Contribuição dos indicadores de sustentabilidade na gestão urbano ambiental

Recently in Brazil cities have been suffering strong influence concerning concepts of sustainable development and urban-environmental management in order to implement public policies. These approaches combined, subsidize fair democratic construction, along with citizen participation and transparency regarding the use of resources. This study was meant to address the evaluation of performance and environmental quality through the use of sustainability indicators as a tool for planning and management of municipal urban-environmental, its advantages, disadvantages and contributions to the effectiveness in the implementation of policies aimed at local sustainable development. The main objective of the study was to do a comparative analysis of the indicators used in Piracicaba, to the national indicator system and other municipal programs, and also, its application in urban and environmental planning. To achieve this goal, initially a topic selection was made based on a bibliographic analysis in order to discuss the use of management tools and municipal evaluation systems from the perspective of sustainability, showing the management tools such as laws, agreements, documents and mainly, sustainability indicators. It was then, prepared the case study carried out in Piracicaba, São Paulo municipality. With the obtained results, it was possible to provide a model which shows strengths and weaknesses of public actions and policies for the environment, such as project suggestions that could be applied aiming greater sustainability and continuous improvement of municipal environmental performance

Diagnóstico e avaliação ambiental das nascentes da Serra dos Matões, município de Pedro II, Piauí

Pós-graduação em Geografia - IGCE

Growth parameters and mortality rate of the Scomber japonicus peruanus (Jordan & Hubb, 1925) along the Peruvian coast, South Pacific

The growth parameters and the mortality rates of the Scomber japonicus peruanus (Chub mackerel) were studied based on monthly data of frequency of fork length classes obtained from commercial landings off the Peruvian coast from 1996 to 1998. The asymptotic body length and growth rate values obtained by the ELEFAN I (Electronic Length Frequency Analysis) ranged from 40.20 cm to 42.20 cm and from 0.38 to 0.39, respectively. The oscillation amplitude was 0.60; the Winter point values varied from 0.50 to 0.60 and the performance index from 2.79 to 2.84. The total mortality rate of the Chub mackerel obtained by the linearized catch curve oscillated between 1.68 and 3.35. The rate of fishing mortality varied from 1.16 to 2.78 and the exploitation rate from 0.68 to 0.84. The annual rate of natural mortality estimated by the Pauly`s method ranged from 0.52 to 0.53. The results obtained allow us to conclude that the longevity of the Chub mackerel was slightly over seven years.

Previous Exercise Training Has a Beneficial Effect on Renal and Cardiovascular Function in a Model of Diabetes

Exercise training (ET) is an important intervention for chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus (DM). However, it is not known whether previous exercise training intervention alters the physiological and medical complications of these diseases. We investigated the effects of previous ET on the progression of renal disease and cardiovascular autonomic control in rats with streptozotocin (STZ)-induced DM. Male Wistar rats were divided into five groups. All groups were followed for 15 weeks. Trained control and trained diabetic rats underwent 10 weeks of exercise training, whereas previously trained diabetic rats underwent 14 weeks of exercise training. Renal function, proteinuria, renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) and the echocardiographic parameters autonomic modulation and baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) were evaluated. In the previously trained group, the urinary albumin/creatinine ratio was reduced compared with the sedentary diabetic and trained diabetic groups (p < 0.05). Additionally, RSNA was normalized in the trained diabetic and previously trained diabetic animals (p < 0.05). The ejection fraction was increased in the previously trained diabetic animals compared with the diabetic and trained diabetic groups (p < 0.05), and the myocardial performance index was improved in the previously trained diabetic group compared with the diabetic and trained diabetic groups (p < 0.05). In addition, the previously trained rats had improved heart rate variability and BRS in the tachycardic response and bradycardic response in relation to the diabetic group (p < 0.05). This study demonstrates that previous ET improves the functional damage that affects DM. Additionally, our findings suggest that the development of renal and cardiac dysfunction can be minimized by 4 weeks of ET before the induction of DM by STZ.

Myocardial Deformation by Speckle Tracking in Severe Dilated Cardiomyopathy

Background: The high and increasing prevalence of Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM) represents a serious public health issue. Novel technologies have been used aiming to improve diagnosis and the therapeutic approach. In this context, speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) uses natural myocardial markers to analyze the systolic deformation of the left ventricle (LV). Objective: Measure the longitudinal transmural global strain (GS) of the LV through STE in patients with severe DCM, comparing the results with normal individuals and with echocardiographic parameters established for the analysis of LV systolic function, in order to validate the method in this population. Methods: Seventy-one patients with severe DCM (53 +/- 12 years, 72% men) and 20 controls (30 +/- 8 years, 45% men) were studied. The following variables were studied: LV volumes and ejection fraction calculated by two and three-dimensional echocardiography, Doppler parameters, Tissue Doppler Imaging systolic and diastolic LV velocities and GS obtained by STE. Results: Compared with controls, LV volumes were higher in the DCM group; however, LVEF and peak E-wave velocity were lower in the latter. The myocardial performance index was higher in the patient group. Tissue Doppler myocardial velocities (S', e', a') were significantly lower and E/e' ratio was higher in the DCM group. GS was decreased in the DCM group (-5.5% +/- 2.3%) when compared with controls (-14.0% +/- 1.8%). Conclusion: In this study, GS was significantly lower in patients with severe DCM, bringing new perspectives for therapeutic approaches in this specific population. (Arq Bras Cardiol 2012;99(3):834-842)

Noninvasive and invasive evaluation of cardiac dysfunction in experimental diabetes in rodents

Abstract Background Because cardiomyopathy is the leading cause of death in diabetic patients, the determination of myocardial function in diabetes mellitus is essential. In the present study, we provide an integrated approach, using noninvasive echocardiography and invasive hemodynamics to assess early changes in myocardial function of diabetic rats. Methods Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin injection (STZ, 50 mg/kg). After 30 days, echocardiography (noninvasive) at rest and invasive left ventricular (LV) cannulation at rest, during and after volume overload, were performed in diabetic (D, N = 7) and control rats (C, N = 7). The Student t test was performed to compare metabolic and echocardiographic differences between groups at 30 days. ANOVA was used to compare LV invasive measurements, followed by the Student-Newman-Keuls test. Differences were considered significant at P < 0.05 for all tests. Results Diabetes impaired LV systolic function expressed by reduced fractional shortening, ejection fraction, and velocity of circumferential fiber shortening compared with that in the control group. The diabetic LV diastolic dysfunction was evidenced by diminished E-waves and increased A-waves and isovolumic relaxation time. The myocardial performance index was greater in diabetic compared with control rats, indicating impairment in diastolic and systolic function. The LV systolic pressure was reduced and the LV end-diastolic pressure was increased at rest in diabetic rats. The volume overload increased LVEDP in both groups, while LVEDP remained increased after volume overload only in diabetic rats. Conclusion These results suggest that STZ-diabetes induces systolic and diastolic dysfunction at rest, and reduces the capacity for cardiac adjustment to volume overload. In addition, it was also demonstrated that rodent echocardiography can be a useful, clinically relevant tool for the study of initial diabetic cardiomyopathy manifestations in asymptomatic patients.

Analisi e progettazione dei processi aziendali per la certificazione del sistema gestione qualità. Il caso SACMI S.C. - Business Beverage.

Il lavoro tratta l’applicazione di un progetto di Certificazione del Sistema di Gestione della Qualità di un’innovativa linea di Business nel settore delle macchine per il confezionamento delle bevande. Questo lavoro è stato preparato durante un periodo di Stage della durata di sei mesi effettuato presso SACMI IMOLA S.C. (Imola, BOLOGNA) a seguito della necessità, riscontrata dal management, di allineare il sistema gestione qualità della nuova linea di business alla normativa ISO 9001:2008, come per le altre linee di business dell’azienda. Tutto questo mediante l’implementazione di un sistema di Business Process Management (BPM) e di tutti i sistemi informatici ad esso collegati. La tesi si struttura in tre parti. Nella prima parte, attraverso un’indagine della letteratura di riferimento, si sono indagati l’evoluzione storica, la struttura attuale e i possibili scenari evolutivi inerenti il concetto di qualità, il sistema gestione qualità e la normativa di riferimento. La seconda parte è dedicata all’approfondimento delle tematiche del BPM, i cui principi hanno guidato l’intervento effettuato. La ricerca è stata condotta allo scopo di evidenziare le radici e gli elementi innovativi che contraddistinguono questo approccio di “management”, descrivere gli aspetti che ne hanno determinato la diffusione e l’evoluzione ed evidenziare, inoltre, il collegamento tra l’approccio per processi che sta alla base di questa filosofia di management e lo stesso approccio previsto nella normativa ISO 9001:2008 e, più specificatamente nella cosiddetta Vision 2000. Tale sezione si conclude con la formalizzazione delle metodologia e degli strumenti effettivamente utilizzati per la gestione del progetto. La terza ed ultima parte del lavoro consiste nella descrizione del caso. Vengono presentate le varie fasi dell’implementazione del progetto, dall’analisi dell’attuale situazione alla costruzione dell’infrastruttura informatica per l’attuazione del BPM ottenuta attraverso l’applicazione dei “criteri di progettazione” trattati dalla letteratura di riferimento, passando per la mappatura dei processi attualmente in vigore e per l’analisi delle performance del processo attuale, misurate attraverso indicatori sviluppati “ad hoc”. Il lavoro è arricchito dall’analisi di un’innovativa metodologia per la creazione di un sistema di gestione integrato delle certificazioni (ISO 9001, ISO 14001, OHSAS 18001) fondato sull’infrastruttura informatica creata.

Applicazione di strumenti e metodi per la gestione ambientale di un territorio vasto - Sviluppo di un sistema di gestione ambientale in un ente pubblico secondo lo schema europeo EMAS e analisi di un sistema energetico territoriale

Environmental Management includes many components, among which we can include Environmental Management Systems (EMS), Environmental Reporting and Analysis, Environmental Information Systems and Environmental Communication. In this work two applications are presented: the developement and implementation of an Environmental Management System in local administrations, according to the European scheme "EMAS", and the analysis of a territorial energy system through scenario building and environmental sustainability assessment. Both applications are linked by the same objective, which is the quest for more scientifically sound elements; in fact, both EMS and energy planning are oftec carachterized by localism and poor comparability. Emergy synthesis, proposed by ecologist H.T. Odum and described in his book "Environmental Accounting: Emergy and Environmental Decision Making" (1996) has been chosen and applied as an environmental evaluation tool, in order complete the analysis with an assessment of the "global value" of goods and processes. In particular, eMergy syntesis has been applied in order to improve the evaluation of the significance of environmental aspects in an EMS, and in order to evaluate the environmental performance of three scenarios of future evolution of the energy system. Regarding EMS, in this work an application of an EMS together with the CLEAR methodology for environmental accounting is discussed, in order to improve the identification of the environmental aspects; data regarding environmental aspects and significant ones for 4 local authorities are also presented, together with a preliminary proposal for the integration of the assessment of the significance of environmental aspects with eMergy synthesis. Regarding the analysis of an energy system, in this work the carachterization of the current situation is presented together with the overall energy balance and the evaluation of the emissions of greenhouse gases; moreover, three scenarios of future evolution are described and discussed. The scenarios have been realized with the support of the LEAP software ("Long Term Energy Alternatives Planning System" by SEI - "Stockholm Environment Institute"). Finally, the eMergy synthesis of the current situation and of the three scenarios is shown.

La sostenibilità ambientale dal Progetto Edilizio al Piano Urbano: L'integrazione della variabile energetica nella pianificazione del territorio

La questione energetica ha assunto, negli ultimi anni, un ruolo centrale nel dibattito mondiale in relazione a quattro fattori principali: la non riproducibilità delle risorse naturali, l’aumento esponenziale dei consumi, gli interessi economici e la salvaguardia dell'equilibrio ambientale e climatico del nostro Pianeta. E’ necessario, dunque, cambiare il modello di produzione e consumo dell’energia soprattutto nelle città, dove si ha la massima concentrazione dei consumi energetici. Per queste ragioni, il ricorso alle Fonti Energetiche Rinnovabili (FER) si configura ormai come una misura necessaria, opportuna ed urgente anche nella pianificazione urbanistica. Per migliorare la prestazione energetica complessiva del sistema città bisogna implementare politiche di governo delle trasformazioni che escano da una logica operativa “edificio-centrica” e ricomprendano, oltre al singolo manufatto, le aggregazioni di manufatti e le loro relazioni/ interazioni in termini di input e output materico-energetiche. La sostituzione generalizzata del patrimonio edilizio esistente con nuovi edifici iper-tecnologici, è improponibile. In che modo quindi, è possibile ridefinire la normativa e la prassi urbanistica per generare tessuti edilizi energeticamente efficienti? La presente ricerca propone l’integrazione tra la nascente pianificazione energetica del territorio e le più consolidate norme urbanistiche, nella generazione di tessuti urbani “energy saving” che aggiungano alle prestazioni energetico-ambientali dei singoli manufatti quelle del contesto, in un bilancio energetico complessivo. Questo studio, dopo aver descritto e confrontato le principali FER oggi disponibili, suggerisce una metodologia per una valutazione preliminare del mix di tecnologie e di FER più adatto per ciascun sito configurato come “distretto energetico”. I risultati di tale processo forniscono gli elementi basilari per predisporre le azioni necessarie all’integrazione della materia energetica nei Piani Urbanistici attraverso l’applicazione dei principi della perequazione nella definizione di requisiti prestazionali alla scala insediativa, indispensabili per un corretto passaggio alla progettazione degli “oggetti” e dei “sistemi” urbani.

Plasmons as sensors

“Plasmon” is a synonym for collective oscillations of the conduction electrons in a metal nanoparticle (excited by an incoming light wave), which cause strong optical responses like efficient light scattering. The scattering cross-section with respect to the light wavelength depends not only on material, size and shape of the nanoparticle, but also on the refractive index of the embedding medium. For this reason, plasmonic nanoparticles are interesting candidates for sensing applications. Here, two novel setups for rapid spectral investigations of single nanoparticles and different sensing experiments are presented.rnrnPrecisely, the novel setups are based on an optical microscope operated in darkfield modus. For the fast single particle spectroscopy (fastSPS) setup, the entrance pinhole of a coupled spectrometer is replaced by a liquid crystal device (LCD) acting as spatially addressable electronic shutter. This improvement allows the automatic and continuous investigation of several particles in parallel for the first time. The second novel setup (RotPOL) usesrna rotating wedge-shaped polarizer and encodes the full polarization information of each particle within one image, which reveals the symmetry of the particles and their plasmon modes. Both setups are used to observe nanoparticle growth in situ on a single-particle level to extract quantitative data on nanoparticle growth.rnrnUsing the fastSPS setup, I investigate the membrane coating of gold nanorods in aqueous solution and show unequivocally the subsequent detection of protein binding to the membrane. This binding process leads to a spectral shift of the particles resonance due to the higher refractive index of the protein compared to water. Hence, the nanosized addressable sensor platform allows for local analysis of protein interactions with biological membranes as a function of the lateral composition of phase separated membranes.rnrnThe sensitivity on changes in the environmental refractive index depends on the particles’ aspect ratio. On the basis of simulations and experiments, I could present the existence of an optimal aspect ratio range between 3 and 4 for gold nanorods for sensing applications. A further sensitivity increase can only be reached by chemical modifications of the gold nanorods. This can be achieved by synthesizing an additional porous gold cage around the nanorods, resulting in a plasmon sensitivity raise of up to 50 % for those “nanorattles” compared to gold nanorods with the same resonance wavelength. Another possibility isrnto coat the gold nanorods with a thin silver shell. This reduces the single particle’s resonance spectral linewidth about 30 %, which enlarges the resolution of the observable shift. rnrnThis silver coating evokes the interesting effect of reducing the ensemble plasmon linewidth by changing the relation connecting particle shape and plasmon resonance wavelength. This change, I term plasmonic focusing, leads to less variation of resonance wavelengths for the same particle size distribution, which I show experimentally and theoretically.rnrnIn a system of two coupled nanoparticles, the plasmon modes of the transversal and longitudinal axis depend on the refractive index of the environmental solution, but only the latter one is influenced by the interparticle distance. I show that monitoring both modes provides a self-calibrating system, where interparticle distance variations and changes of the environmental refractive index can be determined with high precision.

Approccio multidisciplinare per le valutazioni ambientali: Problematiche e sinergie in un uso combinato delle metodologie life cycle assessment (lca) e risk assessment (ra)

In questo lavoro di tesi si è elaborato un quadro di riferimento per l’utilizzo combinato di due metodologie di valutazione di impatti LCA e RA, per tecnologie emergenti. L’originalità dello studio sta nell’aver proposto e anche applicato il quadro di riferimento ad un caso studio, in particolare ad una tecnologia innovativa di refrigerazione, basata su nanofluidi (NF), sviluppata da partner del progetto Europeo Nanohex che hanno collaborato all’elaborazione degli studi soprattutto per quanto riguarda l’inventario dei dati necessari. La complessità dello studio è da ritrovare tanto nella difficile integrazione di due metodologie nate per scopi differenti e strutturate per assolvere a quegli scopi, quanto nel settore di applicazione che seppur in forte espansione ha delle forti lacune di informazioni circa processi di produzione e comportamento delle sostanze. L’applicazione è stata effettuata sulla produzione di nanofluido (NF) di allumina secondo due vie produttive (single-stage e two-stage) per valutare e confrontare gli impatti per la salute umana e l’ambiente. Occorre specificare che il LCA è stato quantitativo ma non ha considerato gli impatti dei NM nelle categorie di tossicità. Per quanto concerne il RA è stato sviluppato uno studio di tipo qualitativo, a causa della problematica di carenza di parametri tossicologici e di esposizione su citata avente come focus la categoria dei lavoratori, pertanto è stata fatta l’assunzione che i rilasci in ambiente durante la fase di produzione sono trascurabili. Per il RA qualitativo è stato utilizzato un SW specifico, lo Stoffenmanger-Nano che rende possibile la prioritizzazione dei rischi associati ad inalazione in ambiente di lavoro. Il quadro di riferimento prevede una procedura articolata in quattro fasi: DEFINIZIONE SISTEMA TECNOLOGICO, RACCOLTA DATI, VALUTAZIONE DEL RISCHIO E QUANTIFICAZIONE DEGLI IMPATTI, INTERPRETAZIONE.

Prestazioni energetico-ambientali di sistemi cogenerativi avanzati e analisi di casi applicativi

Lo scopo di questa tesi è quello di analizzare dapprima l’impatto ambientale di tali impianti e poi analizzare il contributo effettivo che oggi la tecnologia innovativa dei cicli Rankine organici può dare nella valorizzazione elettrica del calore di scarto di processi industriali, focalizzando l’obiettivo principalmente sulle turbine a gas ed eseguendo un caso di studio in un settore ancora poco esplorato da questa tecnologia, quello Oil&Gas. Dopo aver effettuato il censimento degli impianti a fonti fossili e rinnovabili, cogenerativi e non, presenti in Emilia-Romagna, è stato sviluppato un software chiamato MiniBref che permette di simulare il funzionamento di una qualsiasi centrale termoelettrica grazie alla possibilità di combinare la tecnologia dell’impianto con il tipo di combustibile consentendo la valutazione delle emissioni inquinanti ed i potenziali di inquinamento. Successivamente verranno illustrati gli ORC, partendo dalle caratteristiche impiantistiche e termodinamiche fino ad arrivare alla scelta del fluido organico, fondamentale per le performance del ciclo. Dopo aver effettuato una ricognizione dello stato dell’arte delle applicazioni industriali degli ORC nel recupero termico, verranno eseguite simulazioni numeriche per ricostruire gli ORC ed avere una panoramica il più completa ed attendibile delle prestazioni effettive di questi sistemi. In ultimo verranno illustrati i risultati di un caso di studio che vede l’adozione di recupero mediante ciclo organico in un’installazione esistente del settore Oil&Gas. Si effettuerà uno studio delle prestazione dell’impianto al variare delle pressioni massime e minime del ciclo ed al variare del fluido impiegato al fine di mostrare come questi parametri influenzino non solo le performance ma anche le caratteristiche impiantistiche da adottare. A conclusione del lavoro si riporteranno i risultati relativi all’analisi condotte considerando l’impianto ai carichi parziali ed in assetto cogenerativo.

Valutazione ambientale di tecnologie di bonifica per acquiferi contaminati attraverso la metodologia LCA

La bonifica di acquiferi contaminati è una pratica che oggi dispone di diverse soluzioni a livello tecnologico, caratterizzate tuttavia da costi (ambientali ed economici) e problematiche tecniche di entità tale da rendere in alcuni casi poco conveniente la realizzazione dell’intervento stesso. Per questo motivo sempre maggiore interesse viene rivolto nell’ambito della ricerca alle tecnologie di bioremediation, ovvero sistemi in cui la degradazione degli inquinanti avviene ad opera di microorganismi e batteri opportunamente selezionati e coltivati. L’impiego di queste tecniche consente un minor utilizzo di risorse ed apparati tecnologici per il raggiungimento degli obiettivi di bonifica rispetto ai sistemi tradizionali. Il lavoro di ricerca presentato in questa tesi ha l’obiettivo di fornire, tramite l’utilizzo della metodologia LCA, una valutazione della performance ambientale di una tecnologia di bonifica innovativa (BEARD) e due tecnologie largamente usate nel settore, una di tipo passivo (Permeable Reactive Barrier) ed una di tipo attivo (Pump and Treat con Carboni Attivi).

On-table reconstruction of comminuted fractures of the radial head

The most widely accepted treatment for comminuted fractures of the radial head is either the excision or open reduction and internal fixation. The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the value of an 'on-table' reconstruction technique in severely comminuted fractures of the radial head. In this study, two patients with a Mason type-III and four patients with a Mason type-IV radial-head fracture were treated with 'on-table' reconstruction and fixation using low-profile mini-plates. After a mean follow-up of 112 months (47-154 months), the mean elbow motion was 0-6-141 degrees extension flexion with 79 degrees of pronation and 70 degrees of supination. The mean Broberg and Morrey functional rating score was 97.0 points, the Mayo Elbow Performance Index was 99.2 points and the mean Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) Outcome Measure score was 1.94 points. One patient had symptoms of degenerative changes, with a slight joint-space narrowing. There were no radiographic signs of devitalisation at final examination. Comminuted fractures of the radial head, which would otherwise require excision, can be successfully treated with an 'on-table' reconstruction technique.

Echocardiogram versus cardiac magnetic resonance imaging for assessing systolic function of subaortic right ventricle in adults with complete transposition of great arteries and previous atrial switch operation

In adults with congenital heart disease and a systemic right ventricle, subaortic ventricular systolic dysfunction is common. Echocardiographic assessment of systolic right ventricular (RV) function in these patients is important but challenging. The aim of the present study was to assess the reliability of conventional echocardiographic RV functional parameters to quantify the systolic performance of a subaortic right ventricle. We compared 56 contemporary echocardiograms and cardiac magnetic resonance studies in 37 adults, aged 26.9 ± 7.4 years, with complete transposition and a subaortic right ventricle. The fractional area change (FAC), lateral tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion, lateral RV systolic motion velocities by tissue Doppler, RV myocardial performance index, and the rate of systolic RV pressure increase (dp/dt) measured across the tricuspid regurgitant jet were assessed by echocardiography and correlated with the cardiac magnetic resonance-derived RV ejection fraction (EF). The mean RVEF was 48.0 ± 7.8%. FAC (r(2) = 0.206, p = 0.001) and dp/dt (r(2) = 0.173, p = 0.009) significantly correlated with RVEF, and the other nongeometric echocardiographic parameters failed to show a significant correlation with RVEF by linear regression analysis. FAC <33% and dp/dt <1,000 mm Hg/s identified a RVEF of <50% with a sensitivity of 77% and 69% and a specificity of 58% and 87%, respectively. In conclusion, in patients with a systemic right ventricle, routine nongeometric echocardiographic parameters of RV function correlated weakly with cardiac magnetic resonance-derived EF. RV FAC and the measurement of the rate of systolic RV pressure increase (dp/dt) should be preferentially used to assess systemic systolic function in adult patients with a subaortic right ventricle.