Chromosomal evolution in Pleurothallidinae (Orchidaceae: Epidendroideae) with an emphasis on the genus Acianthera: chromosome numbers and heterochromatin

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Chromosomal Microstructure Diversity in Three Astyanax (Characiformes, Characidae) Species: Comparative Analysis of the Chromosomal Locations of the 18S and 5S rDNAs

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

U1 snDNA clusters in grasshoppers: chromosomal dynamics and genomic organization

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Repetitive DNA chromosomal organization in the cricket Cycloptiloides americanus: a case of the unusual X(1)X(2)0 sex chromosome system in Orthoptera

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Genotoxicity evaluation of environmental pollutants using analysis of nucleolar alterations

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Chromosomal characteristics and distribution of constitutive heterochromatin in the Matogrossensis and Rubrovaria subcomplexes

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Chromosomal location of retrotransposable REX 1 in the genomes in five Prochilodus (Teleostei: Characiformes)

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Induction of mitotic and chromosomal abnormalities on Allium cepa cells by pesticides imidacloprid and sulfentrazone and the mixture of them

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Chromosomal evolution of South American Columbiformes (Aves)

Karyotypes are compared of 14 species of Brazilian Columbiformes (family Columbidae): Claravis pretiosa (2n=74), Columba cayennensis (2n=76), Columba picazuro (2n=76), Columba speciosa (2n=76), Columbina minuta (2n=76), Columbina passerina (2n=76), Columbina picui (2n=76), Columbina talpacoti (2n=76), Geotrygon montana (2n=86), Leptotila rufaxilla (2n=76), Leptotila verreauxi (2n=78), Scardafella squammata (2n=78), Uropelia campestris (2n=68) and Zenaida auriculata (2n=76). The macrochromosomes of each species were analysed by conventional Giemsa staining, cytobiometrically and with G-and C-banding. All species studied are characterized by typical bird karyotypes with a few pairs of macrochromosomes and many microchromosomes. The morphology and relative length of the Z chromosome are nearly the same in all species, but the W chromosome shows variation. The G-band patterns of the first pair in Columbiformes show a large positive band distally in the long arm, common to all species of the order. The constitutive heterochromatin is restricted to the centromeres of the macro- and microchromosomes. The W is the most heterochromatic chromosome in all species studied. Studies of relative lengths, arm ratios and G- and C-banding patterns showed that in Columbiformes pairs 3, 4 and 5 are the most stable. The types of rearrangements distinguishing between species vary among the genera: pericentric inversions in Columba; fusions and translocations in Uropelia; centric fissions in Geotrygon; fusions, translocations, para and pericentric inversions in Columbina, Leptotila, Zenaida and Scardafella. On the basis of the karyological findings the phylogenetic relationships of the Brazilian Columbiformes are discussed. © 1984 Dr W. Junk Publishers.

Recommendations for Elimination of Bovine Tuberculosis in Free-Ranging White-Tailed Deer in Michigan

A significant infection rate of bovine TB in the deer population of the northeastern lower peninsula poses a potential risk to several important values including public health, United States Department of Agriculture (U.S.D.A.) TB-free accreditation for Michigan cattle, wildlife health, wildlife-related recreation and tourism and economic stability in several sectors. A risk assessment study by the U.S. D.A. Centers for Epidemiology and Animal Health (Fort Collins, CO) predicted that if no changes were made in the management of the affected free-ranging deer population, the TB prevalence (compared to the current prevalence of 2.3%). Although the current annual risk of TB transfer to cattle in the affected area is .I%, the report estimated a 12% cumulative risk that at least one head of cattle would become infected over the next 25 years if no changes are made in deer and/or cattle management.

Elimination of All-Optical Cycles in Wavelength-Routed Optical Networks

A transparent (wide-area) wavelength-routed optical network may be constructed by using wavelength cross-connect switches connected together by fiber to form an arbitrary mesh structure. The network is accessed through electronic stations that are attached to some of these cross-connects. These wavelength cross-connect switches have the property that they may configure themselves into unspecified states. Each input port of a switch is always connected to some output port of the switch whether or not such a connection is required for the purpose of information transfer. Due to the presence of these unspecified states, there exists the possibility of setting up unintended alloptical cycles in the network (viz., a loop with no terminating electronics in it). If such a cycle contains amplifiers [e.g., Erbium- Doped Fiber Amplifiers (EDFA’s)], there exists the possibility that the net loop gain is greater than the net loop loss. The amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) noise from amplifiers can build up in such a feedback loop to saturate the amplifiers and result in oscillations of the ASE noise in the loop. Such all-optical cycles as defined above (and hereafter referred to as “white” cycles) must be eliminated from an optical network in order for the network to perform any useful operation. Furthermore, for the realistic case in which the wavelength cross-connects result in signal crosstalk, there is a possibility of having closed cycles with oscillating crosstalk signals. We examine algorithms that set up new transparent optical connections upon request while avoiding the creation of such cycles in the network. These algorithms attempt to find a route for a connection and then (in a post-processing fashion) configure switches such that white cycles that might get created would automatically get eliminated. In addition, our call-set-up algorithms can avoid the possibility of crosstalk cycles.