some pesticides, both individually and in combinations, merits further study in terms of their impact on human cellular health.