934 resultados para Fibra de curauá
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Mode of access: Internet.
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The present work investigated the potential of different residual lignocellulosic materials generated in rural and urban areas (coconut fibre mature, green coconut shell and mature coconut shell), and vegetable cultivated in inhospitable environments (cactus) aimed at the production of ethanol, being all materials abundant in the Northeast region of Brazil. These materials were submitted to pretreatments with alkaline hydrogen peroxide followed by sodium hydroxide (AHP-SHP), autohydrolysis (AP), hydrothermal catalyzed with sodium hydroxide (HCSHP) and alkali ethanol organosolv (AEOP). These materials pretreated were submitted to enzymatic hydrolysis and strategies of simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) and saccharification and fermentation semi-simultaneous (SSSF) by Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Zymomonas mobilis and Pichia stipitis. It was also evaluated the presence of inhibitory compounds (hydroxymethylfurfural, furfural, acetic acid, formic acid and levulinic acid) and seawater during the fermentative process. Materials pretreated with AHP-SHP have resulted in delignification of the materials in a range between 54 and 71%, containing between 51.80 and 54.91% of cellulose, between 17.65 and 28.36% of hemicellulose, between 7.99 and 10.12% of lignin. Enzymatic hydrolysis resulted in the conversions in glucose between 68 and 76%. Conversion yields in ethanol using SSF and SSSF for coconut fibre mature pretreated ranged from 0.40 and 0.43 g/g, 0.43 and 0.45 g/g, respectively. Materials pretreated by AP showed yields of solids between 42.92 and 92.74%, containing between 30.65 and 51.61% of cellulose, 21.34 and 41.28% of lignin. Enzymatic hydrolysis resulted in glucose conversions between 84.10 and 92.52%. Proceeds from conversion into ethanol using green coconut shell pretreated, in strategy SSF and SSSF, were between 0.43 and 0.45 g/g. Coconut fibre mature pretreated by HCSHP presented solids yields between 21.64 and 60.52%, with increased in cellulose between 28.40 and 131.20%, reduction of hemicellulose between 43.22 and 69.04% and reduction in lignin between 8.27 and 89.13%. Enzymatic hydrolysis resulted in the conversion in glucose of 90.72%. Ethanol yields using the SSF and SSSF were 0.43 and 0.46 g/g, respectively. Materials pretreated by AEOP showed solid reductions between 10.75 and 43.18%, cellulose increase up to 121.67%, hemicellulose reduction up to 77.09% and lignin reduced up to 78.22%. Enzymatic hydrolysis resulted in the conversion of glucose between 77.54 and 84.27%. Yields conversion into ethanol using the SSF and SSSF with cactus pretreated ranged from 0.41 and 0.44 g/g, 0.43 and 0.46 g/g, respectively. Fermentations carried out in bioreactors resulted in yields and ethanol production form 0.42 and 0.46 g/g and 7.62 and 12.42 g/L, respectively. The inhibitory compounds showed negative synergistic effects in fermentations performed by P. stipitis, Z. mobilis and S. cerevisiae. Formic acid and acetic acid showed most significant effects among the inhibitory compounds, followed by hydroxymethylfurfural, furfural and levulinic acid. Fermentations carried out in culture medium diluted with seawater showed promising results, especially for S. cerevisiae (0.50 g/g) and Z. mobilis (0.49 g/g). The different results obtained in this study indicate that lignocellulosic materials, pretreatments, fermentative processes strategies and the microorganisms studied deserve attention because they are promising and capable of being used in the context of biorefinery, aiming the ethanol production.
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This work aims to demonstrate the feasibility of a ceramic composite containing fiber in the rubber manufacturing interlocking blocks. Gravel, sand, cement, rubber and fiber: the processes of manufacture and assembly of blocks produced and the various formulations studied with different proportions between the constituent elements were addressed. Mechanical properties were determined for the different formulations, compressive strength, diametral compressive strength, water absorption and apparent density, obeying the rules related to each property. It was concluded that the addition of rubber fiber gave the concrete studied resistance lower than conventional concrete which can be verified on the microstructural analysis obtained by SEM, which revealed the presence of pores and the low adhesion between the fiber and the matrix compression (tire fiber / cement paste). The composite of more viable tire BCPB1 (1/2) fiber can be used in places requests as light squares, pavements, roads and other cycle as well as in the manufacture of the curb and gutter, by having compressive strength in about 20 MPa
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The Sustainability has been evidence in the world today; organizations have sought to be more and more into this philosophy in their processes, whether products or attendance. In the present work were manufactured eco-composites with animal fiber (dog wool) that is currently discarded into the environment without any use. Project phases consisted on the initial treatment of fibers with alkaline solution (NaOH) at 0.05 mols for removal of impurities, developing methods to convert these fibers (reinforcement) blended with castor oil polyurethane (matrix) in eco-composite with different proportions (5%, 10%, 15% and 20%). Fiber properties were evaluated by analysis of SEM, XRD and FTIR. The composites were produced by compression molding with dimensions 30x30x1cm. For characterization of the composites the following tests were performed: mechanical (tensile, compression, shore hardness A) according the standards and testing water absorption, moisture regain and biodegradation. The analysis of thermal properties on fibers and composites were by TG, DSC, thermal conductivity, resistivity, heat capacity and thermal resistance. Analyzing the results of these tests, it was observed that the composite reinforced with 20% showed a better thermal performance between others composites and dimensional stability when compared to commercial thermal insulation. Also is possible to observe a balance in moisture absorption of the composite being shown with its higher absorption rate in this same sample (20%). The micrographs show the fiber interaction regions with polyurethane to fill the empty spaces. In hardness and compression testing can identify that with increasing percentage of the fiber material acquires a greater stiffness by making a higher voltage is used for forming necessary. So by the tests performed in eco-composites, the highest percentage of fiber used as reinforcement in their composition obtained a better performance compared to the remaining eco-composites, reaching values very close to the PU.
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This work consists basically in the elaboration of an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) in order to model the composites materials’ behavior when submitted to fatigue loadings. The proposal is to develop and present a mixed model, which associate an analytical equation (Adam Equation) to the structure of the ANN. Given that the composites often shows a similar behavior when subject to float loadings, this equation aims to establish a pre-defined comparison pattern for a generic material, so that the ANN fit the behavior of another composite material to that pattern. In this way, the ANN did not need to fully learn the behavior of a determined material, because the Adam Equation would do the big part of the job. This model was used in two different network architectures, modular and perceptron, with the aim of analyze it efficiency in distinct structures. Beyond the different architectures, it was analyzed the answers generated from two sets of different data – with three and two SN curves. This model was also compared to the specialized literature results, which use a conventional structure of ANN. The results consist in analyze and compare some characteristics like generalization capacity, robustness and the Goodman Diagrams, developed by the networks.
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The development of composite materials encompasses many different application areas. Among the composites, it is had, especially, the materials of organic origin, which have the greatest potential for biodegradability and so, have been bringing relevance and prominence in the contemporary setting of environmental preservation and sustainable development. Following this perspective of ecological appeal, it was developed a biocomposite material with natural inputs typically brazilian. This composite was made from latex (natural rubber) and carnauba fiber in different mass proportions. Formulations had varied by 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% of fiber in relation the matrix. This material has been designed aiming at application in thermal insulation systems, which requirethermal protection surfaces and/or reduction of thermal energy loss. Therefore, the composite was characterized by thermal conductivity testing, specific heat, thermal diffusivity and thermogravimetry. As has also been characterized for their physical-mechanical, by testing density, moisture content, tensile strength, hardness and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The characterization of the material revealed that the composite presents a potential of thermal insulation higher than the natural rubber, that was used as reference. And the formulation at 15% fiber in relation the matrix showed the best performance. Thus, the composite material in question presents itself as a viable and effective alternative for new thermal insulation material design.
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The development of composite materials encompasses many different application areas. Among the composites, it is had, especially, the materials of organic origin, which have the greatest potential for biodegradability and so, have been bringing relevance and prominence in the contemporary setting of environmental preservation and sustainable development. Following this perspective of ecological appeal, it was developed a biocomposite material with natural inputs typically brazilian. This composite was made from latex (natural rubber) and carnauba fiber in different mass proportions. Formulations had varied by 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% of fiber in relation the matrix. This material has been designed aiming at application in thermal insulation systems, which requirethermal protection surfaces and/or reduction of thermal energy loss. Therefore, the composite was characterized by thermal conductivity testing, specific heat, thermal diffusivity and thermogravimetry. As has also been characterized for their physical-mechanical, by testing density, moisture content, tensile strength, hardness and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The characterization of the material revealed that the composite presents a potential of thermal insulation higher than the natural rubber, that was used as reference. And the formulation at 15% fiber in relation the matrix showed the best performance. Thus, the composite material in question presents itself as a viable and effective alternative for new thermal insulation material design.
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Il lavoro presentato in questa tesi è stato svolto presso il Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, durante il mio periodo all’estero nel Computational Biology Group. Scopo del presente lavoro è stato lo sviluppo di un modello matematico del potenziale d’azione per cellule umane cardiache di Purkinje. Tali cellule appartengono al sistema di conduzione elettrico del cuore, e sono considerate molto importanti nella genesi di aritmie. Il modello, elaborato in linguaggio Matlab, è stato progettato utilizzando la tecnica delle Popolazione di Modelli, un innovativo approccio alla modellazione cellulare sviluppato recentemente proprio dal Computational Biology Group. Tale modello è stato sviluppato in 3 fasi: • Inizialmente è stato sviluppato un nuovo modello matematico di cellula umana del Purkinje cardiaco, tenendo in considerazione i modelli precedenti disponibili in letteratura e le più recenti pubblicazioni in merito alle caratteristiche elettrofisiologiche proprie della cellula cardiaca umana di Purkinje. Tale modello è stato costruito a partire dall’attuale gold standard della modellazione cardiaca ventricolare umana, il modello pubblicato da T. O’Hara e Y. Rudy nel 2011, modificandone sia le specifiche correnti ioniche che la struttura interna cellulare. • Il modello così progettato è stato, poi, utilizzato come “modello di base” per la costruzione di una popolazione di 3000 modelli, tramite la variazione di alcuni parametri del modello all’interno di uno specifico range. La popolazione così generata è stata calibrata sui dati sperimentali di cellule umane del Purkinje. A valle del processo di calibrazione si è ottenuta una popolazione di 76 modelli. • A partire dalla popolazione rimanente, è stato ricavato un nuovo modello ai valori medi, che riproduce le principali caratteristiche del potenziale d’azione di una cellula di Purkinje cardiaca umana, e che rappresenta il dataset sperimentale utilizzato nel processo di calibrazione.
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v. 17, n .2, p. 164-174, abr./jun. 2016.
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Este proyecto de grado tuvo como objetivo principal determinar las propiedades mecánicas que obtiene el concreto al adicionarle fibra de vidrio tipo AR, esto se logró mediante una serie de ensayos de resistencia a la compresión, a la tensión y módulo de elasticidad, realizando un trabajo comparativo con una mezcla de referencia, dichos ensayos fueron realizados en el laboratorio Construlab Ltda. y el laboratorio de Suelos, Concretos y Pavimentos de la Universidad EAFIT -- Se buscó trabajar con una mezcla de referencia la cual permitiera que al adicionarle la fibra de vidrio lograra una trabajabilidad de la mezcla aceptable, y que a la vez obtuviera valores de resistencia a la compresión, tensión y modulo elasticidad de las mezclas más comerciales en el medio de la construcción -- Los porcentajes de fibra que se usó durante la fase experimental fue de 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2% y 2.5% del peso total de la mezcla realizada -- También se realizó un estudio conceptual recopilando toda la información existente en cuanto a adiciones y aditivos utilizados en el concreto, estudiando específicamente la fibra de vidrio, sus propiedades y la influencia que esta tiene en el concreto -- Durante el proyecto de grado se logró concluir que la fibra de vidrio como adición a las mezclas de concreto aporta de manera positiva en cuanto a los tres parámetros estudiados adicionándole un 1% de fibra de vidrio a la mezcla, si se usa menos cantidad de fibra que la indicada no afecta en nada a ningún parámetro de los estudiados a la mezcla de referencia, pero si se usa en exceso ya empieza a afectar la mezcla en varios aspectos, principalmente en la cuestión de resistencia a la compresión, módulo de elasticidad y trabajabilidad, pero de cierto modo también aporta de manera positiva en tensión, por ende se buscó objetar una mezcla con porcentaje de adición de fibra de vidrio balanceada la cual aportara de manera positiva a los parámetros analizados, en cuanto a resistencia a compresión logro una ganancia casi nula del 3%, en cuanto a tensión se logró una ganancia importante del 11.66%, y en cuanto a módulo de elasticidad un aumento del 16 %, todos estos valores comparados con la mezcla de referencia
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This study aims to compare the thermal performance of tiles made from recycled material (waste packaging cardboard with aluminized film) with the tiles of fiber and bitumen, fiber cement and red ceramic with the aim of verifying the suitability of tile to be used in hot and humid climate of low latitude. The samples were selected according to the availability from Natal - RN market, as they are sold to the consumers. The methodology was based on studies that used experimental apparatus composed of thermal chambers heated by banks of incandescent bulbs, to analyze the thermal performance of materials. The tiles in the study were submitted to analysis of thermal performance, thermophysical properties and absorptance, using chambers of thermal performance, measuring the thermophysical properties and portable spectrometer, respectively. Comparative analysis of thermal performance between two samples of the recycled material with dimple sizes and different amounts of aluminum were made, in order to verify, if these characteristics had some interference on the thermal performance of them; the results showed no significant performance differences between the samples. The data obtained in chambers of thermal performance and confirmed by statistical analysis, showed, that the tile of recycled material have similar thermal performance to the tile of fiber cement. In addition to these tests was carried out the automatic monitoring of a building covered with tiles of recycled material, to verify its thermal performance in a real situation. The results showed that recycled shingles must be used with technical criteria similar to those used for fiber cement tiles, with regard to the heat gain into the building. Within these criteria should be taken into account local characteristics, especially in regions with hot and humid climate, and its use must be associated, according to the literature, to elements of thermal insulation and use of passive techniques such as vented attics, ceilings and right foot higher
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Recentemente foi desenvolvido um dosímetro baseado em fibras cintilantes (BCF-12 da companhia Saint Gobain Crystals com 1 e 0,5 mm de diâmetro e 5 mm de comprimento) para braquiterapia de baixa taxa de dose, em particular a braquiterapia direcionada para o tratamento do cancro da próstata. Este utiliza um novo fotomultiplicador de estado sólido dado pelo nome de MPPC - MultiPixel Photon Counter da companhia Hamamatsu Photonics (Japão). Nesta dissertação é estudado o mesmo dosímetro para a modalidade de braquiterapia de elevada taxa de dose (HDR). A informação sobre a dose neste tipo de dosímetros é obtida a partir de sinais óticos (em vez de sinais elétricos), que são imunes a interferências elétricas e eletromagnéticas. Adicionalmente as pequenas dimensões das fibras oferecem uma excelente resolução espacial e uma invasão mínima para uso em dosimetria in vivo, permitindo medir a dose diretamente ou próximo ao tumor e em tempo real. A sua utilização em braquiterapia para o cancro da próstata constitui-se assim como uma vantagem, uma vez que as fibras podem ser inseridas diretamente nos aplicadores utilizados neste tipo de tratamentos. Apesar de tudo, este tipo de dosímetros possui algumas desvantagens, como por exemplo a luz de Cherenkov e a fluorescência (forma de ruído dada pelo nome de stem effect) que, e a contrário da luz produzida pela fibra cintilante, não são diretamente proporcionais à energia depositada. Contudo, e para energias praticadas em braquiterapia de HDR, nesta dissertação, mostrou-se que este problema é pouco significativo dado que a percentagem de contribuição destes efeitos para o sinal medido é menor que 1% (ou 5% para distâncias menores que 25 mm). Ao longo desta dissertação é feita a caraterização do dosímetro (em modo corrente e impulso) e das suas várias partes em ambiente de laboratório e clínico. Nestes estudos o dosímetro, além de exibir uma boa reprodutibilidade (variação máxima de 3% entre medidas), mostrou uma alta linearidade para uma ampla gama de doses, assim como uma sensibilidade (µGy) semelhante à de uma câmara de ionização, tornando-o adequado para braquiterapia de HDR (tratamento que envolve altos gradientes de dose). Complementarmente, a sua grande versatilidade e simples utilização possibilita a sua aplicação prática em outras modalidades radioterapêuticas.
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O aparecimento da fibra de vidro deve-se à pesquisa de novos materiais. No século XIX, as fibras de vidro foram pela primeira vez tecidas. Só mais tarde, durante o século XX, com o desenvolvimento de resinas foi possível produzir a fibra de vidro como material compósito. Ainda durante a 2ª Guerra Mundial foi construído um avião de combate em fibra de vidro. Desde então sofreu um grande desenvolvimento, tendo sido aplicada nas mais diversas indústrias. Recentemente, a fibra de vidro tem sido também aplicada em estruturas na construção civil. Nos últimos anos tem havido uma crescente investigação acerca das estruturas de betão armado com armaduras de fibra de vidro (GFRP). A análise de parâmetros como a fendilhação, a deformação e a contribuição do betão entre fendas, é fundamental para a compreensão do comportamento desse material compósito. A aderência entre os varões e o betão é condicionada pela resistência do betão e pela superfície das armaduras, podendo estas propriedades influenciarem a evolução dos parâmetros atrás referidos. Contudo, a investigação neste domínio ainda está pouco desenvolvida e carece de mais estudo, para que seja possível a sua aplicação em estruturas de uma forma mais criteriosa e abrangente. Pretendeu-se conjugar as vantagens do betão estrutural de agregados leves (BEAL), bom desempenho de resistência e a reduzida densidade, com as dos varões de GFRP, sendo necessário estudar o seu comportamento em conjunto para uma boa compreensão dos fenómenos inerentes a esta combinação de materiais. Neste trabalho analisam-se vários parâmetros fundamentais ao comportamento de elementos de BEAL reforçado com varões de GFRP, nomeadamente: a aderência da interface betão-armadura, a fendilhação, tension stiffening effect e a deformação. Para esta análise, considerou-se a variação da resistência mecânica do BEAL, do tipo de armadura de reforço (aço e GFRP) e o diâmetro dos varões. Foi desenvolvido um programa experimental que contempla um total de doze tirantes de betão armado, seis com varões de GFRP e seis com varões de aço, de forma a poder efectuar-se uma comparação directa. Foram também incluídos no programa experimental trinta e seis provetes de ensaios pull out, dezoito com armaduras de fibra de vidro e dezoito com armaduras de aço, igualmente com o objectivo de comparação dos resultados. Na análise dos resultados foi possível verificar as diferenças entre o uso de armaduras de GFRP e de aço nos parâmetros em estudo, assim como a influência da resistência dos BEAL e dos diâmetros das armaduras. Verificou-se que a largura de fendas, bem como as deformações nos tirantes com armaduras de GFRP foram superiores às observadas com armaduras de aço. No que diz respeito à aderência foram observadas menores tensões nas armaduras de GFRP.