Screening for latent tuberculosis infection among undocumented immigrants in Swiss healthcare centres; a descriptive exploratory study.

BACKGROUND: Migration is one of the major causes of tuberculosis in developed countries. Undocumented patients are usually not screened at the border and are not covered by a health insurance increasing their risk of developing the disease unnoticed. Urban health centres could help identify this population at risk. The objective of this study is to assess the prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) and adherence to preventive treatment in a population of undocumented immigrant patients. METHODS: All consecutive undocumented patients that visited two urban healthcare centres for vulnerable populations in Lausanne, Switzerland for the first time were offered tuberculosis screening with an interferon-gamma assay. Preventive treatment was offered if indicated. Adherence to treatment was evaluated monthly over a nine month period. RESULTS: Of the 161 participants, 131 (81.4%) agreed to screening and 125 had complete examinations. Twenty-four of the 125 patients (19.2%; CI95% 12.7;27.2) had positive interferon-gamma assay results, two of which had active tuberculosis. Only five patients with LTBI completed full preventive treatments. Five others initiated the treatment but did not follow through. CONCLUSION: Screening for tuberculosis infection in this hard-to-reach population is feasible in dedicated urban clinics, and the prevalence of LTBI is high in this vulnerable population. However, the low adherence to treatment is an important public health concern, and new strategies are needed to address this problem.

What does your neighbourhood say about you? : a study of life expectancy in 1.3 million Swiss neighbourhoods

BACKGROUND: Switzerland had the highest life expectancy at 82.8 years among the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries in 2011. Geographical variation of life expectancy and its relation to the socioeconomic position of neighbourhoods are, however, not well understood. METHODS: We analysed the Swiss National Cohort, which linked the 2000 census with mortality records 2000-2008 to estimate life expectancy across neighbourhoods. A neighbourhood index of socioeconomic position (SEP) based on the median rent, education and occupation of household heads and crowding was calculated for 1.3 million overlapping neighbourhoods of 50 households. We used skew-normal regression models, including the index and additionally marital status, education, nationality, religion and occupation to calculate crude and adjusted estimates of life expectancy at age 30 years. RESULTS: Based on over 4.5 million individuals and over 400,000 deaths, estimates of life expectancy at age 30 in neighbourhoods ranged from 46.9 to 54.2 years in men and from 53.5 to 57.2 years in women. The correlation between life expectancy and neighbourhood SEP was strong (r=0.95 in men and r=0.94 women, both p values <0.0001). In a comparison of the lowest with the highest percentile of neighbourhood SEP, the crude difference in life expectancy from skew-normal regression was 4.5 years in men and 2.5 years in women. The corresponding adjusted differences were 2.8 and 1.9 years, respectively (all p values <0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Although life expectancy is high in Switzerland, there is substantial geographical variation and life expectancy is strongly associated with the social standing of neighbourhoods.

Decreasing educational differences in mortality over 40 years: evidence from the Turin Longitudinal Study (Italy)

BACKGROUND: Recent studies suggest that inequalities in premature mortality have continued to rise over the last decade in most European countries, but not in southern European countries. METHODS: In this study, we assess long-term trends (1971-2011) in absolute and relative educational inequalities in all-cause and cause-specific mortality in the Turin Longitudinal Study (Turin, Italy), a record-linkage study including all individuals resident in Turin in the 1971, 1981, 1991 and 2001 censuses, and aged 30-99 years (more than 2 million people). We examined mortality for all causes, cardiovascular disease (CVD), all cancers and specific cancers (lung, breast), as well as smoking and alcohol-related mortality. RESULTS: Overall mortality substantially decreased in all educational groups over the study period, although cancer rates only slightly declined. Absolute inequalities decreased for both genders (SII=962/694 in men/women in 1972-1976 and SII=531/259 in 2007-2011, p<0.01). Among men, absolute inequalities for CVD and alcohol-related causes declined (p<0.05), while remaining stable for other causes of death. Among women, declines in absolute inequalities were observed for CVD, smoking and alcohol-related causes and lung cancer (p<0.05). Relative inequalities in all-cause mortality remained stable for men and decreased for women (RII=1.92/2.03 in men/women in 1972-1976 and RII=2.15/1.32 in 2007-2011). Among men, relative inequalities increased for smoking-related causes, while among women they decreased for all cancers, CVD, smoking-related causes and lung cancer (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Absolute inequalities in mortality strongly declined over the study period in both genders. Relative educational inequalities in mortality were generally stable among men; while they tended to narrow among women. In general, this study supports the hypothesis that educational inequalities in mortality have decreased in southern European countries.

The biological embedding of social differences in ageing trajectories.

The occurrence of adult disease is related to lifetime experiences and, at least in part, to early life events. It is now well established that socioeconomic circumstances across the lifetime are major determinants of adult health and disease, and the current economic crisis is amplifying susceptibility to disease and unhealthy ageing in disadvantaged subgroups of the population. In adulthood, the gap between social groups is extensive in terms of mortality, functional performances and cognitive capacity. Since the occurrence of adult disease is related to lifetime experiences, including early life exposures, late-life preventive efforts may be of limited efficacy, particularly in disadvantaged subgroups. We now have the analytical tools to understand mechanisms that underlie life-long susceptibility to unhealthy ageing, and new knowledge can lead to better and more effective mechanisms to prevent diseases and reduce health inequalities. In this perspective, we first discuss the impact of recent changes in the understanding of chronic disease aetiology on our interpretation of the influence of life-course socioeconomic status (SES) on health and ageing. We then propose a model for integrating the exposome concept (the myriad of exposures derived from exogenous and endogenous sources) into the analysis of life-course socioeconomic differentials in ageing.

Prácticas de Enfermería Comunitaria: evaluación de una muestra de enfermeras tutoras (curso 2001-02)

Objetivo: Conocer la opinión de enfermeras que tutorizan las prácticas de Enfermería Comunitaria en relación al conocimiento, habilidades y actitudes de los estudiantes que realizan sus prácticas en centros de Atención Primaria de Salud (APS). Participantes y métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal en centros de APS. Las participantes fueron enfermeras que tutorizaban la formación práctica de los estudiantes de Enfermería durante al menos los últimos dos años. Las variables estudiadas fueron el conocimiento teórico (valores normales de parámetros biológicos, proceso del atención enfermero, etc), las habilidades (toma de la tensión arterial, entrevista a los pacientes, etc) y las actitudes (escucha atenta, respeto a los pacientes, etc) de los alumnos. Resultados: Según la opinión de las enfermeras: los estudiantes presentan dificultades en los conocimientos teóricos relacionados a los protocolos clínicos, la pediatría y el manejo de enfermedades crónicas; las habilidades peor puntuadas se refieren a la aplicación de inyectables, la cura de heridas y extracciones sanguíneas; las actitudes más débiles afectan al proceso de toma decisiones. Por otro lado, los estudiantes fueron bien puntuados en el conocimiento de: los parámetros biológicos (63: 76,8%), del proceso del atención enfermero (62: 75,6%), y en la educación para la salud (53: 64,6%). La toma de la tensión arterial y en la escucha atenta de los pacientes fueron la habilidad y la actitud mejores puntuadas respectivamente. Conclusiones: Las encuestadas consideran que los conocimientos teóricos y las actitudes son las principales fortalezas y las habilidades las principales debilidades que los alumnos aportarán a su práctica como futuros profesionales enfermeros.

Prácticas de Enfermería Comunitaria: evaluación de una muestra de enfermeras tutoras (curso 2001-02)

Objetivo: Conocer la opinión de enfermeras que tutorizan las prácticas de Enfermería Comunitaria en relación al conocimiento, habilidades y actitudes de los estudiantes que realizan sus prácticas en centros de Atención Primaria de Salud (APS). Participantes y métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal en centros de APS. Las participantes fueron enfermeras que tutorizaban la formación práctica de los estudiantes de Enfermería durante al menos los últimos dos años. Las variables estudiadas fueron el conocimiento teórico (valores normales de parámetros biológicos, proceso del atención enfermero, etc), las habilidades (toma de la tensión arterial, entrevista a los pacientes, etc) y las actitudes (escucha atenta, respeto a los pacientes, etc) de los alumnos. Resultados: Según la opinión de las enfermeras: los estudiantes presentan dificultades en los conocimientos teóricos relacionados a los protocolos clínicos, la pediatría y el manejo de enfermedades crónicas; las habilidades peor puntuadas se refieren a la aplicación de inyectables, la cura de heridas y extracciones sanguíneas; las actitudes más débiles afectan al proceso de toma decisiones. Por otro lado, los estudiantes fueron bien puntuados en el conocimiento de: los parámetros biológicos (63: 76,8%), del proceso del atención enfermero (62: 75,6%), y en la educación para la salud (53: 64,6%). La toma de la tensión arterial y en la escucha atenta de los pacientes fueron la habilidad y la actitud mejores puntuadas respectivamente. Conclusiones: Las encuestadas consideran que los conocimientos teóricos y las actitudes son las principales fortalezas y las habilidades las principales debilidades que los alumnos aportarán a su práctica como futuros profesionales enfermeros.

El cuidado de los ancianos en el entorno familiar : valoración de los recursos de apoyo mediante grupos de discusión

Introduction: in the present study several collectives with knowledge of the reality of family care of the elderly assessed several socia and healthcare resources and suggested several possibilities for improvement. Method: four discussion groups were used as a data collection technique. The groups were composed of caregivers, representatives-users of associations for the elderly, experts in geriatrics, and social services professionals. Results: the various discussion groups positively evaluated the Home Help Service, the Support Teams of the Home Service Programs, Interdisciplinary Community Health Workers Units, Daytime Care Centres, and the Family Rest Programme but suggested some changes to all of them. The discussion groups also indicated the need to improve the material, economic and emotional assistance given to caregivers and asked for training, institutional coordination, anddissemination of information about available resources and assistance. Conclusions: some changes are required to improve the current social and health resources available to families caring for the elderly within the family unit. Among the suggestions for improvement proposed by the participants, many are useful and could easily be applied, whereas others provide an interesting starting point for debate and reflection. Knowledge and understanding of the situation of caregiving families, based on their own experiences and those of the people who know them, is in itself sufficient to initiate and implement changes to provide resources appropriate to their needs

Continuidad asistencial e integración de la información, Atención Primaria y TIC

La continuidad asistencial engloba diversas dimensiones que hay que considerar y que no ayudan a definirla de forma unánime. Tiene una importancia capital en la Atención Primaria de Salud (APS) puesto que es el ámbito asistencial donde aspectos como la coordinación, la integración asistencial y el conocimiento de los datos básicos y problemas de salud del paciente son más determinantes. Existe la necesidad de integrar toda la información y los datos de salud del paciente para garantizar la continuidad de los cuidados. El concepto de integración de la información es uno de los elementos que definen y contribuyen a dicha continuidad como elemento central para lograr mejorar la calidad en el proceso asistencial del paciente. En la mayoría de los casos, la Historia Clínica Electrónica (HCE) es la solución tecnológica escogida para integrar dicha información a partir de un único registro para cada ciudadano, con acceso en todo momento desde cualquier ámbito asistencial o lugar geográfico. Todos los usuarios del sistema de salud se pueden beneficiar de la continuidad asistencial que aportan las Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación (TIC) en general y la HCE en concreto. Sin embargo, los pacientes con patologías crónicas o que precisan una atención más habitual y continuada son los que, potencialmente, pueden obtener mayor beneficio. La disponibilidad y el acceso a la información de salud del paciente es uno de los aspectos que más puede beneficiar al ciudadano como fruto de la incorporación de las TIC en el ámbito de la salud, según la opinión de profesionales asistenciales, tecnólogos y gestores.

Continuidad asistencial e integración de la información, Atención Primaria y TIC

La continuidad asistencial engloba diversas dimensiones que hay que considerar y que no ayudan a definirla de forma unánime. Tiene una importancia capital en la Atención Primaria de Salud (APS) puesto que es el ámbito asistencial donde aspectos como la coordinación, la integración asistencial y el conocimiento de los datos básicos y problemas de salud del paciente son más determinantes. Existe la necesidad de integrar toda la información y los datos de salud del paciente para garantizar la continuidad de los cuidados. El concepto de integración de la información es uno de los elementos que definen y contribuyen a dicha continuidad como elemento central para lograr mejorar la calidad en el proceso asistencial del paciente. En la mayoría de los casos, la Historia Clínica Electrónica (HCE) es la solución tecnológica escogida para integrar dicha información a partir de un único registro para cada ciudadano, con acceso en todo momento desde cualquier ámbito asistencial o lugar geográfico. Todos los usuarios del sistema de salud se pueden beneficiar de la continuidad asistencial que aportan las Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación (TIC) en general y la HCE en concreto. Sin embargo, los pacientes con patologías crónicas o que precisan una atención más habitual y continuada son los que, potencialmente, pueden obtener mayor beneficio. La disponibilidad y el acceso a la información de salud del paciente es uno de los aspectos que más puede beneficiar al ciudadano como fruto de la incorporación de las TIC en el ámbito de la salud, según la opinión de profesionales asistenciales, tecnólogos y gestores.

Continuidad asistencial e integración de la información, Atención Primaria y TIC

La continuidad asistencial engloba diversas dimensiones que hay que considerar y que no ayudan a definirla de forma unánime. Tiene una importancia capital en la Atención Primaria de Salud (APS) puesto que es el ámbito asistencial donde aspectos como la coordinación, la integración asistencial y el conocimiento de los datos básicos y problemas de salud del paciente son más determinantes. Existe la necesidad de integrar toda la información y los datos de salud del paciente para garantizar la continuidad de los cuidados. El concepto de integración de la información es uno de los elementos que definen y contribuyen a dicha continuidad como elemento central para lograr mejorar la calidad en el proceso asistencial del paciente. En la mayoría de los casos, la Historia Clínica Electrónica (HCE) es la solución tecnológica escogida para integrar dicha información a partir de un único registro para cada ciudadano, con acceso en todo momento desde cualquier ámbito asistencial o lugar geográfico. Todos los usuarios del sistema de salud se pueden beneficiar de la continuidad asistencial que aportan las Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación (TIC) en general y la HCE en concreto. Sin embargo, los pacientes con patologías crónicas o que precisan una atención más habitual y continuada son los que, potencialmente, pueden obtener mayor beneficio. La disponibilidad y el acceso a la información de salud del paciente es uno de los aspectos que más puede beneficiar al ciudadano como fruto de la incorporación de las TIC en el ámbito de la salud, según la opinión de profesionales asistenciales, tecnólogos y gestores.

Evaluation of genotype resistance testing for salvage antiretroviral therapy at AIDS care centers from Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil

The availability of HIV-1 genotype resistance testing (GRT) to clinicians has been insufficiently studied outside randomized clinical trials. The present study evaluated the outcome of salvage antiretroviral therapy (ART) recommended by an expert physician based on GRT in a non-clinical trial setting in Ribeirão Preto, Brazil. A prospective, open, nonrandomized study evaluating easy access to GRT at six Brazilian AIDS Clinics was carried out. This cooperative study analyzed the efficacy of treatment recommended to patients whose salvage ART was guided by GRT with that of treatment with ART based only on previous ART history. A total of 112 patients with ART failure were included in the study, and 77 of them were submitted to GRT. The median CD4 cell count and viral load for these 77 patients at baseline were (mean ± SD) 252.1 ± 157.4 cells/µL and 4.60 ± 0.5 log10 HIV RNA copies/mL, respectively. The access time, i.e., the time elapsed between ordering the GRT and receiving the result was, on average, 71.9 ± 37.3 days. The study results demonstrated that access to GRT followed by expert recommendations did not improve the time to persistent treatment failure when compared to conventional salvage ART. Access to GRT in this Brazilian community health care setting did not improve the long-term virologic outcomes of HIV-infected patients experiencing treatment failure. This result is probably related to the long time required to implement ART guided by GRT.

Walker Complex (April 2002)

The complex was comprised of the new Student/Community Health and Fitness Centre and the state-of-the-art health club called The Zone, in addition to encompassing the existing physical education facilities. Among the new facilities was a 23 000-square-foot gymnasium, which boasted four basketball courts and a 200-meter, three-lane elevated track. The building was named after Walker Industries Holdings, a Thorold firm that was the key donor to the project.

Exploring the relationship between ethnicity and hypertension in Canada

Background: Previous work examining differences in hypertension across ethnic groups employ race as the principal variable. While differences in hypertension have been identified across racial groups, there is great variation between ethnic groups amongst racial groupings that could mask differences in hypertension and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. In light of Canada's ethnic diversity, research aimed at identifying specific groups that are at a health disadvantage is essential for understanding the health of the overall population. In addition, this research would be beneficial for creating programs and policies aimed at reducing or eliminating these disparities. Since CVD is the leading cause of mortality in Canada and hypertension is one of the most significant and modifiable risk factors for CVD, it is important to move past crude classifications based on race and examine ethnic group differences. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between ethnicity and hypertension in Canada, while employing more narrow classifications for ethnicity than previous studies. In addition, because ethnicity has been shown to be representative of an individual's social experience, this study also aims to investigate whether this relationship can be explained by one or all of the following variable: socioeconomic status, physical activity, body mass index, smoking status, daily alcohol consumption or acculturation. Methods. This study used the 2004 Canadian Community Health Survey, cycle 2.1 to compare 29 different ethnic groups in Canada on whether they had high blood pressure that had been diagnosed by a health professional. Associations were examined using logistic regression. Subsequent logistic regression analyses included socioeconomic status, physical activity, body mass index, smoking status, daily alcohol consumption and acculturation to test for the effect of each of these variables on the relationship between ethnicity and hypertension. Results. Ukrainians, Chinese, Portuguese, South Asians, Aboriginals, Blacks, Filipinos and South East Asians were found to have significantly higher odds of having high blood pressure than Canadians (OR's = 1.50, 1.56, 2.72, 1.38, 1.36, 1.66, 2.21 & 2.24 respectively, p<.001). In addition, the only significant mediating effects were between SES and Aboriginals as well as obesity and Aboriginals. None of the other independent variables accounted for >10% of the risk experienced by the ethnic groups that were significantly associated with hypertension. Interpretation: The odds of having high blood pressure in Canada varies considerably across ethnic groups within racial groups indicating previous research is not specific enough to inform policy and program development. Because this study was not able to explain this relationship using the sociodemographic and lifestyle factors mentioned above, future research should be done to determine what places certain ethnic groups at a greater risk in order to tailor interventions aimed at reducing high blood pressure that are suited to the specific needs of each cultural group.

An assessment of autism knowledge in the medical field

Once thought to be rare, pervasive developmental disorders (PDDs) are now recognized as the most common neurological disorders affecting children and one of the most common developmental disabilities (DD) in Canada (Autism Society of Canada, 2006). Recent reports indicate that PDDs currently affect 1 in 150 children (Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, 2007). The purpose of this research was to provide an understanding of medical resident and practicing physicians' basic knowledge regarding PDDs. With a population of children with PDDs who present with varying symptoms, the ability for medical professionals to provide general information, diagnosis, appropriate referrals, and medical care can be quite complex. A basic knowledge of the disorder is only a first step in providing adequate medical care to individuals with autism and their families. An updated version of Stone's (1987) Autism survey was administered to medical residents at four medical schools in Canada and currently practicing physicians at three medical schools and one community health network. As well, a group of professionals specializing in the field ofPDDs, participating in research and clinical practice, were surveyed as an 'expert' group to act as a control measure. Expert responses were consistent with current research in the field. General findings indicated few differences in overall knowledge between residents and physicians, with misconceptions evident in areas such as the nature of the disorder, qualitative characteristics of autism, and effective interventions. Results were also examined by specialty and, while pediatricians demonstrated additional accurate 11 knowledge regarding the nature of the disorder and select qualitative impairments, both residents and practicing physicians demonstrated misconceptions about PDDs. This preliminary study replicated the findings of Stone (1987) and Heidgerken (2005) concerning several misconceptions of PDDs held by residents and practicing physicians. Future research should focus on additional replications with validated measures as well as the gathering of qualitative information, in order to inform the medical profession of the need for education in PDDs at training and professional levels.