Methodology to assess economic and environmental impacts of nitrogen in fertirrigation systems.

To determine the risk of nitrate pollution in agricultural systems have identified several indexes and efficiencies that may lead an effective N fertilizer management for obtain the maximum yield with minimum environmental impact and health

Growth dynamics and yield of melon as influenced by nitrogen fertilizer

Nitrogen (N) is an important nutrient for melon (Cucumis melo L.) production. However there is scanty information about the amount necessary to maintain an appropriate balance between growth and yield. Melon vegetative organs must develop sufficiently to intercept light and accumulate water and nutrients but it is also important to obtain a large reproductive-vegetative dry weight ratio to maximize the fruit yield. We evaluated the influence of different N amounts on the growth, production of dry matter and fruit yield of a melon ‘Piel de sapo’ type. A three-year field experiment was carried out from May to September. Melons were subjected to an irrigation depth of 100% crop evapotranspiration and to 11 N fertilization rates, ranging 11 to 393 kg ha –1 in the three years. The dry matter production of leaves and stems increased as the N amount increased. The dry matter of the whole plant was affected similarly, while the fruit dry matter decreased as the N amount was increased above 112, 93 and 95 kg ha –1 , in 2005, 2006 and 2007, respectively. The maximum Leaf Area Index (LAI), 3.1, was obtained at 393 kg ha –1 of N. The lowest N supply reduced the fruit yield by 21%, while the highest increased the vegetative growth, LAI and Leaf Area Duration (LAD), but reduced yield by 24% relative to the N93 treatment. Excessive applications of N increase vegetative growth at the expense of reproductive growth. For this melon type, rates about 90-100 kg ha –1 of N are sufficient for adequate plant growth, development and maximum production. To obtain fruit yield close to the maximum, the leaf N concentration at the end of the crop cycle should be higher than 19.5 g kg –1

Determination of the uptake and translocation of nitrogen applied at different growth stages of a melon crop (Cucumis melo L.) using 15N isotope.

In order to establish a rational nitrogen (N) fertilisation and reduce groundwater contamination, a clearer understanding of the N distribution through the growing season and its dynamics inside the plant is crucial. In two successive years, a melon crop (Cucumis melo L. cv. Sancho) was grown under field conditions to determine the uptake of N fertiliser, applied by means of fertigation at different stages of plant growth, and to follow the translocation of N in the plant using 15N-labelled N. In 2006, two experiments were carried out. In the first experiment, labelled 15N fertiliser was supplied at the female-bloom stage and in the second, at the end of fruit ripening. Labelled 15N fertiliser was made from 15NH415NO3 (10 at.% 15N) and 9.6 kg N ha−1 were applied in each experiment over 6 days (1.6 kg N ha−1 d−1). In 2007, the 15N treatment consisted of applying 20.4 kg N ha−1 as 15NH415NO3 (10 at.% 15N) in the middle of fruit growth, over 6 days (3.4 kg N ha−1 d−1). In addition, 93 and 95 kg N ha−1 were supplied daily by fertigation as ammonium nitrate in 2006 and 2007, respectively. The results obtained in 2006 suggest that the uptake of N derived from labelled fertiliser by the above-ground parts of the plants was not affected by the time of fertiliser application. At the female-flowering and fruit-ripening stages, the N content derived from 15N-labelled fertiliser was close to 0.435 g m−2 (about 45% of the N applied), while in the middle of fruit growth it was 1.45 g m−2 (71% of the N applied). The N application time affected the amount of N derived from labelled fertiliser that was translocated to the fruits. When the N was supplied later, the N translocation was lower, ranging between 54% at female flowering and 32% at the end of fruit ripening. Approximately 85% of the N translocated came from the leaf when the N was applied at female flowering or in the middle of fruit growth. This value decreased to 72% when the 15N application was at the end of fruit ripening. The ammonium nitrate became available to the plant between 2 and 2.5 weeks after its application. Although the leaf N uptake varied during the crop cycle, the N absorption rate in the whole plant was linear, suggesting that the melon crop could be fertilised with constant daily N amounts until 2–3 weeks before the last harvest.

Gene Expression Profiling in Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophy 2A

Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2A (LGMD2A) is a recessive genetic disorder caused by mutations in calpain 3 (CAPN3). Calpain 3 plays different roles in muscular cells, but little is known about its functions or in vivo substrates. The aim of this study was to identify the genes showing an altered expression in LGMD2A patients and the possible pathways they are implicated in. Ten muscle samples from LGMD2A patients with in which molecular diagnosis was ascertained were investigated using array technology to analyze gene expression profiling as compared to ten normal muscle samples. Upregulated genes were mostly those related to extracellular matrix (different collagens), cell adhesion (fibronectin), muscle development (myosins and melusin) and signal transduction. It is therefore suggested that different proteins located or participating in the costameric region are implicated in processes regulated by calpain 3 during skeletal muscle development. Genes participating in the ubiquitin proteasome degradation pathway were found to be deregulated in LGMD2A patients, suggesting that regulation of this pathway may be under the control of calpain 3 activity. As frizzled-related protein (FRZB) is upregulated in LGMD2A muscle samples, it could be hypothesized that β-catenin regulation is also altered at the Wnt signaling pathway, leading to an incorrect myogenesis. Conversely, expression of most transcription factor genes was downregulated (MYC, FOS and EGR1). Finally, the upregulation of IL-32 and immunoglobulin genes may induce the eosinophil chemoattraction explaining the inflammatory findings observed in presymptomatic stages. The obtained results try to shed some light on identification of novel therapeutic targets for limb-girdle muscular dystrophies

Nitrogen uptake dynamics, yield and quality as influenced by nitrogen fertilization in "Piel de sapo" melon.

The need to reduce nitrogen (N) fertilizer pollution strengthens the importance of improving the utilization efficiency of applied N to crops. This requires knowledge of crop N uptake characteristics and how fertilization management affects it. A three-year field experiment was conducted from May to September in central Spain to investigate the influence of different N rates, which ranged from 11 to 393 kg ha-1, applied through drip irrigation, on the dynamics of N uptake, nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), fruit yield and quality of a ?Piel de sapo? melon crop (Cucumis melo L. cv. Sancho). Both N concentration and N content increased in different plant parts with the N rate. Leaves had the highest N concentration, which declined by 40-50% from 34-41 days after transplanting (DAT), while the highest N uptake rate was observed from 30-35 to 70-80 DAT, coinciding with fruit development. In each year, NUE declined with increasing N rate. With N fertilizer applications close to the optimum N rate of 90-100 kg ha-1, the fruits removed approximately 60 kg N ha-1, and the amount of N in the crop residue was about 80 kg N ha-1; this serves to replenish the organic nutrient pool in the soil and may be used by subsequent crops following mineralization.

Nitrogen Fertirrigation: an Integrated Agronomic and Environmental Study

Proper management of the N applied to crops is necessary in order to increase yield, improve water use efficiency (WUE) and reduce the pollutions risks with the least economic, environmental and health costs. A field study with melon crops was conducted during 2005, 2006 and 2007 in central Spain, using 11 different amounts of N. Some environmental indexes have been proposed, to provide an essential tool for determining the groundwater pollution risks associated with common agricultural practices. These indexes are related to variation in the nitrate concentration of drinking water (Impact Index (II)) and groundwater (Environmental Impact Index (EII)). Also, the Management Efficiency (ME) was calculated, which is related to the amount of fruit produced per gram of N leached (Nl). To determine the optimum dose of N, it was also necessary to know the N mineralisation (NM). Our results show that 160 kg ha?1 of available N (Nav) produced the maximum fruit yield (FY), enhanced WUE and gave an NM of 85 kg ha?1, while the impact indexes did not exceed the fixed maximum allowable limits and ME was adequate. The proposed indexes proved to be an effective tool for determining the risk of nitrate contamination and confirmed that the optimum dose of N corresponded to the maximum FY with minimal loss of Nl.

Impact of nitrogen uptake on field water balance in fertirrigated melon.

Agronomic management in Ciudad Real, a province in central Spain, is characteristic of semi-arid cropped areas whose water supplies have high nitrate (NO3?) content due to environmental degradation. This situation is aggravated by the existence of a restrictive subsurface layer of ?caliche? or hardpan at a depth of 0.60 m. Under these circumstances, fertirrigation rates, including nitrogen (N) fertilizer schedules, must be carefully calibrated to optimize melon yields while minimizing the N pollution and water supply. Such optimization was sought by fertilizing with different doses of N and irrigating at 100% of the ETc (crop evapotranspiration), adjusted for this crop and area. The N content in the four fertilizer doses used was: 0, 55, 82 and 109 kg N ha?1. Due to the NO3? content in the irrigation water, however, the actual N content was 30 kg ha?1 higher in all four treatments repeated in two different years. The results showed correlation between melon plant N uptake and drainage (Dr), which in turn affects the amount of N leached, as well as correlation between Dr and LAI (leaf area index) for each treatment. A fertilizer factor (?) was estimated through two methods, from difference in Dr and in LAI ratio with respect to the maximum N dose, to correct ETc based on N doses. The difference was found in the adjusted evapotranspiration in both years using the corresponding ? achieved 42?49 mm at vegetative period, depending on the method, and it was not significant at senescent period. Finally, a growth curve between N uptake and plant dry weight (DW) for each treatment was defined to confirm that the observed higher plant vigour, showing higher LAI and reduced Dr, was due mainly to higher N doses.

Análisis biomecánico del segmento de la carrera a pie de la competición en triatlón

El principal objetivo de la presente investigación fue el conocer el perfil de rendimiento técnico de los triatletas, desde un punto de vista biomecánica, en el segmento carrera a pie durante la competición en triatlón. Asimismo, como el genero y el nivel deportivo del triatleta podrían influir en su respuesta motriz durante la competicion. Para ello, se necesitaba desarrollar y validar una técnica experimental que fuera lo suficientemente precisa (validez interna), con una alta fiabilidad y con una gran validez externa (ecologica) debido al entorno de la competicion. La muestra la formaron un total de 64 deportistas: 32 triatletas participantes en la Copa del Mundo de Triatlon de Madrid-2008 (16 hombres y 16 mujeres) y 32 triatletas participantes en el Clasificatorio del Campeonato de Espana Elite (16 hombres y 16 mujeres). El análisis de la técnica de carrera de los deportistas se realizo mediante un sistema fotogramétrico en 2d que permitió calcular las coordenadas (x,y) de los centros articulares con un error de 1.66% en el eje x y de un 2.10% en el eje y. Las imágenes fueron obtenidas por una cámara que filmaba el movimiento en un plano antero-posterior del triatleta. Algoritmos basados en la DLT (Abdel-Aziz & Karara, 1971) permitieron conocer las coordenadas reales a partir de las coordenadas digitalizadas en el plano y posteriormente las distintas variables analizadas. El análisis biomecánica de la carrera se realizo en 4 ocasiones diferentes durante la competición, correspondiendo con cada una de las vueltas de 2,5 km, que el triatleta tenía que realizar. La velocidad de carrera resulto estar íntimamente ligada al nivel deportivo del triatleta. Del mismo modo, 3 de los 4 grupos analizados presentaron valores inferiores a 3 minutos 30 segundos por kilometro recorrido, poniendo de manifiesto el altísimo nivel de los sujetos analizados. Del mismo modo parece que las chicos consiguen una mayor velocidad gracias a una mayor longitud de ciclo en relación a las chicas, ya que estas muestran valores mayores en cuanto a frecuencia de zancada. La frecuencia de zancada presento los valores más altos en la primera vuelta en todos los deportistas analizados. Asimismo, los triatletas de nivel internacional y las chicas fueron los que mostraron los mayores valores. La longitud de zancada presento distintas tendencias en función del nivel y el género del deportista. Así pues, en los deportistas internacionales y en los chicos los mayores valores se encontraron en la primera vuelta mientras que la tendencia fue al descenso, siendo probablemente la fatiga acumulada la causante de dicha tendencia. En cambio, aquellos deportistas de nivel nacional y las chicas mostraron valores mayores en la segunda vuelta que en la primera, evidenciando que además de la fatiga, el ciclismo previo tiene una incidencia directa sobre su rendimiento. Los tiempos de vuelo permanecieron constantes durante toda la carrera, encontrando cierta evolución en los tiempos de apoyo, la cual provoca una modificación en los porcentajes relativos en los tiempos de vuelo. Los tiempos de apoyo más bajos se encontraron en la primera vuelta. Del mismo modo, los deportistas de nivel internacional y los chicos mostraron valores inferiores. También, estos grupos fueron más constantes en sus valores a lo largo de las vueltas. Por el contrario, se encontraron tendencias al aumento en los triatletas de nivel nacional y en las chicas, los cuales no fueron capaces de mantener el mismo rendimiento debido seguramente a su menor nivel deportivo. La oscilación vertical de la cadera se mostro constante en los triatletas de mayor nivel, encontrándose tendencias al aumento en los de menor nivel. Del mismo modo, los valores más altos correspondieron a las chicas y a los deportistas de nivel nacional. La distancia de la cadera al apoyo permaneció constante a lo largo de las vueltas en todos los grupos, obteniéndose valores mayores en los triatletas de nivel internacional y en los chicos. El ángulo de la rodilla apoyada en el momento del despegue no mostro una tendencia clara. Los deportistas de nivel internacional y los chicos presentaron los valores más bajos. El ángulo de la rodilla libre en el momento del despegue mostro una correlación muy alta con la velocidad de carrera. Del mismo modo, los ángulos más pequeños se encontraron en los triatletas internacionales y en los chicos, debido seguramente a los mayores valores de velocidad registrados por ambos grupos. Los ángulos de los tobillos no mostraron ninguna tendencia clara durante la competición analizada. Los cuatro grupos de población presentaron valores similares, por lo que parece que no representan una variable que pueda incidir sobre el rendimiento biomecánica del triatleta. Los resultados obtenidos en el presente estudio de investigación avalan la utilización de la fotogrametría-video en 2d para el análisis de la técnica de carrera durante la competición en triatlón. Su aplicación en una competición de máximo nivel internacional ha posibilitado conocer el perfil técnico que presentan los triatletas a lo largo del segmento de carrera a pie. Del mismo modo, se ha podido demostrar como los estudios realizados en laboratorio no reflejan la realidad competitiva de un triatlón de máximo nivel. The aim of this research was to determine the running technique profile during a triathlon competition from a biomechanical perspective. Also, to analyze the triathlete gender’s and level of performance’s influence on this profile in competition. An accurate (internal validity) and reliable methodology with a high external validity (ecological) had to be developed to get those aims in competition. Sixty-four triathletes were analyzed. 32 (16 males, 16 females) took part in the Madrid 2008 Triathlon World Cup and 32 (16 males and 16 females) took part in the Spanish Triathlon National Championships. The biomechanical analyses were carried out by a photogrammetric system that allow to calculate the landmarks coordinates (x,y) with a 1.66% error in x axis, and a 2.10% error in y axis. The frames were obtained with a camera situated perpendicular to the triathletes’ trajectory, filming the saggittal plane. DLT based algorithms (Abdel-Aziz & Karara, 1971) were used to calculate the real coordinates from the digitalized ones and the final variables afterwards. The biomechanical analisys itself was performed in four different moments during the competition, according to each 2.5 km lap the triathletes had to do. Running speed was highly related to performance level. Also, 3 of the 4 analyzed groups showed speed values under the 3 minutes and 30 seconds per kilometer. It demonstrated the very high performance level of the analized triathletes. Furthermore, it seems that men get higher speeds because their longer stride length, while women shows higher stride frequency values. The highest stride frequency values were found in the first lap. Women and the international level triathletes showed the highest values. Stride length showed different tendencies according to the gender and level of performance. Men and international level triathletes showed the highest level in the first lap and a decreasing tendency after that. The accumulated fatigue was probably the reason of this tendency. On the other hand, higher values than in first lap were found in the second one in women and national level triathletes. It demonstrated the previous cycling can affect to those groups in terms of biomechanics. Flight times remained constant during the running part, while the contact times showed an increasing tendency that caused a variation in flight times percents. The lowest contact times were found in the first lap and in men and international triathletes’ values. Also, these two groups were more consistent during the whole running. On the other hand, increasing tendencies were found in women and national level triathletes, who were not able to maintain the same values probably due to their lower level of performance. Higher level triathletes showed more consistent hip vertical oscillation values than lower level triathletes, who presented increasing tendencies. The highest values were found in women and national level triathletes. The horizontal distance hip-toe cap remained constant among the laps in all the groups. Men and international level triathletes showed the highest values. The support knee angle at toe-off did not show a clear tendency. The lowest values were found in men and international level triathletes. A high correlation was found between the non-support knee angle and the running speed. Furthermore, men and international level triathletes showed the smallest values, due to the higher velocities reached by these two groups. Ankles angles did not show any tendency during the running part. Similar values were found in the four analyzed groups, so this variable does not seem to represent an important one within the triathlete’s performance. The results obtained in the present research support the use of the bidimensional photogrammetric video-system to analyze the running technique during a triathlon competition. Its application in international triathlon meetings has allowed determining the triathletes’ technique profile during the running part. Also, it has been demonstrated the laboratory-based studies does not reproduce a top-level competition.

Mealiness assessment in apples and peaches using MRI techniques

Mealiness (woolliness in peaches) is a negative attribute of sensory texture that combines the sensation of a desegregated tissue with the sensation of lack of juiciness. In this study, 24 apples cv. Top Red and 8 peaches cv. Maycrest, submitted to 3 and 2 different storage conditions respectively have been tested by mechanical and MRI techniques to assess mealiness. With this study, the results obtained on apples in a previous work have been validated using mathematical features from the histograms of the T2 maps: more skewed and the presence of a tail in mealy apples, similar to internal breakdown. In peaches, MRI techniques can also be used to identify woolly fruits. Not all the changes found in the histograms of woolly peaches are similar from those observed in mealy apples pointing to a different underlying physiological change in both disorders.

Kinematic pattern of the drag-flick: a case study

The drag-flick is more efficient than hits or pushes when a penalty corner situation is in effect in field hockey. Previous research has studied the biomechanical pattern of the drag-flick, trying to find the cues for an optimal performance. On the other hand, some other studies have examined the most effective visual pick-up of relevant information in shots and goalkeeper anticipation. The aim of this study was to analyse the individual differences in the drag-flick pattern in order to provide relevant information for goalkeepers. One female skilled drag-flicker participated in the study. A VICON optoelectronic sy stem (Oxford Metrics, Oxford, UK) was used to capture the drag-flicks with six cameras. The results showed that the main significant differences between right and left shots (p<0.05) in the stick angles, stick minimum angular velocity and front foot-ball distance were when the front foot heel contacted the floor(T1) and at the minimum velocity of the stick, before the dragging action (T3). The findings showed that the most relevant information might be picked up at the ball-and-stick location before the dragging action.

Effect of positioning on the accuracy of decision making of association football top-class referees and assistant referees during competitive matches

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of positioning on the correctness of decision making of top-class referees and assistant referees during international games. Match analyses were carried out during the Fe´de´ration Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) Confederations Cup 2009 and 380 foul play incidents and 165 offside situations were examined. The error percentage for the referees when indicating the incidents averaged 14%. The lowest error percentage occurred in the central area of the field, where the collaboration of the assistant referee is limited, and was achieved when indicating the incidents from a distance of 11–15 m, whereas this percentage peaked (23%) in the last 15-min match period. The error rate for the assistant referees was 13%. Distance of the assistant referee to the offside line did not have an impact on the quality of the offside decision. The risk of making incorrect decisions was reduced when the assistant referees viewed the offside situations from an angle between 46 and 608. Incorrect offside decisions occurred twice as often in the second as in the first half of the games. Perceptual-cognitive training sessions specific to the requirements of the game should be implemented in the weekly schedule of football officials to reduce the overall error rate.

Training-induced changes in drag-flick technique in female field hockey players

The penalty corner is one of the most important goal plays in field hockey. The drag-flick is used less by women than men in a penalty corner. The aim of this study was to describe training-induced changes in the drag-flick technique in female field hockey players. Four female players participated in the study. The VICON optoelectronic system (Oxford Metrics, Oxford, UK) measured the kinematic parameters of the drag-flick with six cameras sampling at 250 Hz, prior to and after training. Fifteen shots were captured for each subject. A Wilcoxon test assessed the differences between pre-training and post-training parameters. Two players received specific training twice a week for 8 weeks; the other two players did not train. The proposed drills improved the position of the stick at the beginning of the shot (p<0.05), the total distance of the shot (p<0.05)and the rotation radius at ball release (p<0.01). It was noted that all players had lost speed of the previous run. Further studies should include a larger sample, in order to provide more information on field hockey performance.

Ensamblaje : desde la filmina de Patio&Pavilion

La extraña, patética y dramática realidad de posguerra que se vivía en la ciudad de Londres construyó el escenario de alerta en el que el fotógrafo Nigel Henderson, el escultor Eduardo Paolozzi y los arquitectos Alison y Peter Smithson se reunieron para reflexionar acerca del papel que debían desempeñar en este fragmentado clima de emergencia.Los cuatro jóvenes se introdujeron en el mundo fronterizo entre la arquitectura y las artes plásticas para confeccionar la imagen de un contexto en el que el hombre pudiese volver a identificarse en su interior y consiguiese βdescubrirγ ese lugar donde insertar su ser βextramundanoγ. El ensamblaje como ámbito de reunión, diálogo y acuerdo fue precisamente la técnica universal que reunió a los cuatro reconstructores en ese interior de realidades complementarias desde el que decidieron liberar la energía creativa más allá de sus inventos e implicar a la sociedad en la reconstrucción del rostro por venir de su mañana. Con el objetivo de explorar la naturaleza multidisciplinar de esta cooperación, este trabajo ha ido a situarse en ese espacio de intercambio entre disciplinas, individuos y sensaciones para elaborar, transversalmente, un estudio sobre la labor conjunta que desarrolló este cuarteto a principios de los años 50 centrándose, principalmente, en la instalación Patio&Pavilion, realizada para la exposición βThis is Tomorrowγ que tuvo lugar en la Whitechapel Art Gallery de Londres en el verano de 1956.Este trabajo se ha acercado al imaginario compartido por los cuatro aprendices del ensamblaje para desvelar cómo yendo más allá de la técnica, se sumergieron en la profundidad multidimensional de la existencia del ser humano y rescataron del entrelazado de sensaciones que la componen, el deseo, el orden y el diálogo como motores para la reconstrucción de las relaciones que mantenían unidos al individuo y su Entorno como una figura total indivisible.Este trabajo ha desvelado cómo la revisión crítica y la mirada romántica hacia la brutal imagen de su día a día, impulsaron a los cuatro colaboradores a entender las exposiciones como un campo de libertad y comunicación donde poder llegar a explorar las necesidades e impulsos básicos del ser humano y, al mismo tiempo, poder improvisar nuevas tectónicas concordantes con su presente a partir de las variables universales que lo definían como un fragmento más de su proyecto de vida.Este trabajo ha analizado cómo esta completa imagen del contexto configurada por los cuatro colaboradores, desencadenó importantes transformaciones en aquellos ámbitos en los que militaron como críticos revisionistas.Este trabajo ha ofrecido el retrato del contexto, los instrumentos y los métodos con los que, estos cuatro ensambladores del ayer, visionaron el papel de los futuros inventores del presente a fin de trazar nuevos umbrales para el proyecto arquitectónico como proceso entre procesos, capaz de dialogar con la totalidad y evolucionar de acuerdo a la realidad técnica de su tiempo.

Mealiness assessment in fruits using MRI techniques.

Mealiness is a sensory attribute that cannot be defined by a single parameter but through a combination of variables (multidimensional structure). Previous studies propose the definition of mealiness as the lack of crispiness, of hardness and of juiciness. Current aims are focused on establishing non destructive tests for mealiness assessment. MultiSliceMultiEcho Magnetic resonance images (MRI, 64*64pixels) have been taken corresponding to a 3ms of Echo time. Small samples of Top Red apples stored 6 months at controlled atmosphere (expected to be non mealy) and 2°C (expected to be mealy) have been used for MRI imaging. Three out of four apples corresponding to the sample maintained at controlled atmosphere did not develop mealiness while three out of four fruits corresponding to the sample stored at 2°C became mealy after 6 month of storage. The minimum T2 values/image obtained for the mealy apples shows to be significantly lower when compared with non mealy apples pointing that a more dis-aggregated structure leads to a quicker loss of signal Also, there is a significant linear correlation (r=-0.76) between the number of pixels with a T2 value below 35ms within a fruit image and the deformation parameter registered during the Magness-Taylor firmness test. Finally, all the T2 images of the mealy apples show a regional variation of contrast which is not shown for non mealy apples. This variation of contrast is similar to the MRI images of water-cored apples indicating that in these cases there is a differential water movement that may precede the internal browning.

Mealiness assessment in apples and peaches using MRI techniques.

Since Januarv 1946 a wade EC Project entitled "Mealiness in fruits Consumers perception and means for detection is being carried out. Mealiness is a sensory attribute that cannot be defined by a single parameter but through a combination of variables (multidimensional structure) Previous studies propose the definition of mealiness as the lack of crispiness of hardness and of juiciness. A destructive instrumental procedure combined with a integration technique has been already developed enabling to identify mealy fruits by destructive instrumental means use other contributions of Barreiro and Ortiz to this Ag Eng 98. Current aims .are focused on establishing non destructive tests for mealiness assessment. Magnetic resonance Imaging (MRI) makes use of the magnetic properties that some atomic nuclei have. especially hidrogen nuclei from water molecules to obtain high quality images in the field of internal quality evaluation the MRI has been used to assess internal injury due to conservation as o treatments as chilling injury un Persimmons Clark&Forbes (1994) and water-core in apples (Wang et al. 1998. In the case of persimmons the chilling injury is described as an initial tissue breakdown and lack of cohesion between cells followed by formation of a firm gel and by a lack of juiciness without changes in the total amount ol water content. Also a browning of the flesh is indicated (Clark&Forhes 1994). This definition fits into the previous description of mealiness.