958 resultados para Cicerón, Quinto Tulio, 102-43 a.C.


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En este trabajo se calcula la tasa media de incisión fluvial del río Darro (Granada, España) durante el periodo 1890-2010 en su tramo urbano (sector Alhambra-Valparaíso). Para ello se han utilizado fotografías históricas en las que aparece dicho río, a partir de las cuales se ha podido determinar la posición del cauce en el momento en el que se realizaron las fotografías. La comparación con los escenarios actuales de tales imágenes ha permitido determinar la diferencia de altura del cauce a través de medidas de cotas absolutas realizadas mediante teodolito. Esta metodología ha permitido estimar de modo cuantitativo un índice de encajamiento vertical medio del río de 1,05 cm/año para el periodo histórico considerado.

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Objetivos Determinar si existe asociación entre la exposición a violencia, experimentada a nivel individual o municipal, y el embarazo adolescente en mujeres Colombianas entre 13 y 19 años de edad que contestaron la Encuesta de Demografía y Salud en el año 2010. Métodos Estudio de corte transversal, nacional y multinivel. Se tomaron datos de dos niveles jerárquicos: Nivel- 1: Datos individuales de una muestra representativa de 13.313 mujeres entre 13 y 19 años de edad provenientes de La Encuesta Nacional de Demografía y Salud del año 2010 y Nivel- 2: Datos municipales de 258 municipios provenientes de las estadísticas vitales del DANE. Resultados La prevalencia del embarazo adolescente fue del 16.8% IC 95% [16.2-17.4]. El análisis mostró que la asociación entre embarazo adolescente y violencia tanto individual, representada como violencia sexual [OR= 6.99 IC99% 4.80-10.10] y violencia física [OR= 1.74 IC99% 1.47-2.05] así como la violencia municipal medida con tasas de homicidios altas [OR= 1.99 IC99% 1.29-3.07] y muy altas [OR= 2.10 IC99% 1.21-3.61] se mantuvo estadísticamente significativa después de ajustar por las variables: Edad [OR= 1.81 IC99% 1.71-1.91], ocupación [OR= 1.62 IC99% 1.37-1.93], educación primaria o sin educación [OR= 2.20 IC99% 1.47-3.30], educación secundaria [OR= 1.70 IC99% 1.24-2.32], asistir al colegio [OR= 0.18 IC99% 0.15-0.21], conocimiento en la fisiología reproductiva [OR= 1.28 IC99% 1.06-1.54], el índice de riqueza Q1, Q2, Q3 [OR= 2.18 IC99% 1.42-3.34], [OR= 2.00 IC99% 1.39-2.28], [OR= 1.82 IC99% 1.92-2.25] y alto porcentaje de Necesidades básicas insatisfechas a nivel municipal [OR= 2.34 IC99% 1.55-3.52]. Conclusiones Este estudio mostró una relación significativamente estadística entre la violencia sexual y física con el inicio de relaciones sexuales y embarazo adolescente después de controlar por factores sociodemográficos y conocimientos en reproducción sexual en mujeres colombianas de 13 a 19 años en el año 2010. Esta asociación debe continuar siendo estudiada para lograr optimizar las estrategias de prevención y disminuir la tasa actual de embarazos adolescentes en el país y sus consecuencias.

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Desde 1945, el inicio de la cuestión palestina, el país ha sufrido una serie de transformaciones e intervenciones en su soberanía y en legitimidad, las cuales siguen en discusión actualmente; y han dado como resultado el estudio del reconocimiento de Palestina como Estado. Es pertinente hacer un acercamiento a este tema desde la variable religiosa (Vaticano), teniendo en cuenta el gran número de lugares sagrados que hay en la región de Palestina y la variable religiosa del conflicto Palestino-israelí. Desde la mirada del Soft Power, concepto que ha venido tomando fuerza en la academia desde 1980, podemos acercarnos al objeto de estudio y dilucidar las injerencias de este actor. Mediante una aproximación cualitativa, que conlleva análisis del discurso, análisis histórico y análisis de política exterior, se logrará obtener el resultado esperado, que es entender de qué manera el Vaticano ejerce influencia (ideológica y cultural) en el Sistema Internacional, en el asunto del reconocimiento de Palestina como Estado.

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The thermal sensitivity and heat shock response of the different races of the mulberry silkworm Bombyx mori have been analysed. The multivoltine race, strains C. Nichi and Pure Mysore showed better survival rates than the bivoltine race, strain NB4D2 exposed to 41 degrees C and above. In general, the fifth instar larvae and the pupae exhibited maximum tolerance compared to the early larval instars, adult moths or the eggs. Exposure up to 39 degrees C for 1 or 2 h was tolerated equally whereas temperatures above 43 degrees C proved to be lethal for all. Treatment of larvae at 41 degrees C for Ih resulted in a variety of physiological alterations including increased heart beat rates, differential haemocyte counts, enlargement of granulocytes and the presence of additional protein species in the tissues and haemolymph. The appearance of a 93 kDa protein in the haemolymph, fat bodies and cuticle, following the heat shocking of larvae in vivo was a characteristic feature in all the three strains examined although the kinetics of their appearance itself was different. In haemolymph, the protein appeared immediately in response to heat shock in C. Nichi reaching the maximal levels in 2-4 h whereas its presence was noticeable only after 2-4 h recovery time in Pure Mysore and bivoltine races. The fat body from both C. Nichi and NB4D2 showed the presence of 93 kDa, 89 kDa and 70 kDa proteins on heat shock. The haemocytes, on the other hand, expressed only a 70 kDa protein consequent to heat shock. The 93 kDa protein in the haemolymph, therefore could have arisen from some other tissue, possibly the fat body. The 93 kDa protein was detected after heat shock in pupae and adult moths as well, although the presence of an additional (56 kDa) protein was also apparent in the adults. The presence of 46 kDa and 28 kDa bands in addition to the 93 kDa band in the cuticular proteins immediately following heat shock was clearly discernible. The 70 kDa band did not show much changes in the cuticular proteins on heat shock. In contrast to the changes in protein profiles seen in tissues and haemolymph following heat shock in vivo, the heat treatment of isolated fat body or haemolymph in vitro resulted in protein degradation.

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Different phases of Eu3+ activated gadolinium oxide (Gd (OH)(3), GdOOH and Gd2O3) nanorods have been prepared by the hydrothermal method with and without cityl trimethyl ammonium bromide (GAB) surfactant. Cubic Gd2O3:Eu (8 mol%) red phosphor has been prepared by the dehydration of corresponding hydroxide Gd(OH)(3):Eu after calcinations at 350 and 600 degrees C for 3 h, respectively. When Eu3+ ions were introduced into Gd(OH)(3), lattice sites which replace the original Gd3+ ions, a strong red emission centered at 613 nm has been observed upon UV illumination, due to the intrinsic Eu3+ transition between D-5(0) and F-7 configurations. Thermoluminescence glow curves of Gd (OH)(3): Eu and Gd2O3:Eu phosphors have been recorded by irradiating with gamma source ((CO)-C-60) in the dose range 10-60 Gy at a heating rate of 6.7 degrees C sec(-1). Well resolved glow peaks in the range 42-45, 67-76,95-103 and 102-125 degrees C were observed. When gamma-irradiation dose increased to 40 Gy, the glow peaks were reduced and with increase in gamma-dose (50 and 60 Gy) results the shift in first two glow peak temperatures at about 20 degrees C and a new shouldered peak at 86 degrees C was observed. It is observed that there is a shift in glow peak temperatures and variation in intensity, which is mainly attributed to different phases of gadolinium oxide. The trapping parameters namely activation energy (E), order of kinetics (b) and frequency factor were calculated using peak shape and the results are discussed. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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Titulo do v. 2 : m. tulli ciceronis orationes

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A obra De orbis sitv (descrição do mundo), também chamada De chorographia (corografia), foi escrita em três partes, por volta de 43 d.C. Situa a Terra no centro do universo e descreve regiões, costumes e artes da África, Europa e Ásia, sem contudo detalhar suas distâncias e sistemas administrativo. É o único tratado de geografia da Antiguidade escrito em latim clássico. Esta edição traz extensos comentários de Joaquim Vadiano e observações do teólogo João Camerti e de Rodolfo Agrícola.

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全球变化背景下人类生存环境及社会经济的可持续发展要求,使得水循环和碳循环成为科学研究的关注点。湿地与森林、海洋并称为全球三大生态系统,与生态平衡、人类生存和经济社会可持续发展息息相关,特别是湿地的碳汇功能使得其在全球碳循环中具有重要作用。我国湿地面积占亚洲第一位,世界第四位,占世界湿地面积的11.9% 。但是,与森林、草地与农田等生态系统相比,湿地水碳循环控制机制研究的甚少,制约着湿地生态系统的水碳管理。 本论文基于2005~2007 年盘锦芦苇湿地生态系统野外观测站的涡度相关系统的水碳通量和气象环境因子的连续观测数据,结合芦苇湿地生态系统的生物学调查资料,较系统地分析了芦苇湿地生态系统水汽通量和碳通量的动态特征,探讨了不同时间尺度芦苇湿地生态系统水汽通量和碳通量的环境控制机制。主要结论如下: (1)芦苇湿地生态系统蒸散的日、季变化显著。2005~2007 年盘锦芦苇湿地生态系统的年蒸散量分别为432、480 和445 mm。非生长季(11 月~次年4 月)对全年蒸散量的贡献约13~16%,表明在湿地蒸散年总量的估算中不能忽略非生长季的贡献。 (2)关于动力作用和热力作用对芦苇湿地蒸散的贡献表明,能量是驱动芦苇湿地蒸散的重要因素,在小时至月尺度上均起着主导作用;时间尺度越长,能量因子对蒸散变异的解释率越大。仅温度就能解释蒸散月总量变异的95%左右。但是,随着时间尺度的降低,水分条件如饱和水汽压差、相对湿度,对芦苇湿地蒸散的作用逐渐显现。降雨和蒸散的变化虽然没有统计上的相关性,但短时段的降雨可能导致雨后蒸散增强,而持续多天的阴雨天气却能导致蒸散量连续下降。 (3)基于芦苇湿地生态系统作物系数(kc)具有显著日间变异的事实,发展了耦合气温、相对湿度和净辐射影响的芦苇湿地日作物系数模型,弥补了国际粮农组织建议的蒸发散估算模型FAO56 缺乏适宜湿地作物系数的不足。 (4)芦苇湿地生态系统呼吸呈单峰型季节变化,2005~2007 年生态系统呼吸的年总量分别为834、894 和872 g C m-2 yr-1,非生长季芦苇湿地的生态系统呼吸碳排放量为102~136 g C m-2 season-1,占全年生态系统呼吸总量的12~16%。这说明,非生长季湿地生态系统的碳排放通量不可忽视。温度是小时至月尺度的生态系统呼吸控制因子;同时,生物因素也对芦苇湿地生态系统呼吸有显著影响。生态系统呼吸对温度的响应呈指数函数关系,二者间的响应受土壤水分的影响。当表层土壤含水量(5 cm) 为20~25%时,芦苇湿地生态系统呼吸的潜力(Reco,10)最大。生态系统呼吸的日值与地上生物量、叶面积指数呈对数正相关,而与冠层高度呈显著二次曲线关系。生态系统呼吸的年际差异并不是由温度变化引起,而与植被生长状况密切相关。 (5)芦苇湿地生态系统的净碳交换季节变化明显,变化范围在-12.9~4.2 g C m-2 day-1 之间。一般在5~9 月表现为大气CO2 的汇,其余月份为碳源。其中,净碳吸收最大的月份为6、7 月,而净碳排放最大的月份为4、10 月。2005~2007 年的年碳收支分别为-55、-230 和-53 g C m-2 yr-1,呈碳汇。 (6)不同时间尺度的净碳交换控制因子不同。小时尺度上,影响芦苇湿地生态系统净碳交换的环境因子主要是光合有效辐射(PAR) 。芦苇湿地生态系统光合作用的光响应参数(α、Amax 和Reco)随温度指数上升,而与叶面积指数呈线性正相关。光响应参数的这种显著季节波动表明,在生态系统碳循环模型中不应该将生态系统的光合作用参数视为常数,应该考虑采用光响应参数与环境和生物因子间的定量关系来反映光合作用光响应参数动态。日尺度上,温度是芦苇湿地碳交换的主要控制因子,湿地净碳交换在15℃左右由正值变为负值,芦苇湿地由碳源变为碳汇。除温度外,饱和水汽压差对日尺度净碳交换波动也有影响,二者呈二次曲线关系(U 型),当饱和水汽压差在0.8 kPa 附近时,芦苇湿地净碳吸收达到最大。月尺度上,影响芦苇湿地净碳交换的主要环境因子依然是温度,二者间表现出“非对称响应”特征。 (7)对芦苇湿地碳交换各组分间的关系分析表明,芦苇湿地生态系统呼吸和净碳交换均受总光合生产力的显著影响,即通过光合作用产物来源控制。

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重离子束治癌是当今放射治疗中最科学、最先进、最有效的方法,是有代表性的高技术。目前仅有美、日、德实现了该技术,并已取得常规疗法难以实现的疗效。我国近年来开展了“重离子束治癌技术的基础研究”,其中,放射生物学及机理研究是重要内容。本论文从细胞、DNA分子、以及动物个体的三个不同层次上分别研究了重离子束治癌相关的生物学问题。在细胞研究方面。采用HeLa、B 16两种细胞分别研究了X一射线和重离子在水介质中入射的深度与相应细胞的存活率(1一失活率),结果表明:X一射线对细胞的损伤随深度而逐渐衰减(或细胞存活随深度逐渐增加),而重离子对细胞的损伤则为Bragg曲线(或细胞存活为倒Bragg曲线)。研究了25MeV/u ~(40)Ar~(14+)辐照人肝癌细胞SMMC一7721的微核及存活的动态变化,结果表明: 单次照射与分次照射的微核率随时间的变化规律在96h内没有明显区别,受照(单次、分次) 肝癌细胞的存活数随时间表现出衰减趋势,微核率与细胞存活数关系的动态变化为负相关性。研究了6MV X-射线和125.5keV/μm的重离子辐照B 1 6、V79细胞的2Gy存活率(SF2),结果表明:B16和V79细胞的存活率(P<0.01)依赖于不同的辐射性质(X-射线、~(12)C离子),其X-射线与~(12)C离子辐射这两种细胞的存活率之比分别为5.4和1.43,即~(12)C离子辐射增强了X-射线抗性细胞系的敏感性,从而显示了重离子治疗癌症的优势。研究了125.5keV/um的碳离子辐照小鼠黑色素瘤B16、人的宫颈癌HeLa、中国仓鼠肺V79、人的肝癌SMMC-7721四种细胞的相对生物学效率(RBE),得.到了RBE依赖于细胞种类的关系、RBE随细胞存活水平的升高而增加的关系、以及当LET≥125.5keV/μm时,RBE随着LET的增大而变小的关系。在DNA分子研究方面。研究了125.5keV/μm~(12)C~(6+)辐照小鼠黑色素瘤B 16、中国仓鼠肺V79、人的宫颈癌HeLa、人的肝癌SMMC一7721细胞的灵敏度(由D50表示)、DNA双链断裂(DSB)和DNA双链断裂片段分布,结果表明:细胞敏感性与DNA双链断裂之间没有一致的关系,提出了细胞辐射敏感性的一种可能的分子机理,即DNA序列敏感性位点协同DNA双链断裂互补性机理。由此解释了四种细胞系的不同敏感性问题。在动物个体研究方面。研究了57.28MeV/u氧离子50Gy一次性局部照射对B16黑色素瘤小鼠肿瘤生长的抑制作用,并观测了受照小鼠的死亡情况,结果表明:照射B16黑色素瘤后第10天观察,肿瘤生长延迟为6天、肿瘤抑制率为66%,耐受剂量小于50Gy。研究了50MeV/u ~(12)C~(6+)离子辐照对小鼠移植性肿瘤S180的抑制作用、控制率、治愈率和病理组织学变化,结果表明:各剂量组对S180肉瘤的抑制作用均大于90%,高剂量组抑瘤作用明显强于低、中剂量组(P

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Crystalline morphologies of spin-coated poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) thin films under different conditions are investigated mainly with atomic force microscopy (AFM) technique. When PLLA concentration in chloroform is varied from 0.01 to 1% gradually, disordered structure, rod-shape and larger spheres aggregates are observed in thin films subsequently. Under different annealing temperature, such as at 78, 102, 122 degrees C, respectively, we can find most rod-like crystalline aggregates. Interestingly, we observed that nucleation sites locate at the edge of the holes at the original crystalline stage. Then, these holes developed to form chrysanthemum-like and rods subsequently with annealing time meanwhile the size and the shape of crystalline aggregate are changed. In addition. effect of substrate and solvent on morphology is also discussed. On the other hand, the possible mechanism of crystalline morphology evolution is proposed.

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从海洋动植物中寻找和筛选具有药用价值的活性先导化合物是海洋药物研发极为重要的理论基础研究。基于中国东南热带和亚热带沿海海域丰富的生物资源,本工作以化学分析和生物活性筛选为导向,以黄海海域习见的绿藻束生刚毛藻、南海三亚附近海域的圆裂短足软珊瑚、海绵Pseudoceratina sp.及广西沿海滩涂的盐生植物海刀豆四种海洋生物为样品,应用现代分析和检测手段对其次生代谢产物及其生物活性进行较系统的研究。 综合利用现代色谱手段和波谱技术,从上述目标生物样品中共分离并结构鉴定化合物74个,其中新化合物10个,新天然产物1个,这一新发现原则性结果,属国内外首次报道。1.对黄海海域束生刚毛藻C. fascicularis的化学成分及其生物活性进行了首次研究,从中得到叶绿素类新化合物Porphyrinolactone 1和新天然产物 20-Chlor-(132-S)-hydroxyphaeophytin a 2,在避光条件下对叶绿素类化合物进行体外NF-κB活性抑制筛选实验, 结果表明化合物1-6对NF-κB都有显著的抑制活性;对叶绿素类化合物首次进行体外蛋白酶体ChT-L的抑制活性实验筛选,化合物2和4对蛋白酶体ChT-L表现出显著的抑制活性,在浓度为50μM时,抑制率分别为70%和73.5%,并对其立体构型和生物活性的构效关系进行探讨;首次从该属得到环阿尔廷三萜类化合物7—12;对所得化合物7—15在浓度为1μg/mL时对肿瘤细胞部分靶蛋白酶的抑制活性测定结果表明,这些化合物对不同的靶蛋白酶表现出较强的抑制活性。2. 从南海圆裂短足软珊瑚中发现孕甾及其糖苷类新化合物22—27。3. 南海海绵Pseudoceratina sp.中发现溴代酪氨酸生物碱类新化合物41—42,组胺酸生物碱类新化合物43,并对其生源关系进行探讨。4. 首次对海刀豆C. maritime的化学成分进行研究,发现紫檀素类化合物61—63,异黄酮4个64—67;对该类化合物61—67首次进行NF-κB和蛋白酶体ChT-L的抑制活性筛选,其中化合物63表现出较强的NF-κB的抑制活性。

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The objective was to identify an appropriate cryoprotectant and protocol for vitrification of red sea bream (Pagrus major) embryos. The toxicity of five single-agent cryoprotectants, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), propylene glycol (PG), ethylene glycol (EG), glycerol (GLY), and methyl alcohol (MeOH), as well as nine cryoprotectant mixtures, were investigated by comparing post-thaw hatching rates. Two vitrifying protocols, a straw method and a solid surface vitrification method (copper floating over liquid nitrogen), were evaluated on the basis of post-thaw embryo morphology. Exposure to single-agent cryoprotectants (10% concentration for 15 min) was not toxic to embryos, whereas for higher concentrations (20 and 30%) and a longer duration of exposure (30 min), DMSO and PG were better tolerated than the other cryoprotectants. Among nine cryoprotectant mixtures, the combination of 20% DMSO + 10% PG + 10% MeOH had the lowest toxicity after exposure for 10 min or 15 min. High percentages of morphologically intact embryos, 50.6 +/- 16.7% (mean +/- S.D.) and 77.8 +/- 15.5%, were achieved by the straw vitrifying method (20.5% DMSO + 15.5% acetamide + 10% PG, thawing at 43 degrees C and washing in 0.5 M sucrose solution for 5 min) and by the solid surface vitrification method (40% GLY, thawing at 22 degrees C and washing in 0.5 M sucrose solution for 5 min). After thawing, morphological changes in the degenerated embryos included shrunken yolks and ruptured chorions. Furthermore, thawed embryos that were morphologically intact did not consistently survive incubation. (C) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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本研究根据贵阳市区域内不同土地利用方式,选择了自然土壤、农业土壤和城市土壤为主要研究对象。对表层土壤实行多样点的统计分析、以及典型剖面有机碳迁移过程分析,同时结合同位素地球化学示踪原理,探讨了贵阳市区域内土地利用方式变化对土壤有机碳的影响,以及不同土地利用方式间土壤有机碳的来源和降解过程的差异。主要结论如下: (1) 自然土壤转化为农业土壤后,表层(0~10cm) SOC有较为明显的降低趋势。其中,相对于自然土壤(黄壤) 表层SOC(平均值)而言,玉米地、水田、果园下降了40%左右,菜地下降了15%左右。然而,不同菜地土壤间耕种强度存在较大差异,其SOC变异程度高于其它几类农业土壤(CV=57.07%)。与之相反,农业土壤表层DOC(18.86~48.20mg•L-1)接近或超过自然土壤(10.74~36.30 mg•L-1),且ƒDOC占SOC的比例明显大于自然土壤。其中,玉米地DOC最高(平均值:48.20mg•L-1),菜地次之(平均值:30.00mg•L-1),果园第三(平均值:29.87mg•L-1),水田最低(平均值:18.86mg•L-1),但水田由于干湿交替的影响,DOC的变异程度最大(CV=128.57%)。据此推断,在相同气候条件下,自然土壤转化为农业土壤后,由于表层DOC数量和比例的增加,提高了SOC的迁移性,进而加速了碳素在土壤中的迁移转化进程。 (2) 自然土壤转化为农业土壤后,剖面内部(>10cm)多数层次SOC相对于黄壤和黄色石灰土有明显的增加趋势。且通过对不同类型农业土壤人为干扰强度的调查表明:人为干扰强度越强,剖面中一定深度内SOC增加幅度越大。即:离城市较近的菜地2增长最为突出,果园其次,水田和玉米地相当。离城市较远的菜地1由于受人为干扰层次较浅,且出现了犁底层,剖面内SOC的含量水平与黄色石灰土相当。 (3) 原始土壤经搬运重组后形成城市公路绿化带土壤,表层SOC和DOC变幅较宽、离散程度较大,且没有随时间或植被类型等因素的变化而呈现明显的变化趋势。其中,SOC变异程度依次为新成公路绿化带2(CV=58.0%)、老成公路绿化带(CV=55.5%)、新成公路绿化带1(CV=34.1%)。DOC变异程度依次为新成公路绿化带1(CV=93.8%)、新成公路绿化带2(CV=85.7%)、老成公路绿化带(CV=78.0%)。 (4) 在自然土壤、农业土壤和城市绿化带土壤表层中,DOC与SOC、N、C/N、NO3-、NH4-,以及粘粒含量等的相关性均未达到显著水平。另据方差分析显示:果园、水田、菜地和玉米地表层土壤间DOC、SOC含量均无显著差异,说明农业土壤利用方式不是决定土壤表层SOC和DOC含量的绝对因素;新成公路绿化带1,2和老成公路绿化带表层土壤间DOC、SOC含量均无显著差异,说明植被类别和形成时间不是决定土壤表层SOC和DOC含量的绝对因素。 (5) 自然土壤中,枯枝落叶转化为表层(0~5cm)土壤有机质后,δ13CSOC值升高了1~4‰。通过不同碳源间δ13Corg相互关系的判断,在具备枯枝落叶覆盖的表层土壤中,DOC主要来源于枯枝落叶;而在土壤剖面内,随土壤剖面深度的增加,来自于土壤腐殖类物质的DOC占土壤DOC总量的比例呈增加趋势。在黄壤和黄色石灰土中(>5cm土层),土壤剖面中大多数层次DOC比SOC更富13C。 (6) 大多数农业土壤有机碳δ13C值显示其有机肥源中存在C4-C源。且农业土壤中受碳源多样性的影响,菜地、果园、水田和玉米地表层土壤中δ13CSOC与δ13CDOC的相关性均未达到显著水平。其次,除玉米地土壤剖面外,其它供试农业土壤剖面大多数层次δ13CDOC值比δ13CSOC偏负,说明菜地、果园、水田土壤DOC主要为外源的加入。 (7) C3植被转化为C4植被(林-农生态系统转化)后,玉米地剖面中SOC有2.55%~20.80%源于C4-C,随剖面层次的加深有降低趋势,但表现为“之”字形反复;DOC中C4-C的比例在剖面0~40cm处较为相近(25.94%~34.54%),40cm以下则急剧下降(3.18%~15.65%)。说明玉米地剖面 DOC主要来源于土壤腐殖类物质的转化。与林-农生态系统转变过程中的变化趋势相反,洼地农业土壤退耕弃荒一段时间(林-农-林生态系统转化)后,土壤剖面内C4-C占SOC的比例随土壤层次的加深逐渐增加,变化范围在5.77~26.76%。 (8) 在C3植被转向C4植被(林-农生态系统转化)后,玉米地δ13CSOC值与C4-C、C3-C相关系数(r)分别为0.372和-0.102,δ13CDOC值与C4-C、C3-C相关系数分别为0.131和-0.339,其相关性均未达到显著水平。而再从C4植被转回C3植被后,土壤δ13CSOC与C3-C之间呈显著相关性(r=0.88,n=7),说明退耕弃荒后新加入的C3-C对土壤δ13CSOC值影响较大。其SOC的主要来源于洼地周边坡面土壤的侵蚀堆积物和新生草本植被残体。结合当前SOC降解过程的研究成果,本研究认为:洼地土壤退耕弃荒后一段时间里,土壤SOC可能处于累积大于损失状态。这有利于土壤性状向良性方向发展。 (9) 根据同位素值的相互关系和有机碳的来源调查,判断公路绿化带土壤中C4-C为原始土壤所带来。大气颗粒物和雨水中的DOC是表层土壤DOC的主要来源。公路绿化带土壤剖面中,随着时间的增加,土壤腐殖类物质与DOC的相互转化逐渐加强。 上述结论可为人类认识城市区域(特别是有强烈酸性沉降历史的喀斯特城市区域)土地利用方式改变对土壤碳循环的影响,以及不同土地利用方式间土壤有机碳迁移转化过程提供科学依据,也可为正确评估城市区域土壤与其他圈层间碳循环的源、汇关系提供基础资料。

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Variable-temperature magnetic susceptibility measurements in the solid state of the bis complex of tris(1-pyrazolyl)-methane with Fe(II), [Fe(tpm)2](ClO4)2, suggest the existence of singlet-quintet spin crossover with the singlet isomer largely favored at room temperature. In acetonitrile solution, measurement of the absorption spectrum as a function of temperature reveals a spin equilibrium with the quintet population varying from ca. 6% at 233 K to ca. 30% at 295 K. When the complex in solution is irradiated with a laser pulse at wavelengths within the ligand field absorption band of the singlet isomer, ground-state depletion occurs within the pulse duration followed by fast recovery to the original absorbance level with a time constant of 25 +/- 5ns. The recovery time is virtually independent of temperature over the range +23 to -43-degrees-C, but the signal:noise ratio of the transient signals increases with decreasing temperature. The effect was observable at several monitoring wavelengths spanning the LF and MLCT absorption regions of the complex but only when the irradiation wavelength fell within the LF absorption region. Irradiation within the MLCT band produced no effect other than that of laser pulse scatter. The observations are interpreted in terms of photoperturbation of the singlet-quintet spin state equilibrium, which in this case occurs solely through excitation in the ligand field absorption region of the complex and is the first reported instance of this type for a spin-crossover complex in solution.