Rola fosfodiesterazy 3B w regulacji sekrecji insuliny u szczura (Rattus norvegicus Berkenhout)

Wydział Biologii

Correlación entre glucosa basal y hemoglobina glucosilada en el adulto mayor en el cantón Cuenca, 2015

INTRODUCCIÓN: Alteraciones en el metabolismo de la glucosa son causantes de Síndrome Metabólico y diabetes en adultos mayores; la determinación de hemoglobina glucosilada es un indicador exacto de la glucemia de los individuos en los últimos tres meses permitiendo comprobar el estado de salud. OBJETIVO: Establecer la correlación entre glucosa basal y hemoglobina glucosilada y su asociación con Síndrome Metabólico en adultos mayores del cantón Cuenca. METODOLOGÍA: Estudio descriptivo en 126 adultos mayores. Para la obtención de la muestra se utilizó el calculador automático EPI INFO. De los participantes un grupo con Síndrome Metabólico cumplió el criterio de la Adult Treatment Panel (APT-III). Se aplicó una encuesta para recolección de información y se tomó muestras de sangre para determinar glucosa basal y hemoglobina glucosilada. La información obtenida se procesó en el programa SPSS versión 20.0, Excel y MedLab. Se clasificaron los valores de acuerdo a frecuencia por edad, sexo y su relación con Síndrome Metabólico. RESULTADOS: Se analizaron 126 pacientes entre 65 y 96 años, siendo más frecuentes adultos mayores de sexo femenino con 65,1%. La población con Síndrome Metabólico fue 50.8%. La media de glucosa fue 87,16 y de hemoglobina glucosilada 5,65%. Luego del análisis 92% se encontraron en el rango normal de glucemia y 92,8% de HbA1; se ubicó en el rango de prediabetes 4,8% y dentro del rango de diabetes el 2,4%. Mediante coeficiente de correlación de Pearson se determinó una correlación moderada de 0.418 entre glucemia basal y hemoglobina glucosilada. Se observó una ligera relación entre alteración del metabolismo de glucosa y Síndrome Metabólico pues 12,5% de pacientes con esta enfermedad presentaron hiperglucemia y 11% HbA1 alterada

Retinal Macroglial Responses in Health and Disease

Due to their permanent and close proximity to neurons, glial cells perform essential tasks for the normal physiology of the retina. Astrocytes andM¨uller cells (retinal macroglia) provide physical support to neurons and supplement them with several metabolites and growth factors.Macroglia are involved in maintaining the homeostasis of extracellular ions and neurotransmitters, are essential for information processing in neural circuits, participate in retinal glucose metabolism and in removing metabolic waste products, regulate local blood flow, induce the blood-retinal barrier (BRB), play fundamental roles in local immune response, and protect neurons from oxidative damage. In response to polyetiological insults, glia cells react with a process called reactive gliosis, seeking to maintain retinal homeostasis. When malfunctioning, macroglial cells can become primary pathogenic elements. A reactive gliosis has been described in different retinal pathologies, including age-related macular degeneration (AMD), diabetes, glaucoma, retinal detachment, or retinitis pigmentosa. A better understanding of the dual, neuroprotective, or cytotoxic effect of macroglial involvement in retinal pathologies would help in treating the physiopathology of these diseases.The extensive participation of the macroglia in retinal diseases points to these cells as innovative targets for new drug therapies.

Physical Activity, Blood Glucose and C-Peptide in Healthy School-Children, a Longitudinal Study

Aim To further elucidate the relationship between physical activity and several risk factors for development of diabetes (glucose, C-peptide and obesity) over time. Methods A prospective longitudinal study where physical activity was measured on 199 children from Kalmar and Linköping at age 8, and the same 107 children from Linköping again at age 12. Anthropometric data was collected and blood was analyzed for C-peptide and f-glucose. The children in the study were representative for the general Swedish child population, and on an average lean. Results High physical activity was related to lower C-peptide at age 8 and 12. This correlation was especially pronounced in boys, who also were more physically active than girls at both time points. The association seen at 8 years of age was similar at age 12 in most children. Children with higher BMI Z-Score had a higher fasting C-peptide (age 12) but linear regression showed that children with more steps per day were less likely to have a higher fasting C-peptide irrespective of BMI. Longitudinal follow-up showed that a decrease in physical activity increased insulin resistance and β-cell load. Conclusions Already in young children, physical activity improves insulin sensitivity and decreases the need of C-peptide over time. This seems to become even more pronounced with increasing age when children are followed longitudinally. Low physical activity increases the load on insulin producing β-cells, might increase the risk for both type 1- and 2 diabetes.

Advanced glycation endproducts in horses with insulin-induced laminitis

Advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of cancer, inflammatory conditions and diabetic complications. An interaction of AGEs with their receptor (RAGE) results in increased release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species (ROS), causing damage to susceptible tissues. Laminitis, a debilitating foot condition of horses, occurs in association with endocrine dysfunction and the potential involvement of AGE and RAGE in the pathogenesis of the disease has not been previously investigated. Glucose transport in lamellar tissue is thought to be largely insulin-independent (GLUT-1), which may make the lamellae susceptible to protein glycosylation and oxidative stress during periods of increased glucose metabolism. Archived lamellar tissue from horses with insulin-induced laminitis (n=4), normal control horses (n=4) and horses in the developmental stages (6 h, 12 h and 24 h) of the disease (n=12) was assessed for AGE accumulation and the presence of oxidative protein damage and cellular lipid peroxidation. The equine-specific RAGE gene was identified in lamellar tissue, sequenced and is now available on GenBank. Lamellar glucose transporter (GLUT-1 and GLUT-4) gene expression was assessed quantitatively with qRT-PCR in laminitic and control horses and horses in the mid-developmental time-point (24 h) of the disease. Significant AGE accumulation had occurred by the onset of insulin-induced laminitis (48 h) but not at earlier time-points, or in control horses. Evidence of oxidative stress was not found in any group. The equine-specific RAGE gene was not expressed differently in treated and control animals, nor was the insulin-dependent glucose transporter GLUT-4. However, the glucose transporter GLUT-1 was increased in lamellar tissue in the developmental stages of insulin-induced laminitis compared to control horses and the insulin-independent nature of the lamellae may facilitate AGE formation. However, due to the lack of AGE accumulation during disease development and a failure to detect an increase in ROS or upregulation of RAGE, it appears unlikely that oxidative stress and protein glycosylation play a central role in the pathogenesis of acute, insulin-induced laminitis.

Akt, AS160, metabolic risk factors and aerobic fitness in middle-aged women

Aims: This study investigated the association between the basal (rest) insulin-signaling proteins, Akt, and the Akt substrate AS160, metabolic risk factors, inflammatory markers and aerobic fitness, in middle-aged women with varying numbers of metabolic risk factors for type 2 diabetes. Methods: Sixteen women (n = 16) aged 51.3+/-5.1 (mean +/-SD) years provided muscle biopsies and blood samples at rest. In addition, anthropometric characteristics and aerobic power were assessed and the number of metabolic risk factors for each participant was determined (IDF criteria). Results: The mean number of metabolic risk factors was 1.6+/-1.2. Total Akt was negatively correlated with IL-1 beta (r = -0.45, p = 0.046), IL-6 (r = -0.44, p = 0.052) and TNF-alpha (r = -0.51, p = 0.025). Phosphorylated AS160 was positively correlated with HDL (r = 0.58, p = 0.024) and aerobic fitness (r = 0.51, p = 0.047). Furthermore, a multiple regression analysis revealed that both HDL (t = 2.5, p = 0.032) and VO(2peak) (t = 2.4, p = 0.037) were better predictors for phosphorylated AS160 than TNF-alpha or IL-6 (p>0.05). Conclusions: Elevated inflammatory markers and increased metabolic risk factors may inhibit insulin-signaling protein phosphorylation in middle-aged women, thereby increasing insulin resistance under basal conditions. Furthermore, higher HDL and fitness levels are associated with an increased AS160 phosphorylation, which may in turn reduce insulin resistance.

Insulin and the insulin-like growth factor system : a novel theory for hyperinsulinemic laminitis pathogenesis

Research into hyperinsulinemic laminitis has progressed significantly in recent years with the use of the prolonged-euglycemic, hyperinsulinemic clamp (p-EHC). Previous investigations of laminitis pathophysiology have focused on digital vascular dysfunction, inflammation, altered glucose metabolism within the lamellae, and lamellar basement membrane breakdown by metalloproteinases. The etiopathogenesis of laminitis occurring in association with hyperinsulinemia is yet to be fully characterized, but it may not involve these mechanisms. Insulin stimulates cellular proliferation and can also affect other body systems, such as the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system. Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is structurally homologous to insulin and, like insulin, binds with strong affinity to a specific tyrosine kinase receptor on the cell surface to produce its effects, which include promoting cell proliferation. Receptors for IGF-1 (IGF-1R) are present in the lamellar epidermis. An alternative theory for the pathogenesis of hyperinsulinemic laminitis is that uncontrolled cell proliferation, mediated through both the insulin receptor (InsR) and IGF-1R, leads to lengthening, weakening, and failure of the lamellae. An analysis of the proliferative activity of lamellar epidermal cells during the developmental and acute phases of hyperinsulinemic laminitis, and lamellar gene expression of the InsR and IGF-1R was undertaken.

Early time course of Akt phosphorylation after endurance and resistance exercise

Purpose The aim of this study was to determine the early time course of exercise-induced signaling after divergent contractile activity associated with resistance and endurance exercise. Methods Sixteen male subjects were randomly assigned to either a cycling (CYC; n = 8, 60 min, 70% V?O2peak) or resistance (REX; n = 8, 8×5 leg extension, 80% one-repetition maximum, 3-min recovery) exercise group. Serial muscle biopsies were obtained from vastus lateralis at rest before, immediately after, and after 15, 30, and 60 min of passive recovery to determine early signaling responses after exercise. Results There were comparable increases from rest in AktThr308/Ser473 and mTORSer2448 phosphorylation during the postexercise time course that peaked 30-60 min after both CYC and REX (P<0.05). There were also similar patterns in p70S6K Thr389 and 4E-BP1Thr37/46 phosphorylation, but a greater magnitude of effect was observed for REX and CYC, respectively (P<0.05). However, AMPKThr172 phosphorylation was only significantly elevated after CYC (P<0.05), and we observed divergent responses for glycogen synthaseSer641 and AS160 phosphorylation that were enhanced after CYC but not REX (P<0.05). Conclusions We show a similar time course for Akt-mTOR-S6K phosphorylation during the initial 60-min recovery period after divergent contractile stimuli. Conversely, enhanced phosphorylation status of proteins that promote glucose transport and glycogen synthesis only occurred after endurance exercise. Our results indicate that endurance and resistance exercise initiate translational signaling, but high-load, low-repetition contractile activity failed to promote phosphorylation of pathways regulating glucose metabolism.

Molecular Background of Common Dyslipidemias

The leading cause of death in the Western world continues to be coronary heart disease (CHD). At the root of the disease process is dyslipidemia an aberration in the relevant amounts of circulating blood lipids. Cholesterol builds up in the arterial wall and following rupture of these plaques, myocardial infarction or stroke can occur. Heart disease runs in families and a number of hereditary forms are known. The leading cause of adult dyslipidemia presently however is overweight and obesity. This thesis work presents an investigation of the molecular genetics of common, hereditary dyslipidemia and the tightly related condition of obesity. Familial combined hyperlipidemia (FCHL) is the most common hereditary dyslipidemia in man with an estimated population prevalence of 1-6%. This complex disease is characterized by elevated levels of serum total cholesterol, triglycerides or both and is observed in about 20% of individuals with premature CHD. Our group identified the disease to be associated with genetic variation in the USF1 transcription factor gene. USF1 has a key role in regulating other genes that control lipid and glucose metabolism as well as the inflammatory response all central processes in the progression of atherosclerosis and CHD. The first two works of this thesis aimed at understanding how these USF1 variants result in increased disease risk. Among the many, non-coding single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that associated with the disease, one was found to have a functional effect. The risk-enhancing allele of this SNP seems to eradicate the ability of the important hormone insulin to induce the expression of USF1 in peripheral tissues. The resultant changes in the expression of numerous USF1 target genes over time probably enhance and accelerate the atherogenic processes. Dyslipidemias often represent an outcome of obesity and in the final work of this thesis we wanted to address the metabolic pathways related to acquired obesity. It is recognized that active processes in adipose tissue play an important role in the development of dyslipidemia, insulin resistance and other pathological conditions associated with obesity. To minimize the confounding effects of genetic differences present in most human studies, we investigated a rare collection of identical twins that differed significantly in the amount of body fat. In the obese, but otherwise healthy young adults, several notable changes were observed. In addition to chronic inflammation, the adipose tissue of the obese co-twins was characterized by a marked (47%) decrease in amount of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) a change associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. The catabolism of branched chain amino acids (BCAAs) was identified as the most down-regulated process in the obese co-twins. A concordant increase in the serum level of these insulin secretagogues was identified. This hyperaminoacidemia may provide the feed-back signal from insulin resistant adipose tissue to the pancreas to ensure an appropriately augmented secretory response. The down regulation of BCAA catabolism correlated closely with liver fat accumulation and insulin. The single most up-regulated gene (5.9 fold) in the obese co-twins was osteopontin (SPP1) a cytokine involved in macrophage recruitment to adipose tissue. SPP1 is here implicated as an important player in the development of insulin resistance. These studies of exceptional study samples provide better understanding of the underlying pathology in common dyslipidemias and other obesity associated diseases important for future improvement of intervention strategies and treatments to combat atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease.

Genetics of Cardiovascular Disease: A Candidate Gene Study of USF1

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are major contributors to morbidity and mortality worldwide. Several interacting environmental, biochemical, and genetic risk factors can increase disease susceptibility. While some of the genes involved in the etiology of CVD are known, many are yet to be discovered. During the last few decades, scientists have searched for these genes with genome-wide linkage and association methods, and with more targeted candidate gene studies. This thesis investigates variation within the upstream transcription factor 1 (USF1) gene locus in relation to CVD risk factors, atherosclerosis, and incidence and prevalence of CVD. This candidate gene was first identified in Finnish families ascertained for familial combined hyperlipidemia, a common dyslipidemia predisposing to coronary heart disease. The gene is a ubiquitously expressed transcription factor regulating expression of several genes from lipid and glucose metabolism, inflammation, and endothelial function. First, we examined association between USF1 variants and several CVD risk factors, such as lipid phenotypes, body composition measures, and metabolic syndrome, in two prospective population cohorts. Our data suggested that USF1 contributes to these CVD risk factors at the population level. Notably, the associations with quantitative measurements were mostly detected among study subjects with CVD or metabolic syndrome, suggesting complex interactions between USF1 effects and the pathophysiological state of an individual. Second, we investigated how variation at the USF1 locus contributes to atherosclerotic lesions of the coronary arteries and abdominal aorta. For this, we used two study samples of middle-aged men with detailed measurements of atherosclerosis obtained in autopsy. USF1 variation significantly associated with areas of several types of lesions, especially with calcification of the arteries. Next, we tested what effect the USF1 risk variants have on sudden cardiac death and incidence of CVD. The atherosclerosis-associated risk variant increased the risk of sudden cardiac death of the same study subjects. Furthermore, USF1 alleles associated with incidence of CVD in the Finnish population follow-up cohorts. These associations were especially prominent among women, suggesting a sex specific effect, which has also been detected in subsequent studies. Finally, as some of the low-yield DNA samples of the Finnish follow-up study cohort needed to be whole-genome amplified (WGA) prior to genotyping, we evaluated whether the produced WGA genotypes were of good quality. Although the samples giving genotype discrepancies could not be detected before genotyping with standard laboratory quality control methods, our results suggested that enhanced quality control at the time of the genotyping could identify such samples. In addition, combining two WGA reactions into one pooled DNA sample for genotyping markedly reduced the number of discrepancies and samples showing them. In conclusion, USF1 seems to have a role in the etiology of CVD. Additional studies are warranted to identify functional variants and to study interactions between USF1 and other genetic or environmental factors. This USF1 study, and other studies with low DNA yield of some samples, can benefit from whole genome amplification of the low-yield samples prior to genotyping. Careful quality control procedures are, however, needed in WGA genotyping.

The high- and low-activity forms of human plasma phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP)

Plasma phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP) plays a crucial role in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) metabolism and reverse cholesterol transport (RCT). It mediates the generation of pre-beta-HDL particles, enhances the cholesterol efflux from peripheral cells to pre-beta-HDL, and metabolically maintains the plasma HDL levels by facilitating the transfer of post-lipolytic surface remnants of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins to HDL. In addition to the antiatherogenic properties, recent findings indicate that PLTP has also proatherogenic characteristics, and that these opposite characteristics of PLTP are dependent on the site of PLTP expression and action. In human plasma, PLTP exists in a high-activity (HA-PLTP) and a low-activity form (LA-PLTP), which are associated with macromolecular complexes of different size and composition. The aims of this thesis were to isolate the two PLTP forms from human plasma, to characterize the molecular complexes in which the HA- and LA-PLTP reside, and to study the interactions of the PLTP forms with apolipoproteins (apo) and the ability of apolipoproteins to regulate PLTP activity. In addition, we aimed to study the distribution of the two PLTP forms in a Finnish population sample as well as to find possible regulatory factors for PLTP by investigating the influence of lipid and glucose metabolism on the balance between the HA- and LA-PLTP. For these purposes, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) capable of determining the serum total PLTP concentration and quantitating the two PLTP forms separately was developed. In this thesis, it was demonstrated that the HA-PLTP isolated from human plasma copurified with apoE, whereas the LA-PLTP formed a complex with apoA-I. The separation of these two PLTP forms was carried out by a dextran sulfate (DxSO4)-CaCl2 precipitation of plasma samples before the mass determination. A similar immunoreactivity of the two PLTP forms in the ELISA could be reached after a partial sample denaturation by SDS. Among normolipidemic Finnish individuals, the mean PLTP mass was 6.6 +/- 1.5 mg/l and the mean PLTP activity 6.6 +/- 1.7 umol/ml/h. Of the serum PLTP concentration, almost 50% represented HA-PLTP. The results indicate that plasma HDL levels could regulate PLTP concentration, while PLTP activity could be regulated by plasma triglyceride-rich very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) concentration. Furthermore, new evidence is presented that PLTP could also play a role in glucose metabolism. Finally, both PLTP forms were found to interact with apoA-I, apoA-IV, and apoE. In addition, both apoE and apoA-IV, but not apoA-I, were capable of activating the LA-PLTP. These findings suggest that the distribution of the HA- and LA-PLTP in human plasma is subject to dynamic regulation by apolipoproteins.

The Metabolic Core and Catalytic Switches Are Fundamental Elements in the Self-Regulation of the Systemic Metabolic Structure of Cells

19 p.

Ingestão de suco de uva tinto orgânico melhora a densidade capilar funcional e a hiperemia reativa pós-oclusiva em triatletas

A atividade física intensa está associada com as adaptações biológicas que envolvem a melhora da homeostase da glicose, da capacidade antioxidante e da microcirculação cutânea. A ingestão insuficiente de antioxidantes na dieta pode levar ao estresse oxidativo e disfunção endotelial que afetam a microcirculação. Suco de uva tinto orgânico, uma importante fonte de polifenóis, com reconhecida função antioxidante e, portanto, o seu consumo pode melhorar o estado antioxidante, e assim, o metabolismo da glicose e a função endotelial. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do consumo diário de suco de uva tinto orgânico, sobre a concentração plasmática de ácido úrico, atividade da superóxido dismutase eritrocitária (E-SOD), concentração sérica da insulina, glicemia e HOMA IR-2, além de suas relações com os parâmetros da microcirculação em triatletas. Participaram do estudo 10 triatletas do gênero masculino (28 15 anos). As amostras de sangue foram coletadas antes (basal) e após 20 dias de ingestão de suco de uva tinto orgânico (300mL/dia). Em relação ao valor basal, a insulina sérica (p = 0,02) e o ácido úrico (p = 0,04) aumentaram, enquanto a glicose plasmática (p <0,001) e a E-SOD diminuíram (p = 0,04) após os 20 dias de intervenção. Os parâmetros da microcirculação também foram influenciados pela ingestão de suco de uva tinto orgânico, foi observado redução no tempo necessário para o retorno dos eritrócitos à velocidade de basal após isquemia (TRBCmax) (p = 0,04), aumento da densidade capilar funcional (DCF, p = 0,003) e da velocidade dos eritrócitos após a isquemia (VELmax p <0,001). A redução da glicemia foi determinante direta do aumento da DCF (p = 0,04), enquanto níveis séricos de insulina (p = 0,04) e a redução na atividade da SOD-E (p = 0,04) foram negativamente associados com a redução do TRBCmax. Os resultados do presente estudo sugerem que a ingestão de suco de uva melhora a capacidade antioxidante, a homesostase glicêmica e a microcirculação de triatletas.

Agonista PAN-PPAR (receptores ativadores de proliferação peroxissomal) e alterações hepáticas na prole adulta de camundongos de mães obesas

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar se o Bezafibrato, um agonista PAN-PPAR, é capaz de aliviar a doença não alcoólica do fígado gorduroso (NAFLD) na prole de machos de mães C57BL/6 obesas. Fêmeas virgens foram alimentadas com uma dieta HL (hiperlipídica, 49% de lipídios) ou uma dieta C (controle, 10% de lipídios) por oito semanas antes do acasalamento e durante os períodos de gestação e lactação. A prole de machos foi subdividida em quatro grupos: C (dieta controle para as mães e filhotes); C/BZ (dieta controle para as mães e filhotes com tratamento com Bezafibrato[100mg/Kg]); HL (dieta HL para as mães e dieta controle para os filhotes); e HL/BZ (dieta HL para as mães e dieta controle para os filhotes com tratamento com Bezafibrato [100mg/Kg]). O tratamento com Bezafibrato começou na 12 semana e se manteve por três semanas. Análise do metabolismo, bioquímica, estereológica e por western-blotting foram realizadas. A dieta HL causou um fenótipo de sobrepeso nas mães e acarretou em uma intolerância oral à glicose com aumento da glicemia de jejum. A prole HL apresentou hiperfagia, ganho de massa corporal, altos níveis de triglicerídeo hepático e plasmático, esteatose hepática e aumento da expressão de proteínas lipogênicas concomitante com diminuição do receptor ativador de proliferação peroxissomal alfa (PPARα), que é responsável pela β-oxidação e aumento do receptor ativador de proliferação peroxissomal gama (PPARγ) e do elemento regulador de esterol ligante da proteína 1 (SREBP-1c) proteínas envolvidas na lipogênese hepática. Por outro lado, o tratamento com o Bezafibrato reverteu o quadro da programação metabólica no fígado, com uma melhora dos parâmetros morfológicos, bioquímicos e moleculares do fígado dos animais, com um aumento da ativação de PPARα em associação a uma diminuição do PPARγ e não alterando a expressão de SREBP-1c. Em conclusão, nós demonstramos que o tratamento com Bezafibrato melhora a NAFLD causada pela obesidade materna.