How optimization of potential functions affects protein folding.

The relationship between the optimization of the potential function and the foldability of theoretical protein models is studied based on investigations of a 27-mer cubic-lattice protein model and a more realistic lattice model for the protein crambin. In both the simple and the more complicated systems, optimization of the energy parameters achieves significant improvements in the statistical-mechanical characteristics of the systems and leads to foldable protein models in simulation experiments. The foldability of the protein models is characterized by their statistical-mechanical properties--e.g., by the density of states and by Monte Carlo folding simulations of the models. With optimized energy parameters, a high level of consistency exists among different interactions in the native structures of the protein models, as revealed by a correlation function between the optimized energy parameters and the native structure of the model proteins. The results of this work are relevant to the design of a general potential function for folding proteins by theoretical simulations.

A new low magnetic field magnetar: the 2011 outburst of Swift J1822.3–1606

We report on the long-term X-ray monitoring with Swift, RXTE, Suzaku, Chandra, and XMM-Newton of the outburst of the newly discovered magnetar Swift J1822.3–1606 (SGR 1822–1606), from the first observations soon after the detection of the short X-ray bursts which led to its discovery, through the first stages of its outburst decay (covering the time span from 2011 July until the end of 2012 April). We also report on archival ROSAT observations which detected the source during its likely quiescent state, and on upper limits on Swift J1822.3–1606's radio-pulsed and optical emission during outburst, with the Green Bank Telescope and the Gran Telescopio Canarias, respectively. Our X-ray timing analysis finds the source rotating with a period of P = 8.43772016(2) s and a period derivative P = 8.3(2)×10−14 s s−1, which implies an inferred dipolar surface magnetic field of B sime 2.7 × 1013 G at the equator. This measurement makes Swift J1822.3–1606 the second lowest magnetic field magnetar (after SGR 0418+5729). Following the flux and spectral evolution from the beginning of the outburst, we find that the flux decreased by about an order of magnitude, with a subtle softening of the spectrum, both typical of the outburst decay of magnetars. By modeling the secular thermal evolution of Swift J1822.3–1606, we find that the observed timing properties of the source, as well as its quiescent X-ray luminosity, can be reproduced if it was born with a poloidal and crustal toroidal fields of Bp ~ 1.5 × 1014 G and B tor ~ 7 × 1014 G, respectively, and if its current age is ~550 kyr.

Letter from Rufus King to William Tudor,

One letter regarding a meeting between the elder William Tudor and the King of England at the Court of Saint James.

Marie Antoinette and the end of the old régime;

Covers period 1781-October 1789. Continued by "Marie Antoinette at the Tuilleries" and "Marie Antoinette and the downfall of royalty".

Memoirs of Marie Antoinette,

Mode of access: Internet.

The life of Marie Antoinette,

At head of title: Crowned by the Académie française.

Memoirs of the private life of Marie Antoinette, to which are added personal recollections illustrative of the reigns of Louis XIV, Louis XV, and Louis XVI,

"This edition is limited to five hundred and five copies, of which this is no. 143."

The picture gallery of Charles I.

Mode of access: Internet.

Mycerinus, the temples of the third pyramid at Giza,

"The first of the series of final reports on the excavations at Giza made by the Joint Egyptian expedition of Harvard university and the Boston museum of fine arts."--Pref.

The life and death of Louis XVI,

Plan on lining-papers.

Maker of modern Arabia,

Mode of access: Internet.

The Voyage of Admiral George Carlton, in search of loyalty. : A poetic epistle.

Page [2] is blank.

Fair Em, the miller's daughter of Manchester : with the love of William the Conqueror /

Imprint fictitious. Printed by the editor for private circulation. Cf. Jaggard, William. Shakespeare bibliography, 1911, page 552.

The age of Alfred,

Mode of access: Internet.