Effect of particle concentration on erosion rate of mild steel bends in a pneumatic conveyor

Particle concentration is known as a main factor that affects erosion rate of pipe bends in pneumatic conveyors. With consideration of different bend radii, the effect of particle concentration on weight loss of mild steel bends has been investigated in an industrial scale test rig. Experimental results show that there was a significant reduction of the specific erosion rate for high particle concentrations. This reduction was considered to be as a result of the shielding effect during the particle impacts. An empirical model is given. Also a theoretical study of scaling on the shielding effect, and comparisons with some existing models, are presented. It is found that the reduction in specific erosion rate (relative to particle concentration) has a stronger relationship in conveying pipelines than has been found in the erosion tester. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

小鼠表皮生长因子对鸡胚角膜上皮组织的增殖效应

鸡胚角膜上皮组织离体培养试验表明，小鼠表皮生长因子对10日龄鸡胚角膜上皮组织有显著的增殖效应。培养24h的实验组角膜上皮厚度较正常胚胎角膜上皮厚度增殖9．43倍。提示鸡胚角膜上皮组织离体培养可作为评价表皮生长因子制剂活性的生物检定法。

Prediction of tread block forces for a free-rolling tyre in contact with a rough road

This paper describes a new approach to model the forces on a tread block for a free-rolling tyre in contact with a rough road. A theoretical analysis based on realistic tread mechanical properties and road roughness is presented, indicating partial contact between a tread block and a rough road. Hence an asperity-scale indentation model is developed using a semi-empirical formulation, taking into account both the rubber viscoelasticity and the tread block geometry. The model aims to capture the essential details of the contact at the simplest level, to make it suitable as part of a time-domain dynamic analysis of the coupled tyre-road system. The indentation model is found to have a good correlation with the finite element (FE) predictions and is validated against experimental results using a rolling contact rig. When coupled to a deformed tyre belt profile, the indentation model predicts normal and tangential force histories inside the tyre contact patch that show good agreement with FE predictions. © 2012 Elsevier B.V..

Industrial ecology at factory level: A prototype methodology

The concept of sustainable manufacturing is a form of pollution prevention that integrates environmental considerations in the production of goods while focusing on efficient resource use. Taking the industrial ecology perspective, this efficiency comes from improved resource flow management. The assessment of material, energy and waste resource flows, therefore, offers a route to viewing and analysing a manufacturing system as an ecosystem using industrial ecology biological analogy and can, in turn, support the identification of improvement opportunities in the material, energy and waste flows. This application of industrial ecology at factory level is absent from the literature. This article provides a prototype methodology to apply the concepts of industrial ecology using material, energy and waste process flows to address this gap in the literature. Various modelling techniques were reviewed and candidates selected to test the prototype methodology in an industrial case. The application of the prototype methodology showed the possibility of using the material, energy and waste resource flows through the factory to link manufacturing operations and supporting facilities, and to identify potential improvements in resource use. The outcomes of the work provide a basis to build the specifications for a modelling tool that can support those analysing their manufacturing system to improve their environmental performance and move towards sustainable manufacturing. © IMechE 2012.

上海曹扬环浜污染水体的生态修复

曹扬环浜是一条环形封闭水道,水质低于地表水V类标准,水体处于严重超富营养化水平,全浜暴发蓝藻水华现象。在采用截污、造流、生态恢复等生态工程措施综合治理后,随着健康水生态系统的建立,河浜水质逐步变好(由劣V类改善为接近Ⅲ类标准),水体透明见底,沉水植物覆盖率达70%~90%,水体一直维持“清水草型稳态”。重点介绍了河道治理中采用的生态修复措施及其作用,并从截污、营养盐、水生生物等方面分析了各项工程措施对抑制藻类生长、水质改善的影响,对我国城市小型河道的综合治理有很好的借鉴作用。

长江水系草鱼遗传多样性的微卫星DNA分析

利用已发表的鲤微卫星引物在草鱼中进行PCR扩增 ,结果有 5对引物 (6个座位 )能成功扩增并且有较高多态性 ,等位基因数在 3— 7个之间。这些异种扩增的草鱼微卫星符合孟德尔遗传规律。测序证明草鱼中的微卫星核心重复序列部分与鲤中的原始核心序列相似 ,也有一些变化。随后用这 6个多态微卫星座位研究了来自长江水系的四个草鱼群体的遗传结构 ,结果显示每个群体的平均等位基因数在 3 8与 4 8之间 ,平均观测杂合度 (Ho)在0 4 0 0 0与 0 5 74 1之间 ,平均期望杂合度 (HE)在 0 4 7

Neural activity associated with the passive prediction of ambiguity and risk for aversive events.

In economic decision making, outcomes are described in terms of risk (uncertain outcomes with certain probabilities) and ambiguity (uncertain outcomes with uncertain probabilities). Humans are more averse to ambiguity than to risk, with a distinct neural system suggested as mediating this effect. However, there has been no clear disambiguation of activity related to decisions themselves from perceptual processing of ambiguity. In a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiment, we contrasted ambiguity, defined as a lack of information about outcome probabilities, to risk, where outcome probabilities are known, or ignorance, where outcomes are completely unknown and unknowable. We modified previously learned pavlovian CS+ stimuli such that they became an ambiguous cue and contrasted evoked brain activity both with an unmodified predictive CS+ (risky cue), and a cue that conveyed no information about outcome probabilities (ignorance cue). Compared with risk, ambiguous cues elicited activity in posterior inferior frontal gyrus and posterior parietal cortex during outcome anticipation. Furthermore, a similar set of regions was activated when ambiguous cues were compared with ignorance cues. Thus, regions previously shown to be engaged by decisions about ambiguous rewarding outcomes are also engaged by ambiguous outcome prediction in the context of aversive outcomes. Moreover, activation in these regions was seen even when no actual decision is made. Our findings suggest that these regions subserve a general function of contextual analysis when search for hidden information during outcome anticipation is both necessary and meaningful.

Shape signifiers for control of a low-order compressor model

Rotating stall and surge, two instability mechanisms limiting the performance of aeroengines compressors, are studied on the third-order Moore-Greitzer model. The skewness of the compressor characteristic, a single parameter shape signifier, is shown to determine the key qualitative properties of feedback control.

A photonic crystal waveguide with silicon on insulator in the near-infrared band

A two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystal waveguide in the Gamma-K direction with triangular lattice on a silicon-on insulator (SOI) substrate in the near-infrared band is fabricated by the combination of electron beam lithography and inductively coupled plasma etching. Its transmission characteristics are analysed from the stimulated band diagram by the effective index and the 2D plane wave expansion (PWE) methods. In the experiment, the transmission band edge in a longer wavelength of the photonic crystal waveguide is about 1590 nm, which is in good qualitative agreement with the simulated value. However, there is a disagreement between the experimental and the simulated results when the wavelength ranges from 1607 to 1630 nm, which can be considered as due to the unpolarized source used in the transmission measurement.

基于收益机制发布/订阅系统时间约束保障技术

发布／订阅系统技术具有异步、松散耦合和多对多通信的特点，有着广阔的应用前景．但是，已有的发布／订阅系统技术不能满足动态环境下有延迟需求的应用要求．针对时间约束问题，扩展了发布／订阅系统的语法，建立了延迟模型，提出了一种基于收益机制的分布式发布／订阅系统时间约束保障技术和使系统获益最大化的调度算法MTEP（maximumto tal earning priority），其特点是能够满足订阅者和发布者指定延迟约束的需求，通过与订阅者商定的价格和违约成本信息来有效地利用网络带宽，适应网络环境的动态变化．实验结果表明，该调度策略和FCFS（first come first service）、最短时间优先和固定优先级等传统策略相比，可使订阅者接收到的有效事件明显增多，并使系统收益显著改善．