Saúde da população “trans”: uma revisão sistemática da produção teórica brasileira

This dissertation analyzed the existing work on travestility and transsexuality whose problematic research focused on issues related to health and / or health services. For this purpose, a Literature Review Systematized Descriptive in virtual databases was performed: Bank of Higher Education Personnel Improvement Coordination Thesis (CAPES), Brazilian Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (BDTD), Scielo and PubMed, between the years 1997 and 2014 in Brazil. We used the search terms "transsexual," "transvestite" and "transgender", each associated with the search term "health", in Portuguese and English. Complementing this search, we used the Documentary Analysis methodology to assess pamphlets productions, institutional documents and non-governmental organizations (NGOs), which were incorporated into the discussion. 295 papers were identified, among theses, dissertations and scientific articles. Of these, 223 were excluded and 72 selected for analysis. Thus, it obtained five theses and dissertations 21 on the topic of travestility and 7 theses and dissertations 9 that deal with transsexuality. Among the selected papers, 16 deal with transsexuality and health, 5 address the issue of travestility and health and work, 9 refer to the term "transgender" and "health". Even though it is an emerging field of research, there is an apparent deviation of the speech, previously anchored in questions whose topics are related to confrontation, infection or illness by HIV / AIDS (level of specialized care) for discussions on the health care for transsexuals in the process (level of specialized care). Still, few papers have specific trans attention in primary care associated with a comprehensive health care, with the empowerment of individuals, respecting the power of life, which are configured as important issues for the Public Policy on Health today.

Visão dos profissionais de saúde frente à possibilidade de infecção de HIV/Aids em idosos

The HIV/Aids epidemic is today, in Brazil, a phenomenon of great magnitude and extent. The disease progresses over a physically weakened, and with more complex approach, portion of the population: the elderly. This study has the objective to know the vision of health professionals facing the possibility of HIV/Aids in the elderly. It is a cross-sectional observational study conducted in the city of Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil, from November 2013 to December 2015, with the participants Doctors, Dental Surgeons and nurses stationed in the Municipal Network of Primary Care, with a sample of 220. Using factor analysis, factors unrelated to the training of health professionals and others directly related; only the latter showed differences between the professions. The investigation of the professional view on the possibility of infection of HIV/Aids in the elderly should be crafted specifically for each type of professional, meeting the specific difficulties of training each degree course. It is crucial the need to update each professional in the health care field in order to be able to make an early diagnosis aimed at protecting the elderly patient's integrity affected by HIV/Aids.

O ensino da saúde coletiva no método de aprendizagem baseado em problemas: uma experiência da Faculdade de Medicina de Marília

Este trabalho relata a estratégia de incorporação das bases da Saúde Coletiva no currículo da Faculdade de Medicina de Marília (Famema). Em 1991, a Famema passou a desenvolver o Projeto UNI, financiado pela Fundação Kellogg, iniciando um conjunto de mudanças no ensino de Medicina, resultando, em 1997, na introdução do método de ensino da Aprendizagem Baseada em Problemas (ABP). A ABP trabalha com a perspectiva holística do processo ensino aprendizagem e, por isso, estimula a participação ativa dos estudantes, principalmente, na cooperação em pequenos grupos; no auto-estudo e na educação multidisciplinar. Algum tempo após a introdução do ABP, identificou-se a dificuldade do uso de explicações das dimensões psicológicas e sociais para os problemas. A solução construída para a incorporação da dimensão social nos problemas foi a adoção da perspectiva sociológica das categorias fundantes da Saúde Coletiva: tempo, espaço e pessoa. O resultado foi a construção de uma matriz formada por seis tópicos e orientada para estimular os alunos a alcançar as noções de totalidade e integralidade do cuidado em saúde.

Tele-educação e monitoria ativa no ensino da saúde bucal a estudantes de medicina

OBJETIVOS: Verificar o nível de conhecimento basal de alunos do quinto ano de Medicina sobre saúde bucal e mensurar os ganhos em conhecimento e a habilidade de aconselhamento após treinamento. MÉTODOS: Cento e quarenta e oito alunos, divididos em quatro turmas - 2007-A (grupo controle), 2007-B, 2008-A e 2008-B - receberam intervenções progressivas de ensino, presenciais (em 2007) e a distância (em 2008). A turma 2008-B recebeu também contatos ativos com especialista em saúde bucal. O ganho em conhecimento foi medido por provas escritas aplicadas antes e depois da respectiva intervenção, e a habilidade em aconselhar foi avaliada por meio do exame clínico objetivo estruturado por estações (Osce). RESULTADOS: Noventa e um por cento dos alunos acharam inadequado o seu nível basal de conhecimento em promoção da saúde bucal. O ganho de conhecimento das turmas 2008-A e 2008-B foi progressivo e estatisticamente superior ao do grupo controle, assim como ocorreu com a habilidade de aconselhamento da turma 2008-B. CONCLUSÃO: As informações obtidas no presente estudo podem ser úteis para o desenvolvimento de estratégias de ensino interdisciplinar em áreas complementares da formação médica.

Formação de Médicos para o SUS: a Integração Ensino e Saúde da Família – Revisão Integrativa

RESUMO O ensino médico vem sendo objeto de estudos, pesquisas e formulações novas, influenciado por aspectos políticos, didático-pedagógicos, culturais e comunitários relacionados às mudanças nos sistemas e serviços de saúde. A educação médica tem sofrido profundas críticas quanto à necessidade de diversificar os cenários de ensino-aprendizagem para que se construam novos currículos e sujeitos, possibilitando-lhes a inserção num processo pedagógico reflexivo e dinâmico. Constatando a complexidade dessa questão, apontamos diretrizes necessárias para avançar com o processo de mudança da formação médica. O estudo foi realizado por meio do método da revisão integrativa. Foram pesquisados artigos com as palavras-chave: “educação de graduação em Medicina” e “atenção primária à saúde” na Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde, procurando-se captar a totalidade de artigos que abordassem a formação médica para o Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Resultaram desta busca 14 artigos, que constituem a amostra deste trabalho. Para análise e discussão dos resultados, os artigos foram categorizados de acordo com seus objetivos, metodologias, referenciais, resultados, conclusões e recomendações, em duas categorias temáticas: formação profissional no SUS e educação médica. A análise dos artigos sugere efetivar a integração ensino-aprendizagem da Medicina com os serviços de saúde e a participação de organizações da comunidade. Isto parece constituir um desafio central nessa busca pela mudança da formação médica que disponibiliza novos recursos para o financiamento de programas e esforços inovadores, numa abrangência que engloba discentes, docentes e serviços de saúde, e que busca novas estratégias, novas tecnologias pedagógicas e reformulações curriculares.

Bioloxía e xeoloxía : bacharelato de ciencias da natureza e da saúde. 'Biología y geología : bachillerato de ciencias de la naturaleza y de la salud'.

En cub.: materias optativas

Química : bacharelato de ciencias da natureza e da saúde. 'Química : bachillerato de ciencias de la naturaleza y de la salud'.

En cub.: materias optativas

Matemáticas : bacharelato de ciencias da natureza e da saúde : bacharelato de tecnoloxía. 'Matemáticas : bachillerato de ciencias de la naturaleza y de la salud : bachillerato de tecnología'.

En cub.: materias optativas. I-II

Física e química : bacharelato de ciencias da natureza e da saúde : bacharelato de tecnoloxía. 'Física y química : bachillerato de ciencias de la naturaleza y de la salud : bachillerato de tecnología'.

Se presenta el diseño curricular base de la asignatura de física y química de los bachilleratos de ciencias de la naturaleza y de la salud, y de tecnología de Galicia de cara a garantizar una formación común en toda la comunidad. Se analizan los objetivos, los contenidos (conceptuales, procedimentales y actitudinales) y los criterios de evaluación correspondientes a esta asignatura.

Física : bacharelato de ciencias da natureza e da saúde : bacharelato de tecnoloxía. 'Física : bachillerato de ciencias de la naturaleza y de la salud : bachillerato de tecnología'.

En cub.: materias optativas

Bioloxía : bacharelato de ciencias da natureza e da saúde. 'Biología : bachillerato de ciencias de la naturaleza y de la salud'.

Se presenta el diseño curricular base de la asignatura de biología del bachillerato de ciencias de la naturaleza y de la salud de Galicia de cara a garantizar una formación común en toda la comunidad. Se analizan los objetivos, los contenidos (conceptuales, procedimentales y actitudinales) y los criterios de evaluación correspondientes a esta asignatura.

Modelos matemáticos para estimativa do consumo máximo de oxigênio pela ventilometria de esforço em indivíduos saudáveis

The relation between metabolic demand and maximal oxygen consumption during exercise have been investigated in different areas of knowledge. In the health field, the determination of maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) is considered a method to classify the level of physical fitness or the risk of cardiocirculatory diseases. The accuracy to obtain data provides a better evaluation of functional responses and allows a reduction in the error margin at the moment of risk classification, as well as, at the moment of determination of aerobic exercise work load. In Brasil, the use of respirometry associated to ergometric test became an opition in the cardiorespiratory evaluation. This equipment allows predictions concerning the oxyredutase process, making it possible to identify physiological responses to physical effort as the respiratory threshold. This thesis focused in the development of mathematical models developed by multiple regression validated by the stepwise method, aiming to predict the VO2max based on respiratory responses to physical effort. The sample was composed of a ramdom sample of 181 healthy individuals, men and women, that were randomized to two groups: regression group and cross validation group (GV). The voluntiars were submitted to a incremental treadmill test; objetiving to determinate of the second respiratory threshold (LVII) and the Peak VO2max. Using the método forward addition method 11 models of VO2max prediction in trendmill were developded. No significative differences were found between the VO2max meansured and the predicted by models when they were compared using ANOVA One-Way and the Post Hoc test of Turkey. We concluded that the developed mathematical models allow a prediction of the VO2max of healthy young individuals based on the LVII

Estudos analíticos dos grafoelementos do eletroencefalograma em sono: fusos do sono, ondas agudas do vértex e o gradiente de freqüência e amplitude, como indicadores de comprometimento neurológico na criança

Innumerable studies have focused been reported on the sleep spindles (SS), Sharp Vertex Waves (SVW) and REM, NREM Sleep as indicators interpreting EEG patterns in children. However, Frequency and Amplitud Gradient (FAG) is rarely cited sleep parameter in children,that occurs during NREM Sleep. It was first described by Slater and Torres, in 1979, but has not been routinely evaluated in EEG reports. The aim of this study was to assess the absence of SS, SVW and FAG, as an indication of neurological compromise in children. The sample consisted of 1014 EEGs of children referred to the Clinical Neurophysiology Laboratory, Hospital Universitário de Brasília (HUB), from January 1997 to March 2003, with ages ranging from 3 months to 12 years old, obtained in spontaneous sleep or induced by choral hydrate. The study was transversal and analytical, in which, visual analysis of EEG traces was perfumed individually and independently by two electroencephalographers without prior knowledge of the EEG study or neurological findings. After EEG selection, the investigators analyzed the medical reports in order to define and correlate neurological pattern was classified according to the presence or absence of neurological compromise, as Normal Neurological Pattern (NNP), and Altered Neurological Pattern (ANP) respectively. From the visual analysis of the EEG(s), it was possible to characterize 6 parameters: 1- FAG present (64,1%); 2- FAG absent (35,9%); 3 - normal SS (87,9%); 4 - altered SS s (12,1%); 5 - normal SVW s (95,7%); 6 - altered SVW s (4,3%). The prevalence of well-formed FAG is found in the 3 months to 5 years age group in the children with NNF. FAG was totally absent from the age of 10 years. When comparing the three sleep graphielements, it was observed that SVW and SS were predominant in children with NNF. However, FAG absent was more prevalent in the ANF than in altered SS an SVW. The statistical analysis showed that there is a strong association of FAG absent, with isolated alteration, in ANF patients, in that the prevalence ratio was 6,60. The association becomes stronger when FAG absent + altered SS(s) is considered (RP= 6,68). Chi-square test, corrected by Yates technique, showed a highly significant relation for FAG ρ= 0,00000001, for error X of 5%, or else the 95% confidence interval (ρ<0,05). Thus, the FAG absent were more expressive in ANF patient than altered SS(s) and SVW(s). The association becomes stronger in order to establish a prognostic relation, when the FAG is combined with the SS. The results os this study allow us to affirm that the FAG, when absent at ages ranging from 3 months to 5 years , is an indication of neurological compromise. FAG is an age-dependent EEG parameter and incorporated systematically, in the interpretation criteria of the EEG of children s sleep, not only in the maturational point of view, but also neurological disturbances with encephalic compromise

Avaliação bioquímica e hostológica de fígado de ratas wistar diabéticas e tratadas com tamoxifeno

Tamoxifen (TX), a drug used in the treatment of breast cancer, may cause hepatic changes in some patients. The consequences of its use on the liver tissues of rats with or without diabetes mellitus (DM) have not been fully explored. The purpose of this multidisciplinary study was to evaluate the correlation between plasma hepatic enzyme levels and the presence of iron overload in the hepatic tissue of female Wistar rats with or without streptozotocin-induced DM and using TX. Female rats were studied in control groups: C-0 (non-drug users), C-V (sorbitol vehicle only) and C-TX (using TX). DM (diabetic non-drug users) and DM-TX (diabetics using TX) were the test groups. Sixty days after induced DM, blood samples were collected for glucose, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and bilirubin measures. Hepatic fragments were processed and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), Masson s trichrome, Perls. The hepatic iron content was quantified by atomic absorption spectrometry. AST, ALT and ALP levels were significantly elevated in the DM and DM-TX groups, with unchanged bilirubin levels. Liver iron overload using Perls stain and atomic absorption spectrometry were observed exclusively in groups C-TX and DM-TX. There was positive correlation between AST, ALT and ALP levels and microscopic hepatic siderosis intensity in group DM-TX. In conclusion, TX administration is associated with liver siderosis in diabetic and non-diabetic rats. In addition, TX induced liver iron overload with unaltered hepatic function in 2 non-diabetic rats and may be a useful tool for investigating the biological control of iron metabolism

Antígenos da forma amastigota de Leishmania chagasi identificados por dupla varredura da biblioteca de cDNA

Control of human visceral leishmaniasis in endemic regions is hampered in part by the lack of knowledge with respect of the role reservoirs and vector. In addition, there is not yet an understanding of how non-symptomatic subclinical infection might influence the maintenance of infection in a particular locality. Of worrisome is the limited accessibility to medical care in places with emerging drug resistance. There is still no available protective vaccine either for humans or other reservoirs. Leishmania species are protozoa that express multiple antigens which are recognized by the vertebrate immune system. Since there is not one immunodominant epitope recognized by most hosts, strategies must be developed to optimize selection of antigens for prevention and immunodiagnosis. For this reason, we generated a cDNA library from the intracellular amastigote form of Leishmania chagasi, the causative agent of South American visceral leishmaniasis. We employed a two-step expression screen of the library to systematically identify T and T-dependent B cell antigens. The first step was aimed at identifying the largest possible number of clones producing an epitope-containing polypeptide with a pool of sera from Brazilians with documented visceral leishmaniasis. After removal of clones encoding heat shock proteins, positive clones underwent a second step screen for their ability to cause proliferation and IFN-γ responses of T cells from immune mice. Six unique clones were selected from the second screen for further analysis. The clones encoded part of the coding sequence of glutamine synthetase, transitional endoplasmic reticulum ATPase, elongation factor 1γ, kinesin K-39, repetitive protein A2, and a hypothetical conserved protein. Humans naturally infected with L. chagasi mounted both cellular and antibody responses to these protein Preparations containing multiple antigens may be optimal for immunodiagnosis and protective vaccines against Leishmania