Fecal androgen levels in common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) males living in captive family groups

In captive common marmoset groups, the reproductive inhibition observed in subordinate female seems to be a result of olfactory, visual and behavioral cues from the dominant female. However, few studies have examined the relationship among adult males living in the same social group. These studies have shown that reproductive failure among peer males seems to be based on hormonal and behavioral mechanisms. New insights on sexual strategies in primates have been shown using fecal steroids, but so far no information is available for common marmoset males. In the present study, we evaluated the influence of light-dark cycle, age and reproductive condition on the profile of fecal androgens in males living in the same family group. Feces were collected from six fathers and six sons for androgen determination during the light phase of the 24-h cycle for eight days randomly distributed over a 4-week period. Androgen levels were determined by enzyme immunoassay technique. Adult sons showed higher androgen levels (166.97 ± 22.95 ng/g) than fathers (80.69 ± 44.38 ng/g) and juveniles (49.06 ± 23.15 ng/g; P < 0.05). No diurnal variation (P > 0.05) in fecal androgen profile was observed in adults or juveniles. No indication of androgen-mediated social competition between fathers and adult sons was demonstrable. These results provide basic information on fecal androgen profile useful to investigate the socioendocrinology of free-ranging common marmoset males and verify that, in contrast to daughters, the reproductive suppression of sons is not based on physiological inhibition of their gonads

Digestibilidad fecal aparente de partidas de sorgo con diferentes contenidos de taninos, sometidos a distintas tecnologías de procesamiento en cerdos

Con el objetivo de determinar el aporte en nutrientes digestibles para cerdos de dos tipos de sorgo procesados por distintos métodos, se realizó una prueba de digestibilidad fecal aparente (DFA) con cerdos en recría. Se estudiaron seis dietas: T1: maíz molido (MM); T2: sorgo alto tanino (SAT) molido (SATM); T3: SAT extrusado (SATE); T4: silo de grano húmedo de SAT (SSAT); T5: sorgo de bajo tanino (SBT) molido (SBTM); T6: silo de grano húmedo de SBT (SSBT). Se utilizaron 18 cerdos, tres por tratamiento, con un peso promedio de 36,5 kg, alojados en jaulas de digestibilidad individuales. El periodo experimental comprendió siete días de acostumbramiento y cinco de recolección de heces. Se suministraron dos tomas diarias iguales, de una cantidad de materia seca equivalente el 6 % del peso metabólico corporal. Se realizó recolección total de heces. Se determinó la DFA de materia seca (MS), materia orgánica (MO), proteína cruda (PC) y energía bruta (EB). Se estimó el aporte en base seca de Proteína Digestible y Energía Digestible. Los resultados de DFA de MS, MO, PC y EB, en porcentaje, fueron respectivamente, MM: 90,27; 90,18; 81,65; 89,74; SATM: 89,45; 89,29; 73,31; 88,96; SATE: 90,78; 90,64; 81,94; 91,24; SSAT: 83,58; 83,41; 49,11; 83,22; SBTM: 91,23; 91,09; 72,63; 90,83; SSBT: 93,16; 93,05; 83,55; 92,78. Se concluye que el SBTM, el SSBT y el SATE tienen un valor nutritivo equivalente al maíz.

Prevalencia de Helicobacter Pylori por antígeno fecal y factores de riesgo en la población del cantón Cuenca.Año 2003

El conocimiento de la prevalencia del helicobacter en la población y los factores de riesgo para controlar la enfermedad son importantes, para su control y erradicación. Conocer la prevalencia de la bacteria en la población, urbana y rural de la ciudad de Cuenca; y determinar si hay factores de riesgo que favorezcan la propagación de la infección. La prevalencia del Helicobacter en la ciudad de Cuenca - Ecuador, es de 44.9 por ciento, no hay diferencia estadísticamente significativas entre los habitantes del sector urbano 48.3 por ciento y rural 41.6 por ciento, las variables: residencia, [RP; 0.86] género, actividad manual, [RP; 0.98 IC: 0.82-1.24] ingesta de agua potable, [RP; 0.99 IC: 0.68-1.48], no se relacionan con la presencia del antígeno de Helicobacter en materia fecal, por lo que no constituyen un factor de riesgo para contraer la infección, la viariable edad, correlaciona positivamente con la prevalencia de la infección. 1.- La prevalencia del Helicobacter Pylori en el cantón Cuenca-Ecuador, en el año 2003, es del 44.9 por ciento que le ubica como una zona de prevalencia intermedia, menor a la esperada en un país en vías de desarrollo. 2.- No hay diferencias entre habitar en zona urbana y rural para prevalencia del Helicobacter Pylori 4.- La mayor parte de infección por Helicobacter Pylori, se adquiere en la infancia 5.- Las variables género, ingesta de agua potable, ocupación manual, no son factores de riesgo para contraer la infección

Prevalencia de helicobacter pylori por antígeno fecal y factores de riesgo en la población del cantón Cuenca año 2003

El conocimiento de la prevalencia del helicobacter en la población y los factores de riesgo para contraer la enfermedad son importantes, para su control y erradicación. El objetivo es conocer la pravalencia de la bacteria en la población urbana y rural de la ciudad de Cuenca, utilizando una prueba de alta sensibilidad y especificidad como es el Antígeno de Helicobacter Pylori fecal; y determinar si hay factores que favorezcan la propagación de la infección. Los resultados fueron la prevalencia de helicobacter en la Ciudad de Cuenca, Ecuador, es del 44.9 por ciento, no hay diferencias estadísticamente significativa entre los habitantes del sector urbano 48.3 por ciento y rural 41.6 por ciento, las variables: residencia, [OR: 1.31 IC:1. 0-1.6 género, [OR: 0.75 IC 0.5-1.0] actividad profesional, [OR: 1.-0 IC: 0.7-1.4] ingesta de alcohol, [OR: 1.2, IC: 0.8-1.7] ingesta de agua potable, [OR: 1.00, IC:0.6-1.4], no se relacionan con la presencia del antígeno de helicobacter en material fecal, variable edad, correlaciona positivamente con la prevalencia de la infección. Conclusión. 1.- La prevalencia del helicobacter en la ciudad de Cuenca le ubica como una zona de riesgo intermedio para contraer la infección 2.- No hay diferencia entre habitar en zona rural o urbana. 3.- La edad es un factor de riesgo, a mayor edad mayor probabilidad de contaminación. 4.- Las variables género ingesta de alcohol, ingesta de agua no potable, no son factores exclusivos de riesgo para contraer la infección

Colite de derivação fecal

A colite de derivação fecal (CD) é um processo inflamatório que ocorre no segmento colorretal desfuncionalizado, após uma cirurgia de desvio do trânsito intestinal. As principais características dessa entidade clínica são: apresenta-se na desfuncionalização do cólon ou reto; não há doença inflamatória intestinal preexistente; nunca acomete o sítio proximal à colostomia e ocorre resolução do processo após a restauração do trânsito intestinal. Diversas são as hipóteses postuladas para explicar o seu aparecimento; todavia, a deficiência nutricional do epitélio colônico, pela ausência dos ácidos graxos de cadeia curta (AGCC), no segmento desfuncionalizado, é a mais aceita na atualidade. Os autores fazem uma revisão da literatura enfocando os aspectos clínicos, histopatológicos e terapêuticos desta doença

Identificación de neospora caninum en materia fecal de 60 caninos en hatos lecheros en el municipio el Rosal, Cundinamarca

Bogotá (Colombia): Universidad de La Salle. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias. Programa de Medicina Veterinaria

The Effects of Age, Ethnicity, Sexual Dysfunction, Urinary Incontinence, Masculinity, and Relationship with the Partner on the Quality of Life of Men with Prostate Cancer

Prostate cancer, the leading cause of cancer in men, has positive survival rates and constitutes a challenge to men with its side effects. Studies have addressed the bivaritate relationships between prostate cancer treatment side effects masculinity, partner relationship, and quality of life (QOL). However, few studies have highlighted the relationships among prostate cancer treatment side effects (i.e., sexual dysfunction, urinary incontinence), masculinity, and relationship with the partner together on QOL in men. Most studies were conducted with predominately Caucasian sample of men. Miami is a unique multiethnic setting that hosts Cuban, Columbian, Venezuelan, Haitian, other Latin American and Caribbean communities that were not represented in previous literature. The purpose of this study was to examine relative contributions of age, ethnicity, sexual dysfunction, urinary incontinence, masculinity, and perception of the relationship with the partner on the quality of life in men diagnosed with prostate cancer. Data were collected using self administered questionnaires measuring demographic variables, sexual and urinary functioning (UCLA PCI), masculinity (CMNI), partner relationship (DAS), and QOL (SF-36). A total of 117 partnered heterosexual men diagnosed with prostate cancer were recruited from four urology clinics in Miami, Florida. Men were 67.47 (SD = 8.42) years old and identified themselves to be of Hispanic origin (54.3 %, n = 63). Findings demonstrated that there was a significant moderate negative relationship between urinary and sexual functioning of men. There was a significant strong negative association between men’s perceived relationship with partner and masculinity. There was a weak negative relationship between the partner relationship and QOL. Hierarchal multiple regression showed that the partner relationship (β = -.25, t (91) = -2.28, p = .03) significantly contributed overall to QOL. These findings highlight the importance of the relationship satisfaction in the QOL of men with prostate cancer. Nursing interventions to enhance QOL for these men should consider strengthening the relationship and involving the female partner as an active participant.

Pelvic-Floor Rehabilitation, Part 2 : Pelvic-Floor Reeducation With Interferential Currents and Exercise in the Treatment of Genuine Stress Incontinence in Postpartum Women : A Cohort Study

Background and Purpose. This descriptive cohort study investigated a physical therapy program of pelvic-floor neuromuscular electrostimulation (NMES) combined with exercises, with the aim of developing a simple, inexpensive, and conservative treatment for postpartum genuine stress incontinence (GSI). Subjects. Eight female subjects with urodynamically established GSI persisting more than 3 months after delivery participated in the study. The subjects ranged in age from 24 to 37 years (X̅=32, SD=4.2). Methods. This was a descriptive multiple-subject cohort study. Each subject received a total of nine treatment sessions during 3 consecutive weeks, consisting of two 15-minute sessions of NMES followed by a 15-minute pelvic-floor muscle exercise program. Patients also practiced daily pelvic-floor exercises during the 3-week treatment period. The treatment intervention was measured using three separate variables. Maximum muscle contractions (pretraining, during training, and posttraining) were measured indirectly as pressure, using perineometry. Urine loss pretraining and posttraining was measured by means of a Pad test. Self-reported frequency of incontinence was recorded daily throughout the period of the study, using a diary. Data were analyzed using a one-way repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA), a Wilcoxon signed-ranks test, and a Friedman two-way ANOVA by ranks. Results. The results indicated that maximum pressure generated by pelvic-floor contractions was greater and both the quantity of urine loss and the frequency of incontinence were lower following the implementation of the physical therapy program. Five subjects became continent, and three others improved. A follow-up survey 1 year later confirmed the consistency of these results. Conclusion and Discussion. The results suggest that the proposed physical therapy program may influence postpartum GSI. Further studies are needed to validate this simple, inexpensive, and conservative physical therapy protocol.

Changes in urethral sphincter size following rehabilitation in older women with stress urinary incontinence

Introduction and hypothesis The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a pelvic floor muscle (PFM) rehabilitation program on the striated urethral sphincter in women over 60 years with stress urinary incontinence (SUI). We hypothesized that the PFM rehabilitation program would also exercise the striated urethral sphincter and that this would be demonstrated by hypertrophy of the sphincter on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Methods Women with at least weekly episodes of SUI were recruited. Participants were evaluated before and after a 12-week group PFM rehabilitation intervention with T2-weighted fast-spin-echo MRI sequences recorded in the axial plane at rest to assess urethral sphincter size. Data on SUI symptoms and their bother were also collected. No control group was included. Results Seventeen women participated in the study. The striated urethral sphincter increased significantly in thickness (21 %, p < 0.001), cross-sectional area (20 %, p = 0.003), and volume (12 %, p = 0.003) following the intervention. The reported number of incontinence episodes and their bother also decreased significantly. Conclusions This study appears to demonstrate that PFM training for SUI also trains the striated urethral sphincter and that improvement in incontinence signs and symptoms is associated with sphincter hypertrophy in older women with SUI. These findings support previous ultrasound (US) data showing an increase in urethral cross-sectional area following PFM training and extend the previous findings by more specifically assessing the area of hypertrophy and by demonstrating that older women present the same changes as younger women when assessed using MRI data.

Pelvic floor muscle training versus no treatment, or inactive control treatments, for urinary incontinence in women : a short version Cochrane systematic review with meta-analysis

Background Pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) is a commonly used physical therapy for women with urinary incontinence (UI). Objectives To determine the effects of PFMT for women with UI in comparison to no treatment, placebo or other inactive control treatments. Search Methods Cochrane Incontinence Group Specialized Register, (searched 15 April 2013). Selection Criteria Randomized or quasi-randomized trials in women with stress, urgency or mixed UI (based on symptoms, signs, or urodynamics). Data Collection and Analysis At least two independent review authors carried out trial screening, selection, risk of bias assessment and data abstraction. Trials were subgrouped by UI diagnosis. The quality of evidence was assessed by adopting the (GRADE) approach. Results Twenty-one trials (1281 women) were included; 18 trials (1051 women) contributed data to the meta-analysis. In women with stress UI, there was high quality evidence that PFMT is associated with cure (RR 8.38; 95% CI 3.68 to 19.07) and moderate quality evidence of cure or improvement (RR 17.33; 95% CI 4.31 to 69.64). In women with any type of UI, there was also moderate quality evidence that PFMT is associated with cure (RR 5.5; 95% CI 2.87–10.52), or cure and improvement (RR 2.39; 95% CI 1.64–3.47). Conclusions The addition of seven new trials did not change the essential findings of the earlier version of this review. In this iteration, using the GRADE quality criteria strengthened the recommendations for PFMT and a wider range of secondary outcomes (also generally in favor of PFMT) were reported.

Conservative management for female urinary incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse review 2013 : summary of the 5th International Consultation on Incontinence

Aims The objective of the 5th International Consultation on Incontinence (ICI) chapter on Adult Conservative Management was to review and summarize the new evidence on conservative management of urinary incontinence (UI) and pelvic organ prolapse (POP) in order to compile a current reference source for clinicians, health researchers, and service planners. In this paper, we present the review highlights and new evidence on female conservative management. Methods Revision and updates of the 4th ICI Report using systematic review covering years 2008–2012. Results Each section begins with a brief definition and description of the intervention followed by a summary, where possible, of both the state and level of evidence for prevention and treatment, and ends with a “grade of recommendation.” The paper concludes with areas identified as requiring further research. Conclusions For UI, there are no prevention trials on lifestyle interventions. There are, however, few new intervention trials of lifestyle interventions involving weight loss and fluid intake with improved levels of evidence and grade of recommendation. Outside of pre- and post-natal pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) trials for the prevention of female UI, there is a dearth of PFMT prevention trials for women with UI. PFMT remains the first-line treatment for female UI with high levels of evidence and grades of recommendation. Bladder training levels of evidence and grades of recommendation are maintained. For POP, new evidence supports the effectiveness of physiotherapy in the treatment of POP and there are now improved levels of evidence and grades of recommendation.

Physical therapy for urinary incontinence in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis or low bone density : a randomized controlled trial

Objective: To assess the effectiveness of 12 weekly physical therapy sessions for urinary incontinence (UI) compared with a control intervention, for reducing the number of UI episodes measured with the 7-day bladder diary, at 3 months and 1 year postrandomization. Methods: A single parallel-group randomized controlled trial was conducted at one outpatient public health center, in postmenopausal women aged 55 years and over with osteoporosis or low bone density and UI. Women were randomized to physical therapy (PT) for UI or osteoporosis education. The primary outcome measure was number of leakage episodes on the 7-day bladder diary, assessed at baseline, after treatment and at 1 year. The secondary outcome measures included the pad test and disease-specific quality of life and self-efficacy questionnaires assessed at the same timepoints. Results: Forty-eight women participated (24 per group). Two participants dropped out of each group and one participant was deceased before 3-month follow-up. Intention-to-treat analysis was undertaken. At 3 months and 1 year, there was a statistically significant difference in the number of leakage episodes on the 7-day bladder diary (3 mo: P = 0.04; 1 y: P = 0.01) in favor of the PT group. The effect size was 0.34 at 1 year. There were no harms reported. Conclusions: After a 12-week course of PT once per week for UI, PT group participants had a 75% reduction in weekly median number of leakage episodes, whereas the control group's condition had no improvement. At 1 year, the PT group participants maintained this improvement, whereas the control group's incontinence worsened.

Pelvic-Floor Rehabilitation, Part 2 : Pelvic-Floor Reeducation With Interferential Currents and Exercise in the Treatment of Genuine Stress Incontinence in Postpartum Women : A Cohort Study

Background and Purpose. This descriptive cohort study investigated a physical therapy program of pelvic-floor neuromuscular electrostimulation (NMES) combined with exercises, with the aim of developing a simple, inexpensive, and conservative treatment for postpartum genuine stress incontinence (GSI). Subjects. Eight female subjects with urodynamically established GSI persisting more than 3 months after delivery participated in the study. The subjects ranged in age from 24 to 37 years (X̅=32, SD=4.2). Methods. This was a descriptive multiple-subject cohort study. Each subject received a total of nine treatment sessions during 3 consecutive weeks, consisting of two 15-minute sessions of NMES followed by a 15-minute pelvic-floor muscle exercise program. Patients also practiced daily pelvic-floor exercises during the 3-week treatment period. The treatment intervention was measured using three separate variables. Maximum muscle contractions (pretraining, during training, and posttraining) were measured indirectly as pressure, using perineometry. Urine loss pretraining and posttraining was measured by means of a Pad test. Self-reported frequency of incontinence was recorded daily throughout the period of the study, using a diary. Data were analyzed using a one-way repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA), a Wilcoxon signed-ranks test, and a Friedman two-way ANOVA by ranks. Results. The results indicated that maximum pressure generated by pelvic-floor contractions was greater and both the quantity of urine loss and the frequency of incontinence were lower following the implementation of the physical therapy program. Five subjects became continent, and three others improved. A follow-up survey 1 year later confirmed the consistency of these results. Conclusion and Discussion. The results suggest that the proposed physical therapy program may influence postpartum GSI. Further studies are needed to validate this simple, inexpensive, and conservative physical therapy protocol.

Changes in urethral sphincter size following rehabilitation in older women with stress urinary incontinence

Introduction and hypothesis The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a pelvic floor muscle (PFM) rehabilitation program on the striated urethral sphincter in women over 60 years with stress urinary incontinence (SUI). We hypothesized that the PFM rehabilitation program would also exercise the striated urethral sphincter and that this would be demonstrated by hypertrophy of the sphincter on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Methods Women with at least weekly episodes of SUI were recruited. Participants were evaluated before and after a 12-week group PFM rehabilitation intervention with T2-weighted fast-spin-echo MRI sequences recorded in the axial plane at rest to assess urethral sphincter size. Data on SUI symptoms and their bother were also collected. No control group was included. Results Seventeen women participated in the study. The striated urethral sphincter increased significantly in thickness (21 %, p < 0.001), cross-sectional area (20 %, p = 0.003), and volume (12 %, p = 0.003) following the intervention. The reported number of incontinence episodes and their bother also decreased significantly. Conclusions This study appears to demonstrate that PFM training for SUI also trains the striated urethral sphincter and that improvement in incontinence signs and symptoms is associated with sphincter hypertrophy in older women with SUI. These findings support previous ultrasound (US) data showing an increase in urethral cross-sectional area following PFM training and extend the previous findings by more specifically assessing the area of hypertrophy and by demonstrating that older women present the same changes as younger women when assessed using MRI data.

Pelvic floor muscle training versus no treatment, or inactive control treatments, for urinary incontinence in women : a short version Cochrane systematic review with meta-analysis

Background Pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) is a commonly used physical therapy for women with urinary incontinence (UI). Objectives To determine the effects of PFMT for women with UI in comparison to no treatment, placebo or other inactive control treatments. Search Methods Cochrane Incontinence Group Specialized Register, (searched 15 April 2013). Selection Criteria Randomized or quasi-randomized trials in women with stress, urgency or mixed UI (based on symptoms, signs, or urodynamics). Data Collection and Analysis At least two independent review authors carried out trial screening, selection, risk of bias assessment and data abstraction. Trials were subgrouped by UI diagnosis. The quality of evidence was assessed by adopting the (GRADE) approach. Results Twenty-one trials (1281 women) were included; 18 trials (1051 women) contributed data to the meta-analysis. In women with stress UI, there was high quality evidence that PFMT is associated with cure (RR 8.38; 95% CI 3.68 to 19.07) and moderate quality evidence of cure or improvement (RR 17.33; 95% CI 4.31 to 69.64). In women with any type of UI, there was also moderate quality evidence that PFMT is associated with cure (RR 5.5; 95% CI 2.87–10.52), or cure and improvement (RR 2.39; 95% CI 1.64–3.47). Conclusions The addition of seven new trials did not change the essential findings of the earlier version of this review. In this iteration, using the GRADE quality criteria strengthened the recommendations for PFMT and a wider range of secondary outcomes (also generally in favor of PFMT) were reported.