ANKLE IMPEDANCE AND ANKLE ANGLES DURING STEP TURN AND STRAIGHT WALK: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE DESIGN OF A STEERABLE ANKLE-FOOT PROSTHETIC ROBOT

During locomotion, turning is a common and recurring event which is largely neglected in the current state-of-the-art ankle-foot prostheses, forcing amputees to use different steering mechanisms for turning, compared to non-amputees. A better understanding of the complexities surrounding lower limb prostheses will lead to increased health and well-being of amputees. The aim of this research is to develop a steerable ankle-foot prosthesis that mimics the human ankle mechanical properties. Experiments were developed to estimate the mechanical impedance of the ankle and the ankles angles during straight walk and step turn. Next, this information was used in the design of a prototype, powered steerable ankle-foot prosthesis with two controllable degrees of freedom. One of the possible approaches in design of the prosthetic robots is to use the human joints’ parameters, especially their impedance. A series of experiments were conducted to estimate the stochastic mechanical impedance of the human ankle when muscles were fully relaxed and co-contracting antagonistically. A rehabilitation robot for the ankle, Anklebot, was employed to provide torque perturbations to the ankle. The experiments were performed in two different configurations, one with relaxed muscles, and one with 10% of maximum voluntary contraction (MVC). Surface electromyography (sEMG) was used to monitor muscle activation levels and these sEMG signals were displayed to subjects who attempted to maintain them constant. Time histories of ankle torques and angles in the lateral/medial (LM) directions, inversion-eversion (IE), and dorsiflexionplantarflexion (DP) were recorded. Linear time-invariant transfer functions between the measured torques and angles were estimated providing an estimate of ankle mechanical impedance. High coherence was observed over a frequency range up to 30 Hz. The main effect of muscle activation was to increase the magnitude of ankle mechanical impedance in all degrees of freedom of the ankle. Another experiment compared the three-dimensional angles of the ankle during step turn and straight walking. These angles were measured to be used for developing the control strategy of the ankle-foot prosthesis. An infrared camera system was used to track the trajectories and angles of the foot and leg. The combined phases of heel strike and loading response, mid stance, and terminal stance and pre-swing were determined and used to measure the average angles at each combined phase. The Range of motion (ROM) in IE increased during turning while ML rotation decreased and DP changed the least. During the turning step, ankle displacement in DP started with similar angles to straight walk and progressively showed less plantarflexion. In IE, the ankle showed increased inversion leaning the body toward the inside of the turn. ML rotation initiated with an increased medial rotation during the step turn relative to the straight walk transitioning to increased lateral rotation at the toe off. A prototype ankle-foot prosthesis capable of controlling both DP and IE using a cable driven mechanism was developed and assessed as part of a feasibility study. The design is capable of reproducing the angles required for straight walk and step turn; generates 712N of lifting force in plantarflexion, and shows passive stiffness comparable to a nonload bearing ankle impedance. To evaluate the performance of the ankle-foot prosthesis, a circular treadmill was developed to mimic human gait during steering. Preliminary results show that the device can appropriately simulate human gait with loading and unloading the ankle joint during the gait in circular paths.

BOLD correlates of EEG alpha phase-locking and the fMRI default mode network

Phase locking or synchronization of brain areas is a key concept of information processing in the brain. Synchronous oscillations have been observed and investigated extensively in EEG during the past decades. EEG oscillations occur over a wide frequency range. In EEG, a prominent type of oscillations is alpha-band activity, present typically when a subject is awake, but at rest with closed eyes. The spectral power of alpha rhythms has recently been investigated in simultaneous EEG/fMRI recordings, establishing a wide-range cortico-thalamic network. However, spectral power and synchronization are different measures and little is known about the correlations between BOLD effects and EEG synchronization. Interestingly, the fMRI BOLD signal also displays synchronous oscillations across different brain regions. These oscillations delineate so-called resting state networks (RSNs) that resemble the correlation patterns of simultaneous EEG/fMRI recordings. However, the nature of these BOLD oscillations and their relations to EEG activity is still poorly understood. One hypothesis is that the subunits constituting a specific RSN may be coordinated by different EEG rhythms. In this study we report on evidence for this hypothesis. The BOLD correlates of global EEG synchronization (GFS) in the alpha frequency band are located in brain areas involved in specific RSNs, e.g. the 'default mode network'. Furthermore, our results confirm the hypothesis that specific RSNs are organized by long-range synchronization at least in the alpha frequency band. Finally, we could localize specific areas where the GFS BOLD correlates and the associated RSN overlap. Thus, we claim that not only the spectral dynamics of EEG are important, but also their spatio-temporal organization.

A test of genetic association among male nuptial coloration, female mating preference, and male aggression bias within a polymorphic population of cichlid fish

Both inter- and intrasexual selection have been implicated in the origin and maintenance of species-rich taxa with diverse sexual traits. Simultaneous disruptive selection by female mate choice and male-male competition can, in theory, lead to speciation without geographical isolation if both act on the same male trait. Female mate choice can generate discontinuities in gene flow, while male-male competition can generate negative frequency-dependent selection stabilizing the male trait polymorphism. Speciation may be facilitated when mating preference and/or aggression bias are physically linked to the trait they operate on. We tested for genetic associations among female mating preference, male aggression bias and male coloration in the Lake Victoria cichlid Pundamilia. We crossed females from a phenotypically variable population with males from both extreme ends of the phenotype distribution in the same population (blue or red). Male offspring of a red sire were significantly redder than males of a blue sire, indicating that intra-population variation in male coloration is heritable. We tested mating preferences of female offspring and aggression biases of male offspring using binary choice tests. There was no evidence for associations at the family level between female mating preferences and coloration of sires, but dam identity had a significant effect on female mate preference. Sons of the red sire directed significantly more aggression to red than blue males, whereas sons of the blue sire did not show any bias. There was a positive correlation among individuals between male aggression bias and body coloration, possibly due to pleiotropy or physical linkage, which could facilitate the maintenance of color polymorphism.

Sleep respiratory disturbances and arousals at moderate altitude have overlapping electroencephalogram spectral signatures

An ascent to altitude has been shown to result in more central apneas and a shift towards lighter sleep in healthy individuals. This study employs spectral analysis to investigate the impact of respiratory disturbances (central/obstructive apnea and hypopnea or periodic breathing) at moderate altitude on the sleep electroencephalogram (EEG) and to compare EEG changes resulting from respiratory disturbances and arousals. Data were collected from 51 healthy male subjects who spent 1 night at moderate altitude (2590 m). Power density spectra of Stage 2 sleep were calculated in a subset (20) of these participants with sufficient artefact-free data for (a) epochs with respiratory events without an accompanying arousal, (b) epochs containing an arousal and (c) epochs of undisturbed Stage 2 sleep containing neither arousal nor respiratory events. Both arousals and respiratory disturbances resulted in reduced power in the delta, theta and spindle frequency range and increased beta power compared to undisturbed sleep. The similarity of the EEG changes resulting from altitude-induced respiratory disturbances and arousals indicates that central apneas are associated with micro-arousals, not apparent by visual inspection of the EEG. Our findings may have implications for sleep in patients and mountain tourists with central apneas and suggest that respiratory disturbances not accompanied by an arousal may, none the less, impact sleep quality and impair recuperative processes associated with sleep more than previously believed.

Microwave radiometer to retrieve temperature profiles from the surface to the stratopause

TEMPERA (TEMPERature RAdiometer) is a new ground-based radiometer which measures in a frequency range from 51–57 GHz radiation emitted by the atmosphere. With this instrument it is possible to measure temperature profiles from ground to about 50 km. This is the first ground-based instrument with the capability to retrieve temperature profiles simultaneously for the troposphere and stratosphere. The measurement is done with a filterbank in combination with a digital fast Fourier transform spectrometer. A hot load and a noise diode are used as stable calibration sources. The optics consist of an off-axis parabolic mirror to collect the sky radiation. Due to the Zeeman effect on the emission lines used, the maximum height for the temperature retrieval is about 50 km. The effect is apparent in the measured spectra. The performance of TEMPERA is validated by comparison with nearby radiosonde and satellite data from the Microwave Limb Sounder on the Aura satellite. In this paper we present the design and measurement method of the instrument followed by a description of the retrieval method, together with a validation of TEMPERA data over its first year, 2012.

Positive effect of the yellow morph on female reproductive success in the flower colour polymorphic Iris lutescens (Iridaceae), a deceptive species

The deceptive Iris lutescens (Iridaceae) shows a heritable and striking flower colour polymorphism, with both yellow- and purple-flowered individuals growing sympatrically. Deceptive species with flower colour polymorphism are mainly described in the family Orchidaceae and rarely found in other families. To explain the maintenance of flower colour polymorphism in I.lutescens, we investigated female reproductive success in natural populations of southern France, at both population and local scales (within populations). Female reproductive success was positively correlated with yellow morph frequency, at both the population scale and the local scale. Therefore, we failed to observe negative frequency-dependent selection (NFDS), a mechanism commonly invoked to explain flower colour polymorphism in deceptive plant species. Flower size and local flower density could also affect female reproductive success in natural populations. Pollinator behaviour could explain the positive effect of the yellow morph, and our results suggest that flower colour polymorphism might not persist in I.lutescens, but alternative explanations not linked to pollinator behaviour are discussed. In particular, NFDS, although an appealingly simple explanation previously demonstrated in orchids, may not always contribute to maintaining flower colour polymorphism, even in deceptive species.

Topographic sleep EEG changes in the acute and chronic stage of hemispheric stroke.

After stroke, the injured brain undergoes extensive reorganization and reconnection. Sleep may play a role in synaptic plasticity underlying stroke recovery. To test this hypothesis, we investigated topographic sleep electroencephalographic characteristics, as a measure of brain reorganization, in the acute and chronic stages after hemispheric stroke. We studied eight patients with unilateral stroke in the supply territory of the middle cerebral artery and eight matched controls. All subjects underwent a detailed clinical examination including assessment of stroke severity, sleep habits and disturbances, anxiety and depression, and high-density electroencephalogram examination with 128 electrodes during sleep. The recordings were performed within 10 days after stroke in all patients, and in six patients also 3 months later. During sleep, we found higher slow-wave and theta activity over the affected hemisphere in the infarct area in the acute and chronic stage of stroke. Slow-wave, theta activity and spindle frequency range power over the affected hemisphere were lower in comparison to the non-affected side in a peri-infarct area in the patients' group, which persisted over time. Conversely, in wakefulness, only an increase of delta, theta activity and a slowing of alpha activity over the infarct area were found. Sleep slow-wave activity correlated with stroke severity and outcome. Stroke might have differential effects on the generation of delta activity in wakefulness and sleep slow waves (1-8 Hz). Sleep electroencephalogram changes over both the affected and non-affected hemispheres reflect the acute dysfunction caused by stroke and the plastic changes underlying its recovery. Moreover, these changes correlate with stroke severity and outcome.

MEMLS3&a: Microwave Emission Model of Layered Snowpacks adapted to include backscattering

The Microwave Emission Model of Layered Snowpacks (MEMLS) was originally developed for microwave emissions of snowpacks in the frequency range 5–100 GHz. It is based on six-flux theory to describe radiative transfer in snow including absorption, multiple volume scattering, radiation trapping due to internal reflection and a combination of coherent and incoherent superposition of reflections between horizontal layer interfaces. Here we introduce MEMLS3&a, an extension of MEMLS, which includes a backscatter model for active microwave remote sensing of snow. The reflectivity is decomposed into diffuse and specular components. Slight undulations of the snow surface are taken into account. The treatment of like- and cross-polarization is accomplished by an empirical splitting parameter q. MEMLS3&a (as well as MEMLS) is set up in a way that snow input parameters can be derived by objective measurement methods which avoid fitting procedures of the scattering efficiency of snow, required by several other models. For the validation of the model we have used a combination of active and passive measurements from the NoSREx (Nordic Snow Radar Experiment) campaign in Sodankylä, Finland. We find a reasonable agreement between the measurements and simulations, subject to uncertainties in hitherto unmeasured input parameters of the backscatter model. The model is written in Matlab and the code is publicly available for download through the following website: http://www.iapmw.unibe.ch/research/projects/snowtools/memls.html.

Costs and quality of medication reconciliation practice in primary care clinics

Medication reconciliation, with the aim to resolve medication discrepancy, is one of the Joint Commission patient safety goals. Medication errors and adverse drug events that could result from medication discrepancy affect a large population. At least 1.5 million adverse drug events and $3.5 billion of financial burden yearly associated with medication errors could be prevented by interventions such as medication reconciliation. This research was conducted to answer the following research questions: (1a) What are the frequency range and type of measures used to report outpatient medication discrepancy? (1b) Which effective and efficient strategies for medication reconciliation in the outpatient setting have been reported? (2) What are the costs associated with medication reconciliation practice in primary care clinics? (3) What is the quality of medication reconciliation practice in primary care clinics? (4) Is medication reconciliation practice in primary care clinics cost-effective from the clinic perspective? Study designs used to answer these questions included a systematic review, cost analysis, quality assessments, and cost-effectiveness analysis. Data sources were published articles in the medical literature and data from a prospective workflow study, which included 150 patients and 1,238 medications. The systematic review confirmed that the prevalence of medication discrepancy was high in ambulatory care and higher in primary care settings. Effective strategies for medication reconciliation included the use of pharmacists, letters, a standardized practice approach, and partnership between providers and patients. Our cost analysis showed that costs associated with medication reconciliation practice were not substantially different between primary care clinics using or not using electronic medical records (EMR) ($0.95 per patient per medication in EMR clinics vs. $0.96 per patient per medication in non-EMR clinics, p=0.78). Even though medication reconciliation was frequently practiced (97-98%), the quality of such practice was poor (0-33% of process completeness measured by concordance of medication numbers and 29-33% of accuracy measured by concordance of medication names) and negatively (though not significantly) associated with medication regimen complexity. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratios for concordance of medication number per patient per medication and concordance of medication names per patient per medication were both 0.08, favoring EMR. Future studies including potential cost-savings from medication features of the EMR and potential benefits to minimize severity of harm to patients from medication discrepancy are warranted. ^

Characterization of Amorphous Tantalum Oxide for Insulating Acoustic Mirrors

This work describes the assessment of the acoustic properties of sputtered tantalum oxide films intended as high impedance films for the acoustic isolation of bulk acoustic wave devices operating in the GHz frequency range. The films are grown by sputtering a metallic tantalum target under different oxygen and argon gas mixtures, total pressures, pulsed DC powers and substrate bias. The structural properties of the films are assessed through infrared absorption spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction measurements. Their acoustic impedance is obtained after estimating the mass density by X-ray reflectometry measurements and the longitudinal acoustic velocity by analyzing the longitudinal λ/2 resonance induced in a tantalum oxide film inserted between an acoustic reflector and an AlN-based resonator. A second measurement of the sound velocity is achieved through picosecond acoustic spectroscopy.

Comparison of vibration and rolling noise emission of resilient and solid monobloc railway wheels in underground lines

Flat or worn wheels rolling on rough or corrugated tracks can provoke airborne noise and ground-borne vibration, which can be a serious concern for nearby neighbours of urban rail transit lines. Among the various treatments used to reduce vibration and noise, resilient wheels play an important role. In conventional resilient wheels, a slightly prestressed V­shaped rubber ring is mounted between the steel wheel centre and tyre. The elastic layer enhances rolling noise and vibration suppression, as well as impact reduction on the track. In this paper the effectiveness of resilient wheels in underground lines, in comparison to monobloc ones, is assessed. The analysed resilient wheel is able to carry greater loads than standard resilient wheels used for light vehicles. It also presents a greater radial resiliency and a higher axial stiffness than conventional V­wheels. The finite element method was used in this study. A quarter car model was defined, in which the wheelset was modelled as an elastic body. Several simulations were performed in order to assess the vibrational behaviour of elastic wheels, including modal, harmonic and random vibration analysis, the latter allowing the introduction of realistic vertical track irregularities, as well as the influence of the running speed. Due to numerical problems some simplifications were needed. Parametric variations were also performed, in which the sensitivity of the whole system to variations of rubber prestress and Poisson’s ratio of the elastic material was assessed.Results are presented in the frequency domain, showing a better performance of the resilient wheels for frequencies over 200 Hz. This result reveals the ability of the analyzed design to mitigate rolling noise, but not structural vibrations, which are primarily found in the lower frequency range.

EMI filter design of a three-phase buck-type rectifier for aircraft applications

An EMI filter for a three-phase buck-type medium power pulse-width modulation rectifier is designed. This filter considers differential mode noise and complies with MIL-STD- 461E for the frequency range of 10kHz to 10MHz. In industrial applications, the frequency range of the standard starts at 150kHz and the designer typically uses a switching frequency of 28kHz because the fifth harmonic is out of the range. This approach is not valid for aircraft applications. In order to design the switching frequency in aircraft applications, the power losses in the semiconductors and the weight of the reactive components should be considered. The proposed design is based on a harmonic analysis of the rectifier input current and an analytical study of the input filter. The classical industrial design does not consider the inductive effect in the filter design because the grid frequency is 50/60Hz. However, in the aircraft applications, the grid frequency is 400Hz and the inductance cannot be neglected. The proposed design considers the inductance and the capacitance effect of the filter in order to obtain unitary power factor at full power. In the optimization process, several filters are designed for different switching frequencies of the converter. In addition, designs from single to five stages are considered. The power losses of the converter plus the EMI filter are estimated at these switching frequencies. Considering overall losses and minimal filter volume, the optimal switching frequency is selected

New Considerations in the Input Filter Design of a Three-Phase Buck-Type PWM Rectifier for Aircraft Applications

An EMI filter for a three-phase buck-type medium power pulse-width modulation rectifier is designed. This filter considers differential mode noise and complies with MIL-STD-461E for the frequency range of 10kHz to 10MHz. In industrial applications, the frequency range of the standard starts at 150kHz and the designer typically uses a switching frequency of 28kHz because the fifth harmonic is out of the range. This approach is not valid for aircraft applications. In order to design the switching frequency in aircraft applications, the power losses in the semiconductors and the weight of the reactive components should be considered. The proposed design is based on a harmonic analysis of the rectifier input current and an analytical study of the input filter. The classical industrial design does not consider the inductive effect in the filter design because the grid frequency is 50/60Hz. However, in the aircraft applications, the grid frequency is 400Hz and the inductance cannot be neglected. The proposed design considers the inductance and the capacitance effect of the filter in order to obtain unitary power factor at full power. In the optimization process, several filters are designed for different switching frequencies of the converter. In addition, designs from single to five stages are considered. The power losses of the converter plus the EMI filter are estimated at these switching frequencies. Considering overall losses and minimal filter volume, the optimal switching frequency is selected.

Estudio de vibraciones de las voladuras de producción en la cantera de Buruntza y su afección sobre el tramo de la red ferroviaria Andoain – Urnieta (País Vasco)

El estudio de vibraciones tiene por objetivo fijar una banda de seguridad para proteger la nueva línea ferroviaria de alta velocidad Madrid – Vitoria – San Sebastián (tramo Andoain – Urnieta).Las tomas de datos han permitido el cálculo de unas leyes de amortiguación de la propagación de las ondas de vibración que permiten predecir cuál será la magnitud de vibración generada a una cierta distancia de la explotación cuando se detona una carga de explosivo determinada. Así mismo, se lleva a cabo un análisis de las concentraciones de energía (vibraciones) que podrían producirse durante una voladura tipo de producción atendiendo a diferentes secuencias de disparo. Con este método, basado en el disparo de un “barreno semilla” de similares condiciones de carga y arranque que un barreno típico de producción, se pretende resaltar la importancia que tiene el rango de las frecuencias en el proceso de generación y transmisión de vibraciones en el terreno, y consecuentemente en los criterios de protección de estructuras frente a tales vibraciones. ABSTRACT The aim of the vibration study is to set a security band to protect the Spanish high speed train (AVE) which goes Madrid-Vitoria-San Sebastian (section Andoain- Urnieta). The data gathered has made possible the calculation of absorption laws of propagation of vibrating waves, that allow the prediction of the magnitude created at a certain distance of the detonation of a known explosive. In addition, an analysis of the energy concentrations that could appear during a blasting in different sequences is made. With this method based on the firing of a seed drill with similar load and boot conditions of a common production drill, is intended to highlight the importance of the frequency range in the process of vibrations transmission and generation in the field, and consequently the importance in the structures protection criteria against these vibrations.

Radio-holografía de microondas para la optimización de la superficie de grandes antenas reflectoras

En el presente trabajo de tesis se afronta el problema de la optimización de la superficie de grandes antenas reflectoras. Es sabido que los grandes reflectores, formados por una superficie panelada, sufren deformaciones debidas al impacto del viento, a los cambios de temperatura y a los efectos gravitacionales derivados del gran peso de la estructura. Estos efectos hacen que los reflectores pierdan su forma ideal, generalmente de paraboloide, y se reduzca su eficiencia de apertura y, por tanto, se limite la máxima frecuencia de uso de los mismos. Es necesario, por tanto, disponer de técnicas que permitan medir el estado de la superficie de grandes reflectores, y derivar los ajustes necesarios a aplicar sobre los tornillos de soporte de cada uno de los paneles que conforman dicha superficie. De esta manera, se devolvería al reflector su forma óptima y aumentaría la eficiencia de apertura y el rango de frecuencias de uso. Hay que resaltar que el aumento de la eficiencia de un radiotelescopio supone una reducción en el tiempo de integración necesario para la detección de las debilísimas señales generadas por las radiofuentes naturales, ahorrando así valioso tiempo de observación. Además, el incremento en el rango de frecuencias permite la detección de nuevas líneas o especies moleculares en dichas radiofuentes. Tras un primer capítulo introductorio, se presenta, en el capítulo segundo, la geometría de estos grandes reflectores y la influencia de los distintos factores que afectan a la calidad de la superficie de los mismos, como la gravedad, el viento y la temperatura, particularizando para el caso del radiotelescopio de 40 metros del Centro Astronómico de Yebes. En el tercer capítulo, se presentan las diferentes técnicas metrológicas empleadas actualmente para abordar la determinación de estos ajustes, mostrándose las ventajas e inconvenientes de cada una de ellas. Actualmente, la técnica metrológica más precisa y rápida para llevar a cabo esta tarea de caracterización de la superficie de un gran reflector, es la radio-holografía de microondas presentada en el capítulo cuarto. A partir de las medidas proporcionadas por esta técnica, realizadas con la ayuda de un transmisor, y mediante transformaciones de campo, se calculan los errores de la superficie del reflector, respecto al paraboloide ideal, y se derivan los ajustes necesarios. En los capítulos quinto y sexto se presentan los resultados de la aplicación de esta técnica a dos radiotelescopios: el de 30 metros de IRAM en Pico de Veleta (Granada) y los prototipos de 12 metros de las antenas del proyecto ALMA. Por su parte, el capítulo séptimo contiene el núcleo fundamental de esta tesis y presenta el desarrollo de la técnica de radio-holografía de microondas para optimizar la superficie del radiotelescopio de 40 metros del Centro Astronómico de Yebes. Para ello, ha sido necesario diseñar, construir e instalar un receptor de doble canal en banda Ku en foco primario, y la instrumentación asociada para hacer las medidas de amplitud y fase del diagrama de radiación. Además, ha sido necesario desarrollar el software para llevar a cabo las transformaciones de campo y derivar los ajustes de los paneles. De las medidas holográficas iniciales resultó un error de la superficie del radiotelescopio de 485 μm WRMS, respecto al paraboloide ideal en dirección normal. Tras varias iteraciones del proceso de medida y ajuste, se consiguió reducir dicho error a 194 μm WRMS. Esta notable mejora de la calidad de la superficie ha supuesto aumentar la eficiencia de apertura desde 2,6% al 38,2% a 86 GHz, para un receptor a esta frecuencia situado en el foco primario que produjese la misma iluminación que el receptor de holografía. In this thesis the problem of large reflector antenna surface optimization is faced. It is well known that large reflectors, which are made of a panelled surface, suffer from deformations due to the impact of wind, temperature gradients and gravity loads coming from the high weigth of the structure. These effects distort the ideal reflector shape, which is a paraboloid in most cases, hence reducing the aperture efficiency of the reflector and limiting the maximum frequency of operation. Therefore, it is necessary to have some techniques to measure the status of large reflector surfaces and to derive the adjustment values to be applied to the screws that connect the surface panels to the reflector back-up structure. In this way, the reflector would recover its optimum shape and the aperture efficiency and frequency range would increase. It has to be stated that an increment in the radiotelescope aperture efficiency would imply a reduction in the integration time needed to detect such weak signals coming from natural radiosources in space and, hence, an important saving in observation time. In addition, the increase in the frequency range of operation would allow the detection of new molecular lines in those radiosources. After the introduction, the second chapter shows the geometry of large reflector antennas and the impact on its surface quality of different factors like gravity, wind and temperature, particularly for the case of the Centro Astronómico de Yebes 40 meter radiotelescope. The third chapter deals with the different metrology techniques used to determine the panel adjustments, including the advantages and drawbacks of each one Currently, the most accurate and fast metrologic technique to carry out the characterization of large reflector surfaces is microwave radio-holography2, which is shown in chapter four. From the measurements provided by microwave radio-holography, performed with the help of a transmitter, and with the use of field transformations, the reflector surface errors are computed and the panel adjustments are derived. Chapters five and six show the results of holographic measurements applied to two first class radiotelescopes: the IRAM 30 meter radiotelescope and the 12 meter prototype antennas for the ALMA project. Chapter seven contains the main work of this thesis. It presents the development of the microwave radio-holography technique for the optimization of the Centro Astronómico de Yebes 40m radiotelescope. The work implied the design, construction and instalation of a prime focus Ku-band dual channel receiver, together with the associated instrumentation to measure the amplitude and phase of the radiotelescope radiation pattern. In addition, the software to carry out field transformations and screw settings computations was developed too. Initial holography measurements came up with an surface error of 485 μmWRMS in normal direction with respect to the best-fit paraboloid. After a few iterations of the measurementadjustment cycle, the surface error was reduced to 194 μm WRMS. This remarkable improvement in surface quality means an increment in aperture efficiency from 2,6% to 38,2% at 86 GHz, assuming a receiver at this frequency in prime focus position which produces the same illumination as the holography receiver.