Optical precursors and Beer's law violations; non-exponential propagation losses in water

We develop a model for exponential decay of broadband pulses, and examine its implications for experiments on optical precursors. One of the signature features of Brillouin precursors is attenuation with a less rapid decay than that predicted by Beer's Law. Depending on the pulse parameters and the model that is adopted for the dielectric properties of the medium, the limiting z-dependence of the loss has been described as z(-1/2), z(-1/3), exponential, or, in more detailed descriptions, some combination of the above. Experimental results in the search for precursors are examined in light of the different models, and a stringent test for sub-exponential decay is applied to data on propagation of 500 femtosecond pulses through 1-5 meters of water. (C) 2005 Optical Society of America.

Pearl-chain waveguides machined with a femtosecond high-energy oscillator

A new regime of waveguides consisting of aligned spheres of strongly changed refractive - index in fused silica are explored and their guiding properties are measured.

Random distributed feedback fibre laser

The concept of random lasers making use of multiple scattering in amplifying disordered media to generate coherent light has attracted a great deal of attention in recent years. Here, we demonstrate a fibre laser with a mirrorless open cavity that operates via Rayleigh scattering, amplified through the Raman effect. The fibre waveguide geometry provides transverse confinement and effectively one-dimensional random distributed feedback, leading to the generation of a stationary near-Gaussian beam with a narrow spectrum, and with efficiency and performance comparable to regular lasers. Rayleigh scattering due to inhomogeneities within the glass structure of the fibre is extremely weak, making the operation and properties of the proposed random distributed feedback lasers profoundly different from those of both traditional random lasers and conventional fibre lasers.

Low frequency peculiarities of the photorefractive response in sillenites

We investigate experimentally and theoretically the dependence of the amplitude of the spatial fundamental grating, created by a pair of coherent light beams while using the running grating technique [M.P. Petrov, S.I. Stepanov and A.V. Khomenko, Photorefractive Crystals in Coherent Optical Systems, Springer Series in Optical Sciences (Springer, 1991); P. Refregier, L. Solymar, H. Rajbenbach and J.P. Huignard, J. Appl. Phys. 58 (1985) 45], as a function of detuning frequency and beam ratio ß in photorefractive Bi12SiO20. It is shown that for ß > 0.05, in addition to the main peak in the frequency dependence of the amplitude, there is an additional peak of lower frequency which, as a rule, dominates the main peak. The position of the main peak depends on ß. The experimental results are in good agreement with the theoretical analysis and the general ideas about excitation and nonlinear interaction of weakly damped space-charge waves.

Low frequency peculiarities of the photorefractive response in sillenites

We investigate experimentally and theoretically the dependence of the amplitude of the spatial fundamental grating, created by a pair of coherent light beams while using the running grating technique [M.P. Petrov, S.I. Stepanov and A.V. Khomenko, Photorefractive Crystals in Coherent Optical Systems, Springer Series in Optical Sciences (Springer, 1991); P. Refregier, L. Solymar, H. Rajbenbach and J.P. Huignard, J. Appl. Phys. 58 (1985) 45], as a function of detuning frequency and beam ratio ß in photorefractive Bi12SiO20. It is shown that for ß > 0.05, in addition to the main peak in the frequency dependence of the amplitude, there is an additional peak of lower frequency which, as a rule, dominates the main peak. The position of the main peak depends on ß. The experimental results are in good agreement with the theoretical analysis and the general ideas about excitation and nonlinear interaction of weakly damped space-charge waves.

Random distributed feedback fibre lasers

The concept of random lasers exploiting multiple scattering of photons in an amplifying disordered medium in order to generate coherent light without a traditional laser resonator has attracted a great deal of attention in recent years. This research area lies at the interface of the fundamental theory of disordered systems and laser science. The idea was originally proposed in the context of astrophysics in the 1960s by V.S. Letokhov, who studied scattering with "negative absorption" of the interstellar molecular clouds. Research on random lasers has since developed into a mature experimental and theoretical field. A simple design of such lasers would be promising for potential applications. However, in traditional random lasers the properties of the output radiation are typically characterized by complex features in the spatial, spectral and time domains, making them less attractive than standard laser systems in terms of practical applications. Recently, an interesting and novel type of one-dimensional random laser that operates in a conventional telecommunication fibre without any pre-designed resonator mirrors-random distributed feedback fibre laser-was demonstrated. The positive feedback required for laser generation in random fibre lasers is provided by the Rayleigh scattering from the inhomogeneities of the refractive index that are naturally present in silica glass. In the proposed laser concept, the randomly backscattered light is amplified through the Raman effect, providing distributed gain over distances up to 100km. Although an effective reflection due to the Rayleigh scattering is extremely small (~0.1%), the lasing threshold may be exceeded when a sufficiently large distributed Raman gain is provided. Such a random distributed feedback fibre laser has a number of interesting and attractive features. The fibre waveguide geometry provides transverse confinement, and effectively one-dimensional random distributed feedback leads to the generation of a stationary near-Gaussian beam with a narrow spectrum. A random distributed feedback fibre laser has efficiency and performance that are comparable to and even exceed those of similar conventional fibre lasers. The key features of the generated radiation of random distributed feedback fibre lasers include: a stationary narrow-band continuous modeless spectrum that is free of mode competition, nonlinear power broadening, and an output beam with a Gaussian profile in the fundamental transverse mode (generated both in single mode and multi-mode fibres).This review presents the current status of research in the field of random fibre lasers and shows their potential and perspectives. We start with an introductory overview of conventional distributed feedback lasers and traditional random lasers to set the stage for discussion of random fibre lasers. We then present a theoretical analysis and experimental studies of various random fibre laser configurations, including widely tunable, multi-wavelength, narrow-band generation, and random fibre lasers operating in different spectral bands in the 1-1.6μm range. Then we discuss existing and future applications of random fibre lasers, including telecommunication and distributed long reach sensor systems. A theoretical description of random lasers is very challenging and is strongly linked with the theory of disordered systems and kinetic theory. We outline two key models governing the generation of random fibre lasers: the average power balance model and the nonlinear Schrödinger equation based model. Recently invented random distributed feedback fibre lasers represent a new and exciting field of research that brings together such diverse areas of science as laser physics, the theory of disordered systems, fibre optics and nonlinear science. Stable random generation in optical fibre opens up new possibilities for research on wave transport and localization in disordered media. We hope that this review will provide background information for research in various fields and will stimulate cross-disciplinary collaborations on random fibre lasers. © 2014 Elsevier B.V.

A sensing mechanism for the detection of carbon nanotubes using selective photoluminescent probes based on ionic complexes with organic dyes

The multifunctional properties of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) make them a powerful platform for unprecedented innovations in a variety of practical applications. As a result of the surging growth of nanotechnology, nanotubes present a potential problem as an environmental pollutant, and as such, an efficient method for their rapid detection must be established. Here, we propose a novel type of ionic sensor complex for detecting CNTs – an organic dye that responds sensitively and selectively to CNTs with a photoluminescent signal. The complexes are formed through Coulomb attractions between dye molecules with uncompensated charges and CNTs covered with an ionic surfactant in water. We demonstrate that the photoluminescent excitation of the dye can be transferred to the nanotubes, resulting in selective and strong amplification (up to a factor of 6) of the light emission from the excitonic levels of CNTs in the near-infrared spectral range, as experimentally observed via excitation-emission photoluminescence (PL) mapping. The chirality of the nanotubes and the type of ionic surfactant used to disperse the nanotubes both strongly affect the amplification; thus, the complexation provides sensing selectivity towards specific CNTs. Additionally, neither similar uncharged dyes nor CNTs covered with neutral surfactant form such complexes. As model organic molecules, we use a family of polymethine dyes with an easily tailorable molecular structure and, consequently, tunable absorbance and PL characteristics. This provides us with a versatile tool for the controllable photonic and electronic engineering of an efficient probe for CNT detection.

Less strain, more gain_nano_patterning III-N thin films

Controlling the growth mechanism for nano-structures is one of the most critical topics in material science. In the past 10 years there has been intensive research worldwide in IIIN based nanowires for its many unique photonic and electrical properties at this scale. There are several advantages to nanostructuring III-N materials, including increased light extraction, increased device efficiency, reduction of efficiency droop, and reduction in crystallographic defect density. High defect densities that normally plague III-N materials and reduce the device efficiency are not an issue for nano-structured devices such as LEDs, due to the effective strain relaxation. Additionally regions of the light spectrum such as green and yellow, once found difficult to achieve in bulk planar LEDs, can be produced by manipulating the confinement and crystal facet growth directions of the active regions. A cheap and easily repeatable self-assembly nano-patterning technique at wafer scale was designed during this thesis for top down production of III-N nanowires. Through annealing under ammonia and N2 gas flow, the first reported dislocation defect bending was observed in III-N nanorods by in-situ transmission electron microscopy heating. By growing on these etched top down nanorods as a template, ultra-dense nanowires with apex tipped semi-polar tops were produced. The uniform spacing of 5nm between each wire is the highest reported space-filling factor at 98%. Finally by using these ultra-dense nanorods bridging the green gap of the light spectrum was possible, producing the first reported red, yellow, green light emission from a single nano-tip.

The influence of photon excitation and proton irradiation on the luminescence properties of yttria stabilized zirconia doped with praseodymium ions

Lanthanide doped zirconia based materials are promising phosphors for lighting applications. Transparent yttria stabilized zirconia fibres, in situ doped with Pr3+ ions, were grown by the laser floating zone method. The single crystalline doped fibres were found to be homogeneous in composition and provide an intense red luminescence at room temperature. The stability of this luminescence due to transitions between the 1D2 → 3H4 multiplets of the Pr3+ ions (intra-4f2 configuration) was studied by photo- and iono-luminescence. The evolution of the red integrated photoluminescence intensity with temperature indicates that the overall luminescence decreases to ca. 40% of the initial intensity at 14 K when heated to room temperature (RT). RT analysis of the iono-luminescence dependence on irradiation fluence reveals a decrease of the intensity (to slightly more than ∼60% of the initial intensity after 25 min of proton irradiation exposure). Nevertheless the luminescence intensity saturates at non-zero values for higher irradiation fluences revealing good potential for the use of this material in radiation environments.

Conception et caractérisation d'un dosimètre à fibre scintillante pour des applications en imagerie diagnostique et interventionnelle

Cette thèse a pour sujet le développement d’un détecteur à fibre scintillante plastique pour la dosimétrie des faisceaux de photons de basses énergies. L’objectif principal du projet consiste à concevoir et caractériser cet instrument en vue de mesurer la dose de radiation reçue au cours des examens d’imagerie diagnostique et interventionnelle. La première section est consacrée à la conception de six différents systèmes et à l’évaluation de leur performance lorsqu’ils sont exposés à des rayonnements de hautes et basses énergies. Tous les systèmes évalués présentaient un écart type relatif (RSD) de moins de 5 % lorsqu’ils étaient exposés à des débits de dose de plus de 3 mGy/s. Cette approche systématique a permis de déterminer que le tube photomultiplicateur répondait le mieux aux conditions d’exposition propres à la radiologie. Ce dernier présentait une RSD de moins de 1 % lorsque le débit de dose était inférieur à 0.10 mGy/s. L’étude des résultats permis également de suggérer quelques recommandations dans le choix d’un système en fonction de l’application recherchée. La seconde partie concerne l’application de ce détecteur à la radiologie interventionnelle en procédant à des mesures de dose à la surface d’un fantôme anthropomorphique. Ainsi, plusieurs situations cliniques ont été reproduites afin d’observer la précision et la fiabilité du détecteur. Ce dernier conserva une RSD inférieure à 2 % lorsque le débit de dose était supérieur à 3 mGy/min et d’environ 10 % au débit le plus faible (0.25 mGy/min). Les mesures sur fantôme montrèrent une différence de moins de 4 % entre les mesures du détecteur et celles d’une chambre d’ionisation lors du déplacement de la table ou du bras de l’appareil de fluoroscopie. Par ailleurs, cette différence est demeurée sous les 2 % lors des mesures de débit de dose en profondeur. Le dernier sujet de cette thèse porta sur les fondements physiques de la scintillation dans les scintillateurs plastiques. Les différents facteurs influençant l’émission lumineuse ont été analysés afin d’identifier leur contribution respective. Ainsi, la réponse du détecteur augmente de près d’un facteur 4 entre un faisceau de 20 kVp et 250 kVp. De ce signal, la contribution de la fluorescence produite dans la fibre claire était inférieure à 0.5 % lorsque les fibres étaient exposées sur 10 cm par des faisceaux de 20 à 250 kVp. Le phénomène d’extinction de la fluorescence par ionisation a également été étudié. Ainsi, l’atténuation du signal variait en fonction de l’énergie du faisceau et atteignit environ 20 % pour un faisceau de 20 kVp. En conclusion, cette étude suggère que les détecteurs à fibres scintillantes peuvent mesurer avec précision la dose de radiation reçue en imagerie diagnostique et interventionnelle, mais une calibration rigoureuse s’avère essentielle.

Poli-líquidos iônicos e complexos solúveis de Eu3+ e Tb3+ : bioimageamento celular seletivo

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Química, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, 2015.

The role of triplet states in the emission mechanism of polymer light-emitting diodes

The blue emission of polyfluorene (PF)-based light-emitting diodes (LEDs) is known to degrade due to a low-energy green emission, which hitherto has been attributed to oxidative defects. By studying the electroluminescence (EL) from ethyl-hexyl substituted PF LEDs in the presence of oxygen and in an inert atmosphere, and by using trace quantities of paramagnetic impurities (PM) in the polymer, we show that the triplet states play a major role in the low-energy emission mechanism. Our time-dependent many-body studies show a large cross-section for the triplet formation in the EL process in the presence of PM, primarily due to electron-hole recombination processes.

New light on the optical equivalence theorem and a new type of discrete diagonal coherent state representation

In many instances we find it advantageous to display a quantum optical density matrix as a generalized statistical ensemble of coherent wave fields. The weight functions involved in these constructions turn out to belong to a family of distributions, not always smooth functions. In this paper we investigate this question anew and show how it is related to the problem of expanding an arbitrary state in terms of an overcomplete subfamily of the overcomplete set of coherent states. This provides a relatively transparent derivation of the optical equivalence theorem. An interesting by-product is the discovery of a new class of discrete diagonal representations.

Room temperature synthesis of Mn2+ doped ZnS d-dots and observation of tunable dual emission: Effects of doping concentration, temperature, and ultraviolet light illumination

Mn2+ doped (0-50.0 molar %) ZnS d-dots have been synthesized in water medium by using an environment friendly low cost chemical technique. Tunable dual emission in UV and yellow-orange regions is achieved by tailoring the Mn2+ doping concentration in the host ZnS nanocrystal. The optimum doping concentration for achieving efficient photoluminescence (PL) emission is determined to be similar to 1.10 (at. %) corresponding to 40.0 (molar %) of Mn2+ doping concentration used during synthesis. The mechanism of charge transfer from the host to the dopant leading to the intensity modulated tunable (594-610 nm) yellow-orange PL emission is straightforwardly understood as no capping agent is used. The temperature dependent PL emission measurements are carried out, viz., in 1.10 at. % Mn2+ doped sample and the experimental results are explained by using a theoretical PL emission model. It is found that the ratio of non-radiative to radiative recombination rates is temperature dependent and this phenomenon has not been reported, so far, in Mn2+ doped ZnS system. The colour tuning of the emitted light from the samples are evident from the calculated chromaticity coordinates. UV light irradiation for 150 min in 40.0 (molar %) Mn2+ doped sample shows an enhancement of 33% in PL emission intensity. (C) 2013 American Institute of Physics. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4795779]