Inscripció ibèrica, grafits i marques amfòriques prodecents de la Fogonussa (Sant Mart�� de Maldà, Riucorb, Urgell)

[cat] Es donen a conèixer diversos objectes singulars localitzats en superfície en els jaciments ibèric i romà de la Fogonussa, que romanien inèdits en la població de Sant Mart�� de Maldà, municipi de Sant Mart�� de Riucorb. La selecció està formada per una vora d'àmfora grecoitàlica tardana, que conté una inscripció ibèrica, dues nanses de vasos contenidors ibèrics amb grafits i tres nanses d'àmfora ibèrica estampillades, una d'elles amb la figura d'un griu.

Estudo fitoquímico e avaliação da atividade moluscicida da Kielmeyera variabilis Mart (Clusiaceae)

Methanol extract obtained from Kielmeyera variabilis stems showed significant molluscicidal activity against Biomphalaria glabrata. The phytochemical studies of the plants stem to the isolation of three xanthones (assiguxanthone-B, kielcorin and 1,3,5,6-tetrahtydroxy-2-prenylxanthone) and a organic acid (2,5-dihydroxy benzoic acid). The structures of these compounds were identified by IR, MS, ¹H and 13C NMR spectral analysis and comparison with literature data.

Lignanas de Strychnos guianensis (Aublet) Mart.

The present communication reports the isolation and identification of three lignans from metanolic root extracts of Strychnos guianensis (Aublet) Mart.: olivil (1), cycloolivil (2) and the unknown derivative cycloolivil carbonate (3). From hexane extracts was identified a long chain fatty acid mixture and the triterpene lupeol. The analyses were based on chromatographic and spectroscopy techniques (IR, MS, GC/MS, ¹H-NMR and 13C-NMR, 1D (BB, DEPT 135) and 2D (¹H, ¹ H-COSY, ¹H, 13C-COSY, ¹H, 13C-COSY-LR, HMQC, HMBC and NOESY) and comparison with literature data.

Saponinas triterpênicas de Tocoyena brasiliensis Mart. (Rubiaceae)

The present communication reports the isolation and identification of four triterpenoid saponins from the chloroform extract of the leaves of Tocoyena brasiliensis: 3-O-beta-D-quinovopyranosyl quinovic acid, 3-O-beta-D-quinovopyranosyl cincholic acid, 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl quinovic acid and the 28-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl ester derivative of quinovic acid as binary mixtures, respectively. From the ethanol extract a flavonoid identified as ramnazin-3-O-rutinoside was obtained. The structures of these compounds were assigned by data analysis of 1D and 2D NMR spectrometry and comparison with data recorded in the literature for these compounds.

Constituintes químicos de Luehea divaricata Mart. (Tiliaceae)

Chemical studies of the leaves of L. divaricata afforded 3beta-p-hydroxybenzoyl-tormentic acid, a triterpene with an ursene-type skeleton, a mixture whose main compound was an oleanene derivative, the maslinic acid, a C-glycoside flavone, vitexin and glucopyranosylsitosterol. A flavonoid, characterized as (-)-epicatechin, which belongs to the flavan-3-ol class, was isolated from the stem's bark. The structures of the compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis. The antibacterial, antifungal and antiproliferative activities of the crude methanolic extracts of leaves and bark were evaluated and the antibacterial properties of the fractions of the barks were also investigated.

Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil from Aeolanthus suaveolens Mart. ex Spreng

The essential oils from leaves (sample A) and flowers (sample B) of Aeolanthus suaveolens Mart. ex Spreng were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC, GC-MS, and chiral phase gas chromatography (CPGC). Six compounds have been identified from the essential oils, representing ca 94.3 and 93% of the oils corresponding to samples A and B, respectively. The major constituents of samples A and B essential oils were respectively, linalool (34.2%/34.9%), (-)-massoialactone (25.9%/17.0%) and (E)-beta-farnesene (25.4%/29.1%). The enantiomeric distribution of the monoterpene linalool was established by analysis on heptakis- (6-O-methyl-2,3-di-O-pentyl)-beta-cyclodextrin capillary column. The antimicrobial activity of the essential oil from leaves and isolated compounds was also evaluated.

Constituintes químicos de Vernonia chalybaea mart.

The chemical investigation of the hexane and ethanol extracts from aerial parts of Vernonia chalybaea conducted to the isolation and characterization of a new aliphatic tetrahydroxyl ether, along with a series of known compounds such as 4 α,10 α-epoxyaromadendrane, friedelin, taraxasteryl acetate, pseudotaraxasteryl acetate, lupeyl acetate, lupeol, α-amiryn, β-amiryn, β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, 2,3-dimethyl-1,2,3-tri-hydroxybuthanol, angophorol, angophorol-7-O-glucoside, angophorol-7-O-rutinoside, 3,7-dimethoxy-5,3',4'-trihydroxyflavone and acacetin. The structures of all compounds were determined by spectroscopic analysis and comparison with published spectral data.

Atividade antioxidante de extratos e taninos condensados das folhas de Maytenus ilicifolia Mart. ex Reiss.

Maytenus ilicifolia (Celastraceae) is a native plant of South America and popularly known as "espinheira-santa". The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant capacity of extracts and isolated compounds from this plant. The antioxidant activity of the crude and semipurified extracts and isolated compounds was evaluated through DPPH-radical and phosphomolybdenum-complex assays. By both methods, the ethyl-acetate fraction demonstrated better antioxidant capacity compared with vitamin C and trolox. In the compounds, the higher the number of hydroxyls, the greater the antioxidant activity. In addition, stereochemistry influenced antioxidant activity, i.e., compounds with 2R,3R showed greater activity than those with 2R,3S.

Constituintes químicos e atividade antioxidante de extratos das folhas de Terminalia fagifolia Mart. et Zucc

Phytochemical investigation of ethanolic leaves extracts of T. fagifolia led to the isolation of (+)-catechin, sitosterol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, α- and β-tocopherol, a mixture of lupeol, α- and β-amyrin, sitosterol and a mixture of glicosid flavonoids (CP-13). The structures of these compounds were identified by ¹H and 13C NMR spectral analysis and comparison with literature data. Absolute configuration of the catechin was determinate by circular dichroism. Antioxidant activity (EC50), evaluated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhidrazyl (DPPH) assay system, decreased in the order: (+)-catechin > hydroalcoholic fraction > CP-13 > aqueous fraction > EtOH extract.

Alcaloides β-indolopiridoquinazolínicos de Esenbeckia grandiflora mart. (Rutaceae)

The chemical composition of two specimens of Esenbeckia grandiflora, collected in the south and northeast regions of Brazil, was investigated. In this study, three β-indolopyridoquinazoline alkaloids from the leaves (rutaecarpine, 1-hydroxyrutaecarpine) and roots (euxylophoricine D) were isolated for the first time in this genus. In addition, the triterpenes α-amyrin, β-amyrin, α-amyrenonol, β-amyrenonol, 3α-hydroxy-ursan-12-one, and 3α-hydroxy-12,13-epoxy-oleanane, the coumarins auraptene, umbelliferone, pimpinelin, and xanthotoxin, the furoquinoline alkaloids delbine and kokusaginine, and the phytosteroids sitosterol, stigmasterol, campesterol and 3β-O-β-D-glucopyranosylsitosterol were also isolated from the leaves, twigs, roots and stems of this species. Structures of these compounds were established by spectral analysis.

Antioxidant activities of isolated compounds from stems of Mimosa invisa Mart. ex Colla

This work describes the phytochemical study of stems of Mimosa invisa (Mimosaceae) and the evaluation of the antioxidant potential of isolated compounds. Cromatografic techniques were employed to isolate salicifoliol, pinoresinol, quercetin, quercetin-3-O-rhamnopyranosyl, quercetin-3-O-arabinofuranosyl lupeol, β-amyrin, sitosterol, p-hydroxy coumaric acid, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy benzaldehyde (vanillin), 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxy benzaldehyde, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy benzoic acid and 4',6,7- trimethoxy flavonol. The latter had been previously described but the spectrometric data shown indicated the structure required review. The antioxidant activity of the compounds was evaluated by the DPPH test and capability of NBT reduction by superoxide radicals. Quercetin glycosides showed lower antioxidant potential than quercetin and, salicifoliol was found to be more active than pinoresinol.

Índice de translocação de nutrientes em mudas de cedro (Cedrela fissilis Vell.) e de ipê-roxo (Tabebuia impetiginosa (Mart.) Standl.) submetidas a doses crescentes de cádmio, níquel e chumbo

Com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos da toxidez de Cd, Ni e Pb, mudas de cedro e de ipê-roxo foram cultivadas em solução nutritiva de Clark, em condições de casa de vegetação do Departamento de Ciência do Solo da Universidade Federal de Lavras, com doses crescentes de Cd (0, 22, 44, 88 e 132 mimol/l), de Ni (0, 42, 84, 169 e 252 mimol/l) e de Pb (0, 48, 96, 192 e 288 mimol/l), adotando-se para tal um delineamento estatístico de blocos ao acaso, para os três ensaios. Ao final de 60 dias de exposição ao metal pesado, foram feitas avaliações do índice de translocação de macro e de micronutrientes da raiz para a parte aérea, tendo sido constatado que o aumento das doses de Cd, Ni e Pb exerceu efeitos sobre os índices de translocação de P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn, ora positivos, ora negativos, variando com a espécie, o metal pesado e o nutriente.

Influência de doses crescentes de chumbo sobre o teor e o conteúdo de nutrientes e Pb em mudas de ipê-roxo (Tabebuia impetiginosa (Mart.) Standl.)

O efeito da aplicação de chumbo sobre o teor e o conteúdo de nutrientes e Pb na raiz, no caule e nas folhas de mudas de ipê-roxo (Tabebuia impetiginosa (Mart.) Standl.) foi estudado em um experimento realizado em casa de vegetação do Departamento de Ciência do Solo da Universidade Federal de Lavras. As mudas foram cultivadas em solução nutritiva de Clark e submetidas a doses crescentes de Pb: 0, 48, 96, 192 e 288 mimol/l. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento estatístico de blocos ao acaso, e após 60 dias de exposição ao metal pesado foram feitas avaliações do teor e do conteúdo de macro, micronutrientes e chumbo na matéria seca de raiz, caule e folha. Os resultados mostraram que a aplicação de chumbo aumentou o teor de P e praticamente não afetou os teores de S, Ca e Mg nas mudas. De modo geral os teores de Cu, Fe e Mn sofreram redução, o teor de Zn não foi afetado, enquanto o conteúdo de macro e de micronutrientes sofreu redução. O teor de Pb na matéria seca de raiz, caule e folha aumentou com as doses aplicadas, principalmente na raiz, e se mostrou pouco móvel nas plantas analisadas.

Avaliação dos níveis de extrativismo da casca de barbatimão [Stryphnodendron adstringens (Mart.) Coville] no Distrito Federal, Brasil

Este estudo visou subsidiar o estabelecimento de diretrizes para a conservação e o manejo do barbatimão, cuja casca é usada na produção de medicamentos tradicionais, além de ser boa produtora de tanino. A coleta da casca exercida pela população é estimulada por indústrias farmacêuticas e, aos poucos, vem provocando esgotamento deste recurso. Para avaliar o dano extrativista, foram realizados sete caminhamentos, de 2 horas cada, em quatro unidades de conservação no Distrito Federal: um no Arboreto da UnB; dois na ''Matinha'' do Centro Olímpico da UnB, na APA do Paranoá; três na APA Gama e Cabeça de Veado; e um no Parque Ecológico Norte. Nesta ocasião, foram medidos os diâmetros (a 30 cm do solo), as alturas das plantas e os níveis de danos na casca provocados pelo extrativismo. Os danos foram classificados em oito níveis:0 = sem dano; 1 = > 10%; 2 = 11-25%; 3 = 2650%; 4 = 51-75%; 5 = 76-100% de casca removida; 6 = mortas; e 7 = rebrotas. A estrutura diamétrica foi ajustada por regressão, conforme o modelo ''J-invertido''. A freqüência nas classes diamétricas iniciais ficou abaixo do esperado, o que indica que poderá haver redução na densidade desta espécie na porção estudada do Distrito Federal. A avaliação qualitativa indicou que 41% dos indivíduos amostrados apresentaram sinais de extrativismo desordenado independentemente do porte da planta. Deste modo, torna-se importante estabelecer políticas voltadas para o desenvolvimento de técnicas de manejo sustentado e programas de domesticação, assim como a criação de um plano gestor para as unidades de conservação no Distrito Federal.