吳醫彚講Wu yi hui jiang.Collection de traités des médecins de Wu.

Contient : I, livre 1禱告藥王誓疏Dao gao yue wang shi su.Prière au dieu de la médecine ; II, livre 1溫證論治Wen zheng lun zhi.Du traitement en cas de diagnostic par le tiède ; III, livre 1人身一小天地論Ren shen yi xiao tian di lun.Traité des analogies entre le corps humain (microcosme) et l'univers ; IV, livre 1書方宜人共識說Shu fang yi ren gong shi shuo.Traité sur l'exécution des ordonnances ; V, livre 2日講雜記Ri jiang za ji.Notes sur des leçons quotidiennes ; VI, livre 2金匱上工治未病一節辯Jin gui shang gong zhi wei bing yi jie bian.Discussion d'un point du Jin gui yao lüe lun ; VII, livre 3石芝醫話Shi zhi yi hua.Notes médicales de Shi zhi ; VIII, livre 3管見芻言Guan jian chu yan.Vues étroites et paroles humbles ; IX, livre 3核骨踝脛腨辨He gu hua xing shan bian.Discussion relative à la cheville, au tibia, au mollet ; X, livre 3爛喉丹痧論Lan hou dan sha (?) lun.Traité des inflammations et ulcérations de la gorge.Zang fu shou sheng bian.Discussion du contenu des organes internes.Bian zi rong zhi wei.Pour distinguer le faux zi rong, etc ; XI, livre 3大豆黃卷辯Da dou huang juan bian.Discussion au sujet du médicament da dou huang juan.Wen yi zhui yan.Notes sur les maladies épidémiques ; XII, livre 3合論丹溪景岳相火大意He lun dan qi jing yue xiang he da yi.Sur le sens de l'expression xiang he, d'après Dan qi et Jing yue ; XIII, livre 4人身一小天地亦有南北兩極論Ren shen yi xiao tian di yi you nan bei liang ji lun.Le corps humain, étant un microcosme, a un pôle nord et un pôle sud.Ming men mo zhen bian.De l'examen de la veine du rein droit ; XIV, livre 4治肝補脾論Zhi gan bu pi lun.Traitement du foie et de la rate ; XV, livre 4四維相代陽氣乃竭解Si wei xiang dai yang qi nai jie jie.Explication de la phrase : par la succession des quatre wei, le souffle mâle s'épuise ; XVI, livre 4辯素問濁氣歸心之訛Bian su wen zhuo qi gui xin zhi wo.Discussion de l'assertion erronée du Su wen que le souffle trouble revient au cœur ; XVII, livre 4祖氣論Zu qi lun.Sur l'influence productrice du ciel et de la terre ; XVIII, livre 5痘毒藏脾經說Dou du cang pi jing shuo.Le virus de la petite vérole est contenu dans la rate.Dou chu tong shi lun.Sur l'apparition simultanée de la petite vérole.Dou you tai yin zhuan shu yang ming lun.La petite vérole, du principe femelle, évolue vers le principe mâle ; XIX, livre 5擬張令韶傷寒直解辨證歌Yi zhang ling shao shang han zhi jie bian zheng ge.Sur le diagnostic de la fièvre typhoïde ; XX, livre 6三皇藥王考San huang yue wang kao.Sur la divinité de la médecine ; XXI, livre 6脈訣正訛Mo jue zheng wo.Correction au Mo jue ; XXII, livre 6趨庭雜記Qu ting za ji.Notes d'après Qu ting ; XXIII, livre 6辨醫書音義Bian yi shu yin yi.Discussion sur le son et le sens de termes employés dans les livres de médecine.Xia yue ji zhi shuo.Traité sur l'oranger épineux qui doit être évité pendant l'été ; XXIV, livre 6喜傷心恐勝喜解Xi shang xin kong sheng xi jie.Traité sur les maladies provenant de l'excès ou du défaut du souffle vital ; XXV, livre 6百合病贅言Bai he bing zhui yan.Notes sur la maladie appelée bai he ; XXVI, livre 7辨脾胃升降Bian pi wei sheng jiang.Discussion sur un traitement de la rate et de l'estomac ; XXVII, livre 7氣有餘便是火解Qi you yu bian shi he jie.Explication de la phrase : s'il y a excès d'esprit, c'est l'influence du feu.Dong yuan jing yue lun xiang he bian.Discussion des opinions de Zhang Jing yue et de Li Gao sur l'examen du principe feu ; XXVIII, livre 7幼科似驚非驚辨You ke si jing fei jing bian.Discussion sur une affection qui ressemble à la maladie dite jing (trouble, effroi) ; XXIX, livre 7司馬運氣贅言Si tian yun qi zhui yan.Notes sur les influences exercées par les principes célestes.Zhou shen jing luo zong jue.Traité du système des vaisseaux ; XXX, livre 8木鬱達之論Mu yu da zhi lun.Traité relatif à une phrase du Nei jing ; XXXI, livre 8保護元陽說Bao hu yuan yang shuo.Traité sur la protection du principe mâle ; XXXII, livre 8讀傷寒論附記Du shang han lun fu ji.Notes à propos du traité de la fièvre typhoïde ; XXXIII, livre 8論白痘Lun bai phei.Dissertation sur la maladie appelée pei blanche (ulcères laissant des croûtes ou cicatrices blanches) ; XXXIV, livre 8爛喉痧論Lan hou sha (?) lun.Traité des inflammations et ulcérations de la gorge ; XXXV, livre 8爛喉丹痧治宜論Lan hou dan sha (?) zhi yi lun.Sur le traitement des inflammations et ulcérations de la gorge ; XXXVI, livre 8痧疹今昔不同治法亦異說Sha (?) zhen jin xi bu tong zhi fa yi yi shuo.La maladie appelée sha (?) n'étant pas la même aujourd'hui qu'autrefois, le traitement aussi doit différer ; XXXVII, livre 8攝生雜話Sha sheng za hua.Notes pour régler la vie ; XXXVIII, livre 9四大家辯Si da jia bian.Discussion à propos de quatre personnages célèbres ; XXXIX, livre 9攷正古方權量說Kao zheng gu fang quan liang shuo.Traité sur la correction des poids des anciennes formules ; XL, livre 9生氣通天論病因章句辯Sheng qi tong tian lun bing yin zhang ju bian.Discussion de quatre paragraphes de l'ouvrage de Dan qi intitulé : Ge zhi yu lun ; XLI, livre 10虛勞論Xu lao lun.Traité de la maladie appelée xu lao (consomption ?) ; XLII, livre 10讀先祖保陰煎謹記Du xian zu bao yin jian jin ji.Notes sur la formule Bao yin jian, composée par son aïeul ; XLIII, livre 10六味地黃丸方解Liu wei di huang huan fang jie.Explication de la formule des pilules dites à six ingrédients et à base jaune ; XLIV, livre 10司天運氣徵驗Si tian yun qi zheng yan.Preuves des influences exercées par les principes célestes ; XLV, livre 11三焦說San jiao shuo.Traité des trois jiao

Analisis de la politica exterior china para Africa Subsahariana en materia politica y energetica. Una aproximacion a la relacion sino sudanesa. Periodo 1996 - 2005

Este trabajo explica las razones por las cuales China se estrecha sus vinculos con Afirca. El tema principal es el inicio de la relacion sino-sudanesa y la evolucion de esta hasta el fin de la guerra civil en Sudan.

Implicaciones comerciales de la Diplomacia Petrolera China en el Amazonas ecuatoriano. 2007 - 2013

El presente Estudio de Caso tiene como objetivo analizar en qué medida las dinámicas comerciales de la Diplomacia Petrolera China han convertido a Ecuador en un socio estratégico para la RPCh. El petróleo como fuente de energía es primordial para llevar a cabo los procesos de industrialización y mantener el crecimiento económico del león Asiático. Por eso su búsqueda se ha convertido en un tema principal dentro de la agenda de política exterior. Ecuador, el tercer país de Suramérica con más reservas de petróleo, después de Venezuela y Brasil, se ha convertido en zona de influencia de la RPCh y a través de las empresas petroleras estatales se han firmado contratos por la venta de petróleo. A pesar de que las relaciones bilaterales son asimétricas, se buscar establecer si Ecuador es un socio estratégico en la región.

An investigation of the existing situation and trends in building energy efficiency management in China

According to the Chinese State Council's "Building Energy Efficiency Management Ordinance", a large-scale investigation of energy efficiency (EE) in buildings in contemporary China has been carried out in 22 provincial capitals and major cities in China. The aim of this project is to provide reliable information for drawing up the "Decision on reinforcing building energy efficiency" by the Ministry of Construction of China. The surveyed organizations include government departments, research institutions, property developers, design institutions, construction companies, construction consultancy services companies, facility management departments, financial institutions and those which relate to the business of building energy efficiency. In addition, representatives of the media and residents were also involved. A detailed analysis of the results of the investigation concerning aspects of the cur-rent situation and trends in building energy consumption, energy efficiency strategy and the implementation of energy efficiency measures has been conducted. The investigation supplies essential information to formulate the market entrance policy for new buildings and the refurbishment policy for existing buildings to encourage the development of energy efficient technology.

Natural disasters, economic growth and sustainable development in China: an empirical study using provincial panel data

Using a newly developed integrated indicator system with entropy weighting, we analyzed the panel data of 577 recorded disasters in 30 provinces of China from 1985–2011 to identify their links with the subsequent economic growth. Meteorological disasters promote economic growth through human capital instead of physical capital. Geological disasters did not trigger local economic growth from 1999–2011. Generally, natural disasters overall had no significant impact on economic growth from 1985–1998. Thus, human capital reinvestment should be the aim in managing recoveries, and it should be used to regenerate the local economy based on long-term sustainable development.

Urbanización y políticas de vivienda en China y América Latina y el Caribe: perspectivas y estudios de caso

Prólogo de Alicia Bárcena y Wu Baiji

CAN CHINA USE ALTERNATIVE ENERGIES INSTEAD OF COAL TO PROVIDE MORE ELECTRICITY BY 2030?

Following the rapid growth of China's economy, energy consumption, especially electricity consumption of China, has made a huge increase in the past 30 years. Since China has been using coal as the major energy source to produce electricity during these years, environmental problems have become more and more serious. The research question for this paper is: "Can China use alternative energies instead of coal to produce more electricity in 2030?" Hydro power, nuclear power, natural gas, wind power and solar power are considered as the possible and most popular alternative energies for the current situation of China. To answer the research question above, there are two things to know: How much is the total electricity consumption in China by 2030? And how much electricity can the alternative energies provide in China by 2030? For a more reliable forecast, an econometric model using the Ordinary Least Squares Method is established on this paper to predict the total electricity consumption by 2030. The predicted electricity coming from alternative energy sources by 2030 in China can be calculated from the existing literature. The research results of this paper are analyzed under a reference scenario and a max tech scenario. In the reference scenario, the combination of the alternative energies can provide 47.71% of the total electricity consumption by 2030. In the max tech scenario, it provides 57.96% of the total electricity consumption by 2030. These results are important not only because they indicate the government's long term goal is reachable, but also implies that the natural environment of China could have an inspiring future.

Comment: Earnings Returns to Education in Urban China: A Note on Testing Differences among Groups

Comment on Wu and Xie, ASR, June 2003

Linking Ah receptor mediated effects of sediments and impacts on fish to key pollutants in the Yangtze Three Gorges Reservoir, China – A comprehensive perspective

The Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR), created in consequence of the Yangtze River's impoundment by the Three Gorges Dam, faces numerous anthropogenic impacts that challenge its unique ecosystem. Organic pollutants, particularly aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonists, have been widely detected in the Yangtze River, but only little research was yet done on AhR-mediated activities. Hence, in order to assess effects of organic pollution, with particular focus on AhR-mediated activities, several sites in the TGR area were examined applying the "triad approach". It combines chemical analysis, in vitro, in vivo and in situ investigations to a holistic assessment. Sediments and the benthic fish species Pelteobagrus vachellii were sampled in 2011/2012, respectively, to identify relevant endpoints. Sediment was tested in vitro with the ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) induction assay, and in vivo with the Fish Embryo Toxicity Test and Sediment Contact Assay with Danio rerio. Activities of phase I (EROD) and phase II (glutathione-S-transferase) biotransformation enzymes, pollutant metabolites and histopathological alterations were studied in situ in P. vachellii. EROD induction was tested in vitro and in situ to evaluate possible relationships. Two sites, near Chongqing and Kaixian city, were identified as regional hot-spots and further investigated in 2013. The sediments induced in the in vitro/in vivo bioassays AhR-mediated activities and embryotoxic/teratogenic effects - particularly on the cardiovascular system. These endpoints could be significantly correlated to each other and respective chemical data. However, particle-bound pollutants showed only low bioavailability. The in situ investigations suggested a rather poor condition of P. vachellii, with histopathological alterations in liver and excretory kidney. Fish from Chongqing city exhibited significant hepatic EROD induction and obvious parasitic infestations. The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) metabolite 1-hydroxypyrene was detected in bile of fish from all sites. All endpoints in combination with the chemical data suggest a pivotal role of PAHs in the observed ecotoxicological impacts.

Model results of the impact of climate change on agriculture in China

This paper assesses the impact of climate change on China's agricultural production at a cross-provincial level using the Ricardian approach, incorporating a multilevel model with farm-level group data. The farm-level group data includes 13379 farm households, across 316 villages, distributed in 31 provinces. The empirical results show that, firstly, the marginal effects and elasticities of net crop revenue per hectare with respect to climate factors indicated that the annual impact of temperature on net crop revenue per hectare was positive, and the effect of increased precipitation was negative when looking at the national totals; secondly, the total impact of simulated climate change scenarios on net crop revenues per hectare at a Chinese national total level, was an increase of between 79 USD per hectare and 207 USD per hectare for the 2050s, and an increase from 140 USD per hectare to 355 USD per hectare for the 2080s. As a result, climate change may create a potential advantage for the development of Chinese agriculture, rather than a risk, especially for agriculture in the provinces of the Northeast, Northwest and North regions. However, the increased precipitation can lead to a loss of net crop revenue per hectare, especially for the provinces of the Southwest, Northwest, North and Northeast regions.

(Table 2) Mineralogy, stable isotopes, and mineral percentages of the carbonate fraction of samples from the South China Sea

Chemoherm carbonates, as well as numerous other types of methane seep carbonates, were discovered in 2004 along the passive margin of the northern South China Sea. Lithologically, the carbonates are micritic containing peloids, clasts and clam fragments. Some are highly brecciated with aragonite layers of varying thicknesses lining fractures and voids. Dissolution and replacement is common. Mineralogically, the carbonates are dominated by high magnesium calcites (HMC) and aragonite. Some HMCs with MgCO3 contents of between 30-38 mol%-extreme-HMC, occur in association with minor amounts of dolomite. All of the carbonates are strongly depleted in d13C, with a range from -35.7 to -57.5 per mil PDB and enriched in d18O (+ 4.0 to + 5.3 per mil PDB). Abundant microbial rods and filaments were recognized within the carbonate matrix as well as aragonite cements, likely fossils of chemosynthetic microbes involved in carbonate formation. The microbial structures are intimately associated with mineral grains. Some carbonate mineral grains resemble microbes. The isotope characteristics, the fabrics, the microbial structure, and the mineralogies are diagnostic of carbonates derived from anaerobic oxidation of methane mediated by microbes. From the succession of HMCs, extreme-HMC, and dolomite in layered tubular carbonates, combined with the presence of microbial structure and diagenetic fabric, we suggest that extreme-HMC may eventually transform into dolomites. Our results add to the worldwide record of seep carbonates and establish for the first time the exact locations and seafloor morphology where such carbonates formed in the South China Sea. Characteristics of the complex fabric demonstrate how seep carbonates may be used as archives recording multiple fluid regimes, dissolution, and early transformation events.

Isotopic geochemistry of granitoids in the Jinshajiang suture zone, SW China

The Jinshajiang suture zone, located in the eastern part of the Tethyan tectonic domain, is noticeable for a large-scale distribution of Late Jurassic to Triassic granitoids. These granitoids were genetically related to the evolution of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean. The Beiwu, Linong and Lunong granitoids occur in the middle zone of the Jinshajiang Suture Zone, and possess similar geochemical features, indicating they share a common magma source. SIMS zircon U-Pb dating reveals the Beiwu, Linong and Lunong granitic intrusions were emplaced at 233.9±1.4 Ma (2 sigma), 233.1 ±1.4 Ma (2 sigma) and 231.0±1.6 Ma (2 sigma), respectively. All of these granitoids are enriched in abundances of Si (SiO2 =65.2-73.5 wt.%), and large-ion-lithophile-elements (LILEs), but depleted in high-field-strength-elements contents (HFSEs, e.g., Nb, Ta, Ti). In addition, they have low P2O5 contents (0.06-0.11 wt.%), A/CNK values ([molecular Al2O3/(CaO+Na2O+K2O)], mostly<1.1) and 10000Ga/Al ratios (1.7-2.2), consistent with the characteristics of I-type granites. In terms of isotopic compositions, these granitoids have high initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7078-0.7148), Pb isotopic compositions [(206Pb/204Pb)t=18.213-18.598, (207Pb/204Pb)t=15.637-15.730 and (208Pb/204Pb)t=38.323-38.791], zircon d18O values (7. per mil-9.3 per mil) and negative eNd(t) values (-5.1 to -6.7), suggesting they were predominantly derived from the continental crust. Their Nb/Ta ratios (average value=8.6) are consistent with those of the lower continental crust (LCC). However, variable ?Hf(t) values (-8.6 to +2.8) and the occurrences of mafic microgranular enclaves (MMEs) suggest that mantle-derived melts and lower crustal magmas were involved in the generation of these granitoids. Moreover, the high Pb isotopic ratios and elevated zircon d18O values of these rocks indicate a significant contribution of the upper crustal composition. We propose a model in which the Beiwu, Linong and Lunong granitoids were generated under a late collisional or post-collisional setting. It is possible that this collision was completed before Late Triassic. Decompression induced mantle-derived magmas underplated and provided the heat for the anatexis of the crust. Hybrid melts including mantle-derived and the lower crustal magmas were then generated. The hybrid melts thereafter ascended to a shallow depth and resulted in some degree of sedimentary rocks assimilation. Such three-component mixing magmas source and subsequent fractional crystallization could be responsible for the formation of the Beiwu, Linong and Lunong granitoids.