Gas chromatography-chemical ionization-mass spectrometric fatty acid analysis of a commercial supercritical carbon dioxide lipid extract from New Zealand green-lipped mussel (Perna canaliculus)

Supercritical fluid extracts of New Zealand green-lipped mussels (NZGLM) have been suggested to have therapeutic properties related to their oil components. The large number of minor FA in NZGLM extract was characterized by a GC-CIMS/MS method that excels at identification of double-bond positions in FAME. The extract contained five major lipid classes: sterol esters, TAG, FFA, sterols, and polar lipids. The total FA content of the lipid extract was 0.664 g/mL. Fifty-three unsaturated FA (UFA) were fully identified, of which 37 were PUFA, and a further 21 UFA were detected for which concentrations were too low for assignment of double-bond positions. There were 17 saturated FA, with 14∶0, 16∶0, and 18∶0 present in the greatest concentration. The 10 n−3 PUFA detected included 20∶5n−3 and 22∶6n−3, the two main n−3 FA; n−3 PUFA at low concentrations were 18∶3, 18∶4, 20∶3, 20∶4, 21∶5, 22∶5, 24∶6, and 28∶8. There were 43 UFA from the n−4, n−5, n−6, n−7, n−8, n−9, n−10, n−11 families, with 16∶2n−4, 16∶1n−5, 18∶1n−5, 18∶2n−6, 20∶4n−6, 16∶1n−7, 20∶1n−7, 16∶1n−9, 18∶1n−9, and 20∶1n−9 being the most abundant. In general, we estimated that FAME concentrations greater than 0.05% (w/w) were sufficient to assign double-bond positions. In total, 91 FA were detected in an extract of the NZGLM, whereas previous studies of fresh flesh from the NZGLM had reported identification of 42 FA. These data demonstrate a remarkable diversity of NZGLM FA.

Kinetic modelling for photosynthesis of hydrogen and Methane through catalytic reduction of carbon dioxide with water vapour

In a photocatalytic reduction process when products formed are not effectively desorbed, they could hinder the diffusion of intermediates on the surface of the catalyst, as well as increase the chance of collisions among the products, resulting photo-oxidation in a reserve reaction on the surface. This paper analyses a simple kinetic model incorporating the coupled effect of the adsorptive photocatalytic reduction and oxidation. The development is based on Langmuir–Hinshelwood mechanism to model the formation rates of hydrogen and methane through photocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide with water vapour. Experimental data obtained from literatures have achieved a very good fit. Such model could aid as a tool for related areas of studies. A comparative study using the model developed, showed that product concentration in term of ppm would be an effective measurement of product yields through photocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide with water vapour.

Re-cycling carbon dioxide into fuel-like hydrocarbons by photocatalytic process

A new approach of heterogenous photocatalysis using titanium dioxide pellets was explored. It was found to be attractive for use in photocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide with wavelength and temperature being crucial factors. The study also proposes a kinetic modelling for the process to simulate the product-yield profile.

Carbon dioxide emissions and economic growth : panel data evidence from developing countries

In this paper we test the Environment Kuznet's Curve (EKC) hypothesis for 43 developing countries. We suggest examining the EKC hypothesis based on the short- and long-run income elasticities; that is, if the long-run income elasticity is smaller than the short-run income elasticity then it is evident that a country has reduced carbon dioxide emissions as its income has increased. Our empirical analysis based on individual countries suggests that Jordan, Iraq, Kuwait, Yemen, Qatar, the UAE, Argentina, Mexico, Venezuela, Algeria, Kenya, Nigeria, Congo, Ghana, and South Africa—approximately 35 per cent of the sample—carbon dioxide emissions have fallen over the long run; that is, as these economies have grown emissions have fallen since the long-run income elasticity is smaller than the short-run elasticity. We also examine the EKC hypothesis for panels of countries constructed on the basis of regional location using the panel cointegration and the panel long-run estimation techniques. We find that only for the Middle Eastern and South Asian panels, the income elasticity in the long run is smaller than the short run, implying that carbon dioxide emission has fallen with a rise in income.

Concomitant reactivity of the m-Terphenylindium dihydroxide [2,6-Mes2C6H3In(OH)2]4 toward carbon dioxide and ethylene glycol

The stepwise reaction of [2,6-Mes₂C₆H₃In(OH)₂]₄ with carbon dioxide and ethylene glycol proceeded with the formation of (2,6-Mes₂C₆H₃In)₄(CO₃)₂(OH)₄(H₂O)₂ (1) and (2,6-Mes₂C₆H₃In)₄(OCH₂CH₂O)₂(OH)₄ (2), respectively, and eventually produced (2,6-Mes₂C₆H₃In)₄(CO₃)₂(OCH₂CH₂OH)₂(OH)₂ (3). Attempts to liberate ethylene carbonate upon heating of 3 were unsuccessful.

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and surface characterization techniques to study carbon dioxide corrosion product scales

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was used to study carbon dioxide (CO2) corrosion product scales and their effects on further CO2 corrosion. Objectives were to determine the suitability of EIS for studying corrosion scales and to investigate the influence of environmental factors on scale formation. EIS provided useful information about protective abilities and electrochemical properties of corrosion scales. CO2 corrosion scales formed at high-temperature and pressure provided better protection than those formed at low-temperature and pressure. The level of protection of the scale formed at higher temperature and pressure increased with exposure time. EIS results were compared with coupon weight-loss measurements. Scales were analyzed using a combination of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis, x-ray diffraction (XRD), and electron microscopy.

Carbon dioxide emission mitigation and disclosures : the size effect

The analysis provided in this research ainis to improve the understanding of the structure and nature of organisations in the transport industry so that policy-makers and researchers can be informed about the impact of size of an organisation on its preparation for the transition to a low carboneconomy. Descriptive and infetential are calculated to aid in understanding how organisations manage their C02mitigation action and carbon emission disclosure. It is noted that small and medium sized companies appear to be less financially capable of responding to the challenges of transiting to a low carbon environment that large companies.

Carbon dioxide corrosion inhibition : an overview of recent research on new inhibitor development

Since the introduction of inhibitors to the oil and gas industry in the 1940’s, corrosion inhibition has played a key role in carbon dioxide (CO2) corrosion control. Major inhibitor discoveries occurred from the late 1940's to the late 1960's, followed by the refinement of formulations and the development of improved application methods. Over the past two to three decades, although some new derivatives of existing inhibitors such as amide, amine and imidazoline have been reported, there have been few if any discoveries of new CO2 corrosion inhibitors. In recent years, the development of environmentally friendly inhibitors and the inhibition of localised corrosion have become driving forces behind new advances in corrosion inhibitor technology. Recently a rare earth metal organic compound, lanthanum 4-hydroxy cinnamate has been found to be an efficient corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in CO2 containing aqueous media. A resorcinarene acid has been found to provide effective localised corrosion inhibition by promoting a random distribution of insignificant anodic currents. The advent of advanced scanning probe techniques and an electrochemical integrated multi-electrode array have facilitated the discovery of corrosion inhibitors. This paper provides a brief overview of recent progress in this field.

Review of critical issues in carbon dioxide corrosion testing and monitoring techniques

This paper presents a brief review of major techniques applied in carbon dioxide corrosion testing and monitoring. The focus is on the advantages and disadvantages of variously designed testing apparatus and monitoring devices for localized corrosion detection and assessment. Critical factors affecting the reliability and accuracy of major corrosion testing techniques are briefly discussed. It is concluded that major reasons that lead to reporting of inaccurate corrosion rates and patterns include: (i) limitations in conventional electrochemical and nonelectrochemical methods for localized corrosion measurements, and difficulties in data interpretation; (ii) challenges in simulating localized corrosion mechanisms and their changes with the extension of corrosion testing. Underdeposit corrosion testing is presented as a case to illustrate challenges in simulating localized corrosion processes and mechanisms. Experiment data have been presented to show potential difficulties of the artificial pit electrode method in evaluating underdeposit corrosion and its inhibitors. The wire beam electrode method has been used to study underdeposit corrosion with and without inhibitor present. Several interesting corrosion mechanisms have been revealed at different stages of underdeposit corrosion processes.