Sistema de registro eletr??nico de ponto

O Sistema de Registro Eletr??nico de Ponto (SREP) representou um importante avan??o nos instrumentos de prote????o e seguran??a dos trabalhadores e empresas que utilizam o ponto eletr??nico, por coibir fraudes de altera????o dos hor??rios efetivamente registrados, de supress??o ou de impedimento na marca????o de horas extras. Ap??s investiga????o das modalidades de fraudes e dos sistemas que propiciavam as adultera????es, a equipe t??cnica do Minist??rio do Trabalho e Emprego (MTE) desenvolveu o modelo de regulamenta????o, consolidado na Portaria n?? 1.510/2009, que garante as marca????es dos hor??rios de jornada de trabalho sem possibilidade de adultera????o. O SREP ?? composto de um hardware e um software. O hardware, Registrador Eletr??nico de Ponto (REP), preserva as marca????es de ponto e fornece ao trabalhador o seu comprovante. O software opera nos computadores das empresas, permitindo o tratamento seguro dos dados para pagamento das horas trabalhadas. S?? em 2010, o SREP recuperou uma sonega????o de R$ 1,5 bilh??o em sal??rios e R$ 446,6 milh??es em contribui????es previdenci??rias e Fundo de Garantia do Tempo de Servi??o (FGTS)

Cart??o do cidad??o

O pagamento dos benef??cios sociais, efetuado no guich?? de caixa das ag??ncias, era um processo lento e oneroso ao cidad??o e ?? CAIXA. Envolvia elevado quantitativo de atendentes e significativo tempo para a execu????o de rotinas inerentes, principalmente no que diz respeito ?? qualifica????o e ?? identifica????o do trabalhador, ao tratamento da documenta????o e ?? coleta de assinatura no documento de pagamento, gerando elevado custo operacional. Em 1995, a CAIXA lan??ou o Cart??o do Trabalhador, que permitia o acompanhamento de lan??amentos do Fundo de Garantia do Tempo de Servi??o (FGTS) e acesso ao saldo de cotas de sua participa????o no Programa de Integra????o Social (PIS), mas n??o tinha a funcionalidade de saque de benef??cios e n??o atendia os benefici??rios do Abono Salarial e do Seguro- Desemprego. A necessidade de aperfei??oar e integrar os processos de atendimento e pagamento desses produtos sociais levou ?? cria????o do Cart??o do Cidad??o, que proporcionou melhoria significativa na qualidade do atendimento ao cidad??o e minimizou os custos operacionais

Uma alternativa para a crise

Este projeto refere-se ?? solu????o encontrada para amenizar as filas diante da Sub-Delegacia do Trabalho de Novo Hamburgo ??? RS, causadas pelo ac??mulo de processos, em conseq????ncia das fal??ncias e fechamentos de empresas. Milhares de trabalhadores entraram na Justi??a reivindicando seus direitos e as filas iniciavam normalmente 50 horas antes do in??cio do atendimento. A solu????o encontrada foi antecipar a Justi??a do Trabalho no que se refere ??s parcelas rescis??rias incontroversas do trabalho (FGTS e Seguro Desemprego), negociando diretamente com os sindicatos, as empresas e com a comiss??o dos trabalhadores

Potential and Challenges of Analog Reconfigurable Computation in Modern and Future CMOS

In this work, the feasibility of the floating-gate technology in analog computing platforms in a scaled down general-purpose CMOS technology is considered. When the technology is scaled down the performance of analog circuits tends to get worse because the process parameters are optimized for digital transistors and the scaling involves the reduction of supply voltages. Generally, the challenge in analog circuit design is that all salient design metrics such as power, area, bandwidth and accuracy are interrelated. Furthermore, poor flexibility, i.e. lack of reconfigurability, the reuse of IP etc., can be considered the most severe weakness of analog hardware. On this account, digital calibration schemes are often required for improved performance or yield enhancement, whereas high flexibility/reconfigurability can not be easily achieved. Here, it is discussed whether it is possible to work around these obstacles by using floating-gate transistors (FGTs), and analyze problems associated with the practical implementation. FGT technology is attractive because it is electrically programmable and also features a charge-based built-in non-volatile memory. Apart from being ideal for canceling the circuit non-idealities due to process variations, the FGTs can also be used as computational or adaptive elements in analog circuits. The nominal gate oxide thickness in the deep sub-micron (DSM) processes is too thin to support robust charge retention and consequently the FGT becomes leaky. In principle, non-leaky FGTs can be implemented in a scaled down process without any special masks by using “double”-oxide transistors intended for providing devices that operate with higher supply voltages than general purpose devices. However, in practice the technology scaling poses several challenges which are addressed in this thesis. To provide a sufficiently wide-ranging survey, six prototype chips with varying complexity were implemented in four different DSM process nodes and investigated from this perspective. The focus is on non-leaky FGTs, but the presented autozeroing floating-gate amplifier (AFGA) demonstrates that leaky FGTs may also find a use. The simplest test structures contain only a few transistors, whereas the most complex experimental chip is an implementation of a spiking neural network (SNN) which comprises thousands of active and passive devices. More precisely, it is a fully connected (256 FGT synapses) two-layer spiking neural network (SNN), where the adaptive properties of FGT are taken advantage of. A compact realization of Spike Timing Dependent Plasticity (STDP) within the SNN is one of the key contributions of this thesis. Finally, the considerations in this thesis extend beyond CMOS to emerging nanodevices. To this end, one promising emerging nanoscale circuit element - memristor - is reviewed and its applicability for analog processing is considered. Furthermore, it is discussed how the FGT technology can be used to prototype computation paradigms compatible with these emerging two-terminal nanoscale devices in a mature and widely available CMOS technology.

O fenômeno recente da migração de brasileiros para o exterior e o âmbito de aplicação da Lei Mendes Junior

O processo de globalização e o grande fluxo de mão de obra levaram à edição da lei 7064/1982 (“Mendes Junior”) responsável por regular os direitos dos trabalhadores transferidos temporariamente para o exterior. De acordo com essa norma, àqueles empregados transferidos para outros países é assegurado o recolhimento de FGTS e INSS, além do pagamento de outras verbas trabalhistas dispostas na lei. Contudo, a essa legislação editada em 1982 se tornou inócua e desatualizada diante das novas relações de trabalho que lhe foram apresentadas. O presente trabalho pretende analisar o âmbito de aplicação da Lei Mendes Junior através do estudo de caso, onde o empregado é transferido para o exterior sem animus de volta e em caráter definitivo e, em virtude dessa transferência, tem o seu contrato de trabalho rescindido com a empresa brasileira e é admitido por uma empresa estrangeira, integrante do mesmo grupo econômico da sua empregadora original. Através de uma análise sistemática dos dispositivos da lei, é possível observar que a Lei Mendes Junior foi proposta com o objetivo principal de proteger os empregados que foram transferidos para o exterior com a expectativa de retorno para o Brasil. A interpretação da lei confirma a assertiva acima de que a legislação não foi criada para as transferências definitivas. Por fim, o trabalho em epígrafe oferece uma proposta legislativa para dirimir a lacuna da lei.

Os efeitos macroeconômicos das transferências sociais: uma abordagem de matriz de contabilidade social

Government transfers to individuals and families play a central role in the Brazilian social protection system, accounting for almost 14 per cent of GDP in 2009. While their fiscal and redistributive impacts have been widely studied, the macroeconomic effects of transfers are harder to ascertain. We constructed a Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) for 2009 and estimated short-term multipliers for seven different government monetary transfers . The SAM is a double-entry square matrix depicting all income flows in the economy. The data were compiled from the 2009 Brazilian National Accounts and the 2008/2009 POF, a household budget survey. Our SAM was disaggregated into 56 sectors, 110 commodities, 200 household groups and seven factors of production (capital plus six types of labor, according to schooling). Finally, we ran a set of regressions to separate household consumption into ‘autonomous’ (or ‘exogenous’) and ‘endogenous’ components. More specifically, we are interested in the effects of an exogenous injection into each of the seven government transfers outlined above. All the other accounts are thus endogenous. The so-called demand ‘leaks’ are income flows from the endogenous to exogenous accounts. Leaks—such as savings, taxes and imports—are crucial to determine the multiplier effect of an exogenous injection, as they allow the system to go back to equilibrium. The model assumes that supply is perfectly elastic to demand shocks. It assumes that the families’ propensity to save and consumption profile are fixed—that is, rising incomes do not provoke changes in behaviour. The multiplier effects of the on GDP corresponds to the growth in GDP resulting from each additional dollar injected into each transfer seven government transfers. If the government increased Bolsa Família expenditures by 1 per cent of GDP, overall economic activity would grow by 1.78 per cent, the highest effect. The Continuous Cash Benefit, comes second. Only three transfers— the private-sector and public servants’ pensions and FGTS withdrawals—had multipliers lower than unity. The multipliers for other relevant macroeconomic aggregates—household and total consumption, disposable income etc. —reveal a similar pattern. Thus, under the stringent assumptions of our model, we cannot reject the hypothesis that government transfers targeting poor households, such as the Bolsa Família, help foster economic expansion. Naturally, it should be stressed that the multipliers relate marginal injections into government transfers to short-term economic performance either real growth, or inflation if there is no idle capacity which is also useful to analyze. In the long term, there is no doubt that what truly matters is the growth of the country’s productive capacity.

A note on Brazilian financial regulation and governance

The question posed by Theme 4 of this workshop is indeed a very broad one and would demand a thorough research on the topics involved. I am afraid I did not have the proper time to think it over and I would not be able to provide a wide ranging answer to this question. Thus, I will be selective and I will present the following issues that need to be addressed to support Brazilian development: i) competition among banks; ii) high rate of interest on liquidity; iii) approval by the Congress of a Complementary Law to regulate the financial sector as required by the 1988 Brazilian Constitution; iv) exploitation of workers through the governance of the Job Time Guarantee Fund (FGTS) and iv) state-owned versus government owned enterprises.

Flexibilidade do mercado de trabalho, proteçao aos trabalhadores e treinamento vocacional de força de trabalho: a experiência de América Latina e perspectivas (análise do caso brasileiro)

Incluye Bibliografía

Financiamento habitacional no Brasil : muitos subsídios, poucos pobres

Inclui notas explicativas e bibliografia