Induction of Heme Oxygenase-1 Can Halt and Even Reverse Renal Tubule-Interstitial Fibrosis

Background: The tubule-interstitial fibrosis is the hallmark of progressive renal disease and is strongly associated with inflammation of this compartment. Heme-oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is a cytoprotective molecule that has been shown to be beneficial in various models of renal injury. However, the role of HO-1 in reversing an established renal scar has not yet been addressed. Aim: We explored the ability of HO-1 to halt and reverse the establishment of fibrosis in an experimental model of chronic renal disease. Methods: Sprague-Dawley male rats were subjected to unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) and divided into two groups: non-treated and Hemin-treated. To study the prevention of fibrosis, animals were pre-treated with Hemin at days -2 and -1 prior to UUO. To investigate whether HO-1 could reverse established fibrosis, Hemin therapy was given at days 6 and 7 post-surgery. After 7 and/or 14 days, animals were sacrificed and blood, urine and kidney tissue samples were collected for analyses. Renal function was determined by assessing the serum creatinine, inulin clearance, proteinuria/creatininuria ratio and extent of albuminuria. Arterial blood pressure was measured and fibrosis was quantified by Picrosirius staining. Gene and protein expression of pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic molecules, as well as HO-1 were performed. Results: Pre-treatment with Hemin upregulated HO-1 expression and significantly reduced proteinuria, albuminuria, inflammation and pro-fibrotic protein and gene expressions in animals subjected to UUO. Interestingly, the delayed treatment with Hemin was also able to reduce renal dysfunction and to decrease the expression of pro-inflammatory molecules, all in association with significantly reduced levels of fibrosis-related molecules and collagen deposition. Finally, TGF-beta protein production was significantly lower in Hemin-treated animals. Conclusion: Treatment with Hemin was able both to prevent the progression of fibrosis and to reverse an established renal scar. Modulation of inflammation appears to be the major mechanism behind HO-1 cytoprotection.

Free-standing urethane/urea elastomer films undoped and doped with ferro-nano-particles

We report on an experimental study of the structures presented by urethane/urea elastomeric films without and with ferromagnetic nanoparticles incorporated. The study is made by using the X-ray diffraction, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), optical, atomic and magnetic force (MFM) microscopy techniques, and mechanical assays. The structure of the elastomeric matrix is characterized by a distance of 0.46 nm between neighboring molecular segments, almost independent on the stretching applied. The shear casting performed in order to obtain the elastomeric films tends to orient the molecules parallel to the flow direction thus introducing anisotropy in the molecular network which is reflected on the values obtained for the orientational order parameter and its increase for the stretched films. In the case of nanoparticles-doped samples, the structure remains nearly unchanged although the local order parameter is clearly larger for the undoped films. NMR experiments evidence modifications in the molecular network local ordering. Micrometer size clusters were observed by MFM for even small concentration of magnetic particles.

A hybrid material assembled by anthocyanins from acai fruit intercalated between niobium lamellar oxide

Organic-inorganic hybrid materials can be prepared dispersing organic species into well-defined inorganic nanoblocks. This paper describes the immobilization of natural dyes from the extract of the Brazilian acai-fruit into two types of layered hexaniobate precursors derived from H(2)K(2)Nb(6)O(17): (i) colloidal dispersion of niobate exfoliated nanoparticles and (ii) niobate pre-intercalated with tetraethylammonium cations (TEA(+)). The restacking of exfoliated particles in the presence of acai anthocyanins promotes their intercalation and produces stacked layers showing large basal spacing (ca. 50 angstrom). The TEA(+) pre-intercalated niobate provides particles with lower content of dye species than the exfoliated precursor but with higher degree of organization and regularity according to X-ray diffraction data and images obtained by electron microscopies. Vibrational (FTIR and Raman) and (13)C NMR spectroscopies indicate the presence of flavylium cations in the hybrid materials and spectral profiles characteristic of glycosylated anthocyanidins. According to thermal analysis results, the purplish hybrids materials are more stable than the free acai-dyes. One hybrid sample was heated under air up to 170 degrees C and maintained at this temperature for 240 min. No weight loss events were observed and the sample retained its original color, indicating that the intercalation of anthocyanin into hexaniobate increases its thermal stability. Considering the structural, chemical, optical and thermal properties of the synthesized hybrid materials, they might be good candidates to be investigated for future specialized applications.

Polymer matrix sensitizing effect on photoluminescence properties of Eu(3+)-beta-diketonate complex doped into poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) in film form

In this work is reported the sensitization effect by polymer matrices on the photoluminescence properties of diaquatris(thenoyltrifluoroacetonate)europium(III), [Eu(tta)(3)(H(2)O)(2)], doped into poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) with doping percentage at 1, 3, 5, 7 and 10% (mass) in film form. TGA results indicated that the Eu(3+) complex precursor was immobilized in the polymer matrix by the interaction between the Eu(3+) complex and the oxygen atoms of the PHB polymer when the rare earth complex was incorporated in the polymeric host. The thermal behaviour of these luminescent systems is similar to that of the undoped polymer, however, the T(onset) temperature of decomposition decreases with increase of the complex doping concentration. The emission spectra of the Eu(3+) complex doped PHB films recorded at 298 K exhibited the five characteristic bands arising from the (5)D(0) -> (7)F(J) intraconfigurational transitions (J = 0-4). The fact that the quantum efficiencies eta of the doped film increased significantly revealed that the polymer matrix acts as an efficient co-sensitizer for Eu(3+) luminescent centres and therefore enhances the quantum efficiency of the emitter (5)D(0) level. The luminescence intensity decreases, however, with increasing precursor concentration in the doped polymer to greater than 5% where a saturation effect is observed at this specific doping percentage, indicating that changes in the polymeric matrix improve the absorption property of the film, consequently quenching the luminescent effect.

Stretching and folding mechanism in foams

We have described the stretching and folding of foams in a vertical Hele-Shaw cell containing air and a surfactant solution, from a sequence of upside-down flips. Besides the firactal dimension of the foam, we have observed the logistic growth for the soap film length. The stretching and folding mechanism is present during the foam formation, and this mechanism is observed even after the foam has reached its respective maximum fractal dimension. Observing the motion of bubbles inside the foam, large bubbles present power spectrum associated with random walk motion in both directions, while the small bubbles are scattered like balls in a Galton board. (C) 2008 Published by Elsevier B.V.

The use of electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry on the structural characterization of novel asymmetric metallo-organic supermolecules, based on pentafluorophenylporphyrins and ruthenium complexes

The novel asymmetric metallo-organic triads cis- and trans-[B(4-py)BPFPH(2){Ru(3)O(Ac)(6)(py)(2)}(Ru(bpy)(2)Cl}](PF(6))(2) (5a,b) for which cis- and trans-B(4-py)BPFPH(2)=5,10-bis(pentafluorophenyl)-15,20-bis(4-pyridyl)porphyrin and 5,15-bis(pentafluorophenyl)-10,20-bis(4-pyridyl)porphyrin, respectively; Ac = acetate; py = pyridine and bpy = 2,2`-bipyridine, as well as their corresponding monosubstituted dyads cis- and trans-[B(4-py)BPFPH(2){Ru(3)O(Ac)(6)(py)(2)}]PF(6) (4a,b) have been structurally characterized via electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS and ESI-MS/MS). The ESI-MS of dyads 4a,b display two characteristic Ru-multicomponent clusters of isotopologue ions corresponding to singly charged ions 4a,b(+) of m/z 1629 and doubly charged ions [4a,b+H](2+) of m/z 815 and the triads 5a,b are detected by ESI-MS as the intact doubly charged cluster of isotopologue ions of m/z 1039 [5a,b](2+). The ESI-MS/MS of 4a,b(+), [4a,b+H](2+) and [5a,b](2+) reveal characteristic dissociation pathways, which confirm the structural assignments providing additional information on the intrinsic binding strengths of the gaseous ions. Although the gas-phase behavior of each pair of isomers was rather similar, the less symmetric dyads 4a,b are distinguished via the (1)H NMR spectral profile of the pyrrolic signals. Exploratory photophysical assays have shown that both modifying motifs alter the porphyrinic core emission profile, opening the possibility to use these asymmetric systems as photophysical devices. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Synthetic nanoemulsion resembling a protein-free model of 7-ketocholesterol containing low density lipoprotein: In vitro and in vivo studies

7-ketocholesterol (7-KC) differs from cholesterol by a functional ketone group at C7. It is an oxygenated cholesterol derivative (oxysterol), commonly present in oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL). Oxysterols are generated and participate in several physiologic and pathophysiologic processes. For instance, the cytotoxic effects of oxidized LDL have been widely attributed to bioactive compounds like oxysterols. The toxicity is in part due to 7-KC. Here we aimed to demonstrate the possibility of incorporating 7-KC into the synthetic nanoemulsion LDE, which resembles LDL in composition and behavior. This would provide a suitable artificial particle resembling LDL to study 7-KC metabolism. We were able to incorporate 7-KC in several amounts into LDE. The incorporation was evaluated and confirmed by several methods, including gel filtration chromatography, using radiolabeled lipids. The incorporation did not change the main lipid composition characteristics of the new nanoparticle. Particle sizes were also evaluated and did not differ from LDE. In vivo studies were performed by injecting the nanoemulsion into mice. The plasma kinetics and the targeted organs were the same as described for LDE. Therefore, 7-KC-LDE maintains composition, size and some functional characteristics of LDE and could be used in experiments dealing with 7-ketocholesterol metabolism in lipoproteins.

Characterization of the Biocompatible Magnetic Colloid on the Basis of Fe(3)O(4) Nanoparticles Coated with Dextran, Used as Contrast Agent in Magnetic Resonance Imaging

The magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent, the so-called Endorem (TM) colloidal suspension on the basis of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (mean diameter of 5.5 nm) coated with dextran, were characterized on the basis of several measurement techniques to determine the parameters of their most important physical and chemical properties. It is assumed that each nanoparticle is consisted of Fe(3)O(4) monodomain and it was observed that its oxidation to gamma-Fe(2)O(3) occurs at 253.1 degrees C. The Mossbauer spectroscopy have shown a superparamagnetic behavior of the magnetic nanoparticles. The Magnetic Resonance results show an increase of the relaxation times T(1), T(2), and T(2)* with decreasing concentration of iron oxide nanoparticles. The relaxation effects of SPIONs contrast agents are influenced by their local concentration as well as the applied field strength and the environment in which these agents interact with surrounding protons. The proton relaxation rates presented a linear behavior with concentration. The measured values of thermooptic coefficient partial derivative n/partial derivative T, thermal conductivity K, optical birefringence Delta n(0), nonlinear refractive index n(2), nonlinear absorption beta` and third-order nonlinear susceptibility vertical bar chi((3))vertical bar are also reported.

Coopera????o Horizontal em Terra Linda: mito ou aposta?

Nas ??ltimas d??cadas o protagonismo do Brasil na arena pol??tica internacional tem se tornado mais evidente. O Pa??s tem atuado no sentido de promover a coopera????o para o desenvolvimento de v??rios pa??ses com problemas bastante complexos, buscando por meio de a????es de longo prazo alterar estruturas sociais e econ??micas. O estudo de caso apresenta o sum??rio de um diagn??stico realizado por um consultor contratado pelo governo fict??cio de Terra Linda, a fim de auxiliar a elabora????o de projeto de coopera????o horizontal a ser desenvolvido com Brasil. Embora se trate de um pa??s imagin??rio, o Estudo de Caso ?? baseado em dados reais e visa estimular o debate sobre qual o melhor modo de gerir uma parceria entre Estados-na????es, quais as ??reas priorit??rias a serem atendidas, qual a melhor forma de utilizar os recursos, bem como qual o papel de cada ator envolvido

Projeto Hospitais Sentinela: uma estrat??gia de vigil??ncia para a p??s-comercializa????o de produtos de sa??de

O Projeto Hospitais Sentinela, criado em 2002, ?? uma experi??ncia inovadora que congrega a Ag??ncia Nacional de Vigil??ncia Sanit??ria, Anvisa, o Sistema Nacional de Vigil??ncia Sanit??ria, SNVS, o Programa para o Desenvolvimento das Na????es Unidas, PNUD, e 180 hospitais escolhidos entre os maiores e mais complexos servi??os do pa??s para a cria????o de uma rede sentinela que objetiva obter informa????es qualificadas a respeito da qualidade dos produtos e do seu perfil de risco-benef??cio, tendo em vista o subs??dio de a????es de regula????o de mercado. O projeto tamb??m contribui para a melhoria da qualidade da aten????o ?? sa??de, por meio da busca ativa, bem como da investiga????o de eventos adversos nesses servi??os e da ado????o de medidas para a redu????o e para o controle de riscos relacionados ??s tecnologias em sa??de, inovadoras ou n??o. A avalia????o de desempenho do projeto revela-se como uma estrat??gia poderosa e de custo reduzido para a obten????o de informa????o sobre a qualidade e seguran??a de produtos sujeitos ?? vigil??ncia sanit??ria, bem como para a observa????o da difus??o, uso racional, efetividade, seguran??a e custo de novas pr??ticas em sa??de. Esses aspectos da avalia????o de desempenho do projeto possibilita recomend??-la como ferramenta de trabalho para estados e munic??pios que desejem qualificar a aten????o hospitalar em seus territ??rios

O acordo de Vancouver

Este caso relata a formula????o de um contrato de desenvolvimento urbano entre o governo federal do Canad??, o governo da prov??ncia de Columbia Brit??nica e o governo municipal de Vancouver. Esse acordo multigovernamental, com a participa????o da comunidade, concentrou-se no aperfei??oamento dos servi??os e na introdu????o de melhorias na regi??o central-leste (Downtown Eastside) da cidade de Vancouver, ??rea afetada por profundos problemas sociais. Foi assinado em mar??o de 2000, com prazo de vig??ncia de cinco anos, e renovado em abril de 2005 por mais cinco anos. Soube aproveitar as oportunidades abertas com a candidatura de Vancouver ?? sede dos Jogos Ol??mpicos e Paraol??mpicos de Inverno de 2010, como elemento catalisador da revitaliza????o da ??rea e da constru????o de um programa que garantisse sustentabilidade social ?? regi??o. O estudo de caso analisa o processo de cria????o do acordo e as opera????es realizadas durante sua vig??ncia. Prov?? refer??ncias contextuais para o estudo de quest??es de pol??ticas p??blicas e de gest??o p??blica que envolvam coopera????o intergovernamental, gest??o de acordos complexos, governan??a de empreendimento com colabora????o de v??rios parceiros, negocia????o, pol??tica social, participa????o comunit??ria e uso de janelas de oportunidade

Mudan??a organizacional em busca da excel??ncia

Este trabalho apresenta a experi??ncia do programa de mudan??as em busca da excel??ncia do Instituto de Engenharia Nuclear (IEN), unidade da Comiss??o Nacional de Energia Nuclear, implementado por meio de uma abordagem baseada na teoria dos sistemas complexos. Foi desenvolvido um sistema adaptativo de gest??o para organiza????es que lidam com tecnologia perigosa, como a nuclear, baseado no Modelo de Excel??ncia do Pr??mio Nacional da Qualidade e na cultura de seguran??a, sendo a seguran??a tratada como dimens??o estrat??gica para a excel??ncia. A implementa????o pr??tica do sistema foi conduzida por meio de uma interven????o do tipo mudan??a facilitada, que proporcionou certo grau de governan??a ao programa. Foi obtida uma evolu????o de 119% no n??vel de excel??ncia da gest??o do IEN no per??odo entre 2000 e 2003, assim como aprimoramentos na cultura de seguran??a do instituto

O acordo de Vancouver

Este caso relata a formula????o de um contrato de desenvolvimento urbano entre o governo federal do Canad??, o governo da prov??ncia de Columbia Brit??nica e o governo municipal de Vancouver. Esse acordo multigovernamental, com a participa????o da comunidade, concentrou-se no aperfei??oamento dos servi??os e na introdu????o de melhorias na regi??o central-leste (Downtown Eastside) da cidade de Vancouver, ??rea afetada por profundos problemas sociais. Foi assinado em mar??o de 2000, com prazo de vig??ncia de cinco anos, e renovado em abril de 2005 por mais cinco anos. Soube aproveitar as oportunidades abertas com a candidatura de Vancouver ?? sede dos Jogos Ol??mpicos e Paraol??mpicos de Inverno de 2010, como elemento catalisador da revitaliza????o da ??rea e da constru????o de um programa que garantisse sustentabilidade social ?? regi??o. O estudo de caso analisa o processo de cria????o do acordo e as opera????es realizadas durante sua vig??ncia. Prov?? refer??ncias contextuais para o estudo de quest??es de pol??ticas p??blicas e de gest??o p??blica que envolvam coopera????o intergovernamental, gest??o de acordos complexos, governan??a de empreendimento com colabora????o de v??rios parceiros, negocia????o, pol??tica social, participa????o comunit??ria e uso de janelas de oportunidade

Texto para discuss??o 21: burocracia, capacidade de Estado e mudan??a estrutural

Este texto visa discutir, ?? luz da literatura pertinente, o papel reservado ao Estado e, em particular, ?? burocracia, nos processos de transforma????o estrutural.Esta tem??tica, posta de lado enquanto prevaleceu o antiestatismo da vis??o neocl??ssica, vem retornando ao centro do debate acad??mico e intelectual, impulsionada pelo sucesso econ??mico dos Newly Industrialized Countries (NICs) do sudeste asi??tico. H?? fortes ind??cios da import??ncia da a????o do Estado na explica????o destes surtos de desenvolvimento.Na tentativa de elucidar estes eventos, antigas quest??es, tais como a autonomia do Estado, t??m sido alvo de crescente interesse, ao lado de conceitos como capacidade de Estado e insulamento burocr??tico. Tendo em vista as evidentes limita????es deste trabalho, n??o se pretende mais do que tangenciar os complexos problemas suscitados por esta tem??tica, a partir dos argumentos de um grupo seleto de autores

Novo processo de an??lise de atos de concentra????o econ??mica

O relato trata dos desafios enfrentados para reformular e adequar ?? Lei n?? 12.529/2011 o processo de an??lise de compras e fus??es entre empresas e quais as solu????es encontradas pelo Cade. As inefici??ncias estruturais compreendiam: a divis??o da atividade entre diversas ag??ncias; a previs??o da an??lise da opera????o ap??s sua concretiza????o; e os crit??rios de notifica????o. As inefici??ncias na gest??o compreendiam a rela????o entre o volume de notifica????es e n??mero de t??cnicos e a gest??o dos casos. As solu????es encontradas foram: a cria????o de uma unidade respons??vel pela triagem dos t??cnicos; a divis??o funcional e por setor da economia na estrutura da Superintend??ncia-Geral; revis??o dos crit??rios de apresenta????o das opera????es; mudan??a na cultura de trabalho; e aplica????o de t??cnicas de gest??o de projetos e monitoramento, resultando na diminui????o do tempo m??dio de an??lise (especialmente nos casos complexos), na elimina????o quase completa do estoque de casos e na organiza????o mais eficiente do trabalho