Avaliação de dietas com diferentes fontes protéicas para cães adultos

Foram comparados os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente (CDA) de quatro alimentos secos extrusados para cães, cada um formulado com um dos ingredientes protéicos em estudo: farelo de soja (FS); farelo de glúten de milho (GM); farinha de carne e ossos (FCO); e farinha de vísceras de frango (FV). O experimento foi realizado em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos (ingredientes protéicos) e seis repetições, totalizando 24 animais. As médias dos tratamentos foram comparadas pelo teste Tukey. O CDA da PB (média ± erro-padrão da média) foi maior na ração à base de GM (88,13±0,40%), seguida pelas dietas com FS (86,31±0,34%), FCO (85,88±0,16%) e FV (84,84±0,15%). O CDA da MS foi maior para a ração com FV (83,69±0,09%), intermediário para GM (82,41±0,23%) e FCO (82,76±0,11%) e menor para FS (81,10±0,16%). As rações à base de proteína animal apresentaram os maiores CDA dos extrativos não-nitrogenados. O teor de MS das fezes dos cães foi elevado na ração com FCO, intermediário naquela com FV e GM e baixo naquela à base de FS. As quatro fontes protéicas estudadas apresentaram bons CDA e, portanto, podem ser utilizadas em rações para cães adultos.

Composição física da carcaça e aspectos qualitativos da carne de bovinos de diferentes raças alimentados com diferentes níveis de energia

Com o objetivo de estudar as características qualitativas da carcaça e da carne de bovinos machos não-castrados abatidos aos 13-14 meses de idade, foram utilizados 16 animais, oito Aberdeen Angus (AA) e oito Hereford (HE), alimentados na fase de terminação com dietas formuladas com dois níveis de energia digestível (ED), o menor 3,07 Mcal/kg de ED (12% de concentrado) e o maior 3,18 Mcal/kg de ED (32% de concentrado). Os animais foram confinados a partir dos 9 meses de idade com peso médio de 220,31 kg e foram abatidos quando, por estimativa, o peso da carcaça atingiu, no mínimo, 190 kg. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos, em esquema fatorial 2 x 2 (duas raças vs dois níveis de energia). A carne dos animais HE perdeu menos líquido durante os processos de descongelamento e cocção. Além disso, apresentou maior maciez pelo painel de avaliadores e pelo aparelho Shear Force. As carcaças dos animais que receberam o maior nível de energia na dieta apresentaram maior proporção de músculo e, durante o processo de descongelamento, perdeu menos líquido (2,54 vs 7,22%). Quando avaliada pelo aparelho Shear Force, a carne dos animais alimentados com maior nível de energia na dieta mostrou-se mais macia. Verificou-se interação significativa raça ´ nível de energia para o sabor e a coloração da carne, de modo que a carne dos animais AA, alimentados com menor nível de energia, mostrou-se mais saborosa e com melhor coloração.

Composição tecidual da carcaça e perfil de ácidos graxos da carne de cordeiros terminados a pasto ou em confinamento

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Características nutricionais da carne de cordeiros terminados com dietas contendo cana-de-açúcar ou silagem de milho e dois níveis de concentrado

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Qualidade e composição química da carne de bovinos de corte inteiros ou castrados de diferentes grupos genéticos Charolês x Nelore

Seventy beef males of three breeding systems (BS), straightbreds Charolais (Ch) and Nellore (Ne), G1 crossbreds: 1/2 Ch + 1/2 Ne (1/2 Ch) and 1/2 Ne + 1/2 Ch (1/2 Ne) and G2 crossbreds: 3/4 Ch + 1/4 Ne (3/4 Ch) and 3/4 Ne + 1/4 Ch (3/4 Ne) were used. The number of animals by genetic group was, respectively, 15, 12,8, 12,14 and 9. Thirty-five males were castrated (C) at seven months and 35 were kept intact (1). The animals were feedlot finished from 20 to 24 months. The longissimus dorsi muscle was used for the meat evaluation. No significant interaction was observed between genetic composition and sexual condition, for the variables studied. The I males displayed meat with darker color (3.05 vs. 3.78 points) with less amount of marbling (4.26 vs. 5.75 points) and less amount of ether extract (1.73 vs. 2.88%). However they presented larger (66.03 vs. 60.50 cm(2)) longissimus dorsi area and meat with better palatability, juiciness and tenderness. Ch animals had larger longissimus dorsi than the Ne. In the G I group, the 1/2 Ch meat showed larger amount of marbling and ether extract and less cooking losses than the 1/2 Ne meat. Between G2 animals, the 3/4 Ne showed meat with larger thawing losses and larger amount of ether extract. In G1 animals meat, the heterosis level reached 18.54% for longissimus dorsiarea, 28.10% for ether extract and 64.01% for amount of marbling. In G2, the heterosis was -17.30% for lean texture and 10.40% for longissimus dorsi area.

Valor nutritivo de rações contendo cana-de-açúcar, cama-de-frango e milho

Realizou-se, no campus da Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias da UNESP, em Jaboticabal, SP, um estudo com o objetivo de determinar a ingestão voluntária e a digestibilidade aparente de rações contendo diferentes relações de cana-de-açúcar: cama-de-frango (CC1= 65,50 : 34,50%; CC2= 58,00 : 42,00%; e CC3- 52,00 : 48,00% combinadas com três níveis de milho (M1 = 0 kg; M2 = 0,75 kg e M3 = 1,50 kg), através do delineamento em blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial 3 com três repetições. Utilizaram-se nove bezerros pesando, em média, 334 kg. Através da análise de regressão, detectou-se efeito linear positivo (P < 0,01) entre os níveis de milho e a digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca, da matéria orgânica, do extrato etéreo, do extrato não nitrogenado e dos teores de nutrientes digestíveis totais. As proporções de cana: cama-de-frango com menores quantidades de cana proporcionaram aumentos na digestibilidade da proteína e da fibra bruta (P < 0,01). Não houve interação significativa entre os níveis de milho e as proporções de cana: cama-de-frango. O valor nutritivo e a ingestão de matéria seca total foram significativamente aumentadas nas rações com os níveis crescentes de milho (P < 0,01).

Influência do banho de aspersão ante-mortem na contaminação microbiana da carne bovina

To determine the effects of the pre-slaughter showering on some meat quality parameters, the bacterial changes in the Longus colli muscle and the contamination of the meat surface at three different points of the slaughter line were studied. Sixteen Nelore steers were slaughtered in a commercial slaughterhouse. Eight animals were submitted to pre-slaughter showering; a control group of eight animals were slaughtered without showering. Aseptic samples were collected for evaluations in the muscle depth, in the anterior portion of Longus colli muscle, just before chilling. The swab method was used for sampling carcass surface right after dressing, before carcasse washing, and at the beginning of chilling. Longus colli muscle samples were used to determine bacteria total count, psychrotrophic count and Enterobacteriaceae count, after 5, 24 and 48 hours from slaughtering, and in carcass surface, bacteria total count and psychrotrophic count. Multivariate methods were used to evaluate bacterial data the use of pre-slaughter showering did not affect the bacteria total counts, in the deep tissue. A significant growth of psychrotrophic bacteria was detected in both treatments. No significant differences (P>.05) were found in bacteria total count and psychrotrophic count between treatments. Also, no differences (P>.05) were detected between counts taken at different momments at the kill floor: skinning, before carcasse washing, and at the cooler, before chilling.

Influência da utilização da proteína texturizada de soja nas características sensoriais, químicas e funcionais e de processamento do fiambre de frango

This research was designed to study the effect of addition of 5, 10 e 15% of textured soy protein (TSP) on sensorial, chemical, and physical-chemical parameters of chicken loaf with ground meat. The sensorial properties were not affected by textured soy protein. The addition of textured soy protein in preparing chicken loaf increased the water absorption and holding capacity, and decreased the moisture and ether extract content, but did not increase the final product yield.

Influência do banho de aspersão ante-mortem na eficiência da sangria e em parâmetros bioquímicos da carne bovina

To determine the effects of the pre-slaughter showering on some meat quality parameters, the biochemical changes in the Longus colli muscle and the bleeding efficiency were studied. Thirty-six Nelore steers were slaughtered in a commercial slaughterhouse. Eighteen animals were submitted to pre-slaughter showering; a control group of eighteen animals were slaughtered without showering. Samples were collected for evaluations in the muscle depth, in the anterior portion of longus colli muscle,just before chilling. Bleeding efficiency was evaluated through the ratio of muscle haemoglobin/blood haemoglobin using blood samples taken five seconds after bleeding, and muscle sample taken before chilling. Longus colli muscle samples were also used to determine glycogen, glucose, pH and acidity, 5, 24 and 48 hours after slaughtering. Multivariate methods were used to evaluate biochemical data and the bleeding efficiency data analysis followed the randomized block design. Haemoglobin retained in the muscle and bleeding efficiency were not affected (P > .05) by pre-slaughter showering. The pre-slaughter showering did not affect (P > .05) the glycolysis. There was a significant effect of time in glycogen, glucose, pH and acidity, in the first 24 hours.

Alterações na produtividade e composição nutricional de uma pastagem após segundo ano de aplicação de diferentes doses de cama de frango

The objective was to evaluate the potential use of poultry litter, compared to mineral fertilization, productivity, features bromatologic and absorption of nutrients from a pasture of Brachiaria decumbens. The experimental area was installed in oxisoil in Uberlandia-MG. The design was randomized blocks with four replicates and the treatments used: control (without application of organic or mineral source), mineral fertilizer (60, 75 and 100 kg ha(-1), P K, respectively); organic fertilization with poultry litter at rates of 3,125, 6,250, 9,375 and 12,500 kg ha(-1). There were two cuts of the aerial part of Brachiaria decumbens, both at 60 days after treatment. We evaluated the yield of DM and the levels of CP, NDF, ADF, lignin, macro and micronutrients in shoots of grass. The results showed that application of poultry litter increased the productivity of DM and the levels of CP, N, P, K and Zn in Brachiaria decumbens. The poultry litter can be used as supplementary source of nutrients, the mineral fertilizer. The use of poultry litter not increased over the levels of S, Ca and Mg in Brachiaria decumbens.

Efeito da somatotropina bovina recombinante no desempenho e nas características químicas da carne de bovinos

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the use of recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) in weight gain, feeding efficiency and chemical characteristics of meat of young bulls. Fifty nine young bulls were used: 30 crossbred Simmental x Nelore and 29 Nelore aging between seven to eight months, weighing 236 and 116 kg, respectively. A randomized experiment in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement was used. There were two levels of rbST (0 and 250 mg/animal/14 days) and two breed groups subdivided in two experimental phases. Diet was based on corn silage and concentrate aiming at a weight gain of 0.8 a day for Phase I (70 days) and 1.3 kg for Phase II (98 days). Animals were slaughtered at 13 months of age and the measurements of carcass dressing and meat quality were taken. Results showed that cross-breeding animals overcame (p<.01) the Nelore breed in weight gain and final weight at slaughtering. Use of rbST has not influenced weight gain, final weight, carcass weight and chemical characteristics of meat (p>.05). The use of rbST improved feeding efficiency 11.91 % for cross-bred and 24.32% for Nelore in Phase II.

Estudo dos efeitos da restrição alimentar nas características das fibras musculares de bovinos jovens confinados

The influence of restricting feed intake of young bulls in feedlots was evaluated in terms of structure of muscular fibers and respective areas, sampled by biopsy on the semitendinoso muscle. Sixty six crossbred Simental-Nelore bulls, 8 months old, averaging 220±34.03 kg were submited for 84 days in phase 1 (growing period), to three treatments: ad libitum (AL), restriction + whole soybean (RWS) and restriction + toasted whole soybean (RTS). The level of restriction of feed intake was 23%. Phase 2 was performed by splitting the animals in each treatment in phase 1 in two groups, feeding one with a diet containing soybeans and the other with poultry litter. The results showed that the animals AL presented more white fibers (FG), compared to the RWS and RST and a larger area of these fibers. A greater frequency of red fibers was observed in treatments RWS and RST. The conclusion was that the restriction of feed intake and consequent compensatory growth contributed for modulation of the muscular fibers increasing the frequency of the fast oxidative glycolitic (FOG) in 10.88% and decreasing of the slow oxidative (SO) and FG in 4.81 and 6.90%, respectively, with possible alteration on meat quality.

Salmonella em carcaças de frango congeladas

Hundred and fifty frozen broiler carcasses of four commercial brands, purchased at retail stores for Salmonella research, were examined: 43 of the carcasses referred to each of the brands A, B, D and 21 of brand C. Thirty-two percent of the samples were found positive; 11 serotypes were identified as S. Agona, S. Anatum, S. Enteritidis, S. Hadar, S. Havana, S. Mbandaka, S. Montevideo, S. Ouakam, S. Poona, S. Schwarzengrund and S.14, 5, 12:-. Antibiogram testing of the isolated strains showed 100% resistance to ampicilin, 75.0% to cefhalotin, 52.1% to cephoxitin, 22.9% to tobramicin, 6.2% to polimixin B and to tetracyclines, 4.2% to gentamicin, and 2.1% to netilmicin, to aztreonam and to amicacin. All strains showed total sensibility to chloramphenicol and to sulfazotrim.

Comparação de sistemas de avaliação de dietas para bovinos no modelo de produção intensiva de carne. Confinamento de tourinhos jovens

Thirty 3/4 Canchim + 1/4 Nelore young bulls with 417 kg of body weight and 15 months of age, were confined during 84 days. The animals were fed with diets composed with corn silage, corn grain, cottonseed meal, soybean meal, whole soybean and mineral mix, adjusted in agreement with the recommendations of the Metabolizable Protein System (MP), Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS) and Intestine Digestible Protein System (PDI), for predicted body weight gain of 1.3 kg/head/day. The daily body weight gain did not differ among treatments CNCPS, MP and PDI, with 1.51; 1.48; and 1.13 kg/head, respectively. The economic analysis revealed net profit of R$116.25; R$148.30; and R$108.51/head for CNCPS, MP and PDI systems, respectively. The diets adjusted by CNCPS and MP systems provided superior animal performance than that expected, while the diet adjusted by PDI system did not allow the predicted body weight gain.

Extra̧ão de Macro e Micronutrientes Pela Parte Aérea de Erva-Doce EM Fuņão de Calagem e Aduba̧ão com Esterco de Cama de Frango

A greenhouse experiment was conducted in the Soil Science Department of the Botucatu College of Agricultural Sciences (UNESP), Brazil, using a Dark Red Latosol in 25 L pots. The soil was limed to 50 and 70% of base saturation; and doses 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 t ha-1 of chicken manure were applied, in December of 1999. The experimental design was completely randomized blocks with a factorial arrangement 5x2, 10 treatments and three replications. This work was carried to evaluate leaf number, height plants, fresh and dry weight by aerial part of sweet fennel, and macronutrients and micronutrients removal. The organic fertilization affected the accumulation of N, P, K, S, B and Mn; liming affected the nutrient uptake, except for the Ca, Mg, S and Fe; the interaction of factors affected K, Mg and Mn.