Vägnätsutredning l Tieverkkoselvitys :Sisbacka-Lillby, Pedersöre

Landsväg 741 är en regionväg som går genom byarna Sisbacka och Lillby. Vägen startar i Lappajärvi och går via Kortesjärvi till Bennäs och Jakobstad. Vägens trafikmängd (GDT) är i byarna ca 1500 fordon/dygn. Invånarna upplever att största problemet är bristen på gång- och cykelvägar. I byarna finns bebyggelse och några nya hus byggs årligen i jämn takt. Vägen är smal och delvis krokig, således är fotgängarens och cyklistens ställning inte trygg. Dessutom finns anslutningar med dålig sikt och på avsnittet mellan byarna saknas belysning på en ca 2 km lång sträcka. Vägnätsplanens målsättning är att reda ut vägavsnittets trafikmässiga förbättringsbehov och ge förslag till åtgärdsprogram. Utredningen är även en trafikmässig bakgrundsutredning för områdets planläggningsbehov. Förbättringsåtgärderna har delats in i tre olika prioritetsklasser. I det första skedet sänks körhastigheten i båda byarna och små säkerhetsåtgärder görs för att understöda hastighetssänkningen. Även de farligaste anslutningarna förbättras och gång- och cykelleden i Lillby förlängs med ca 400 meter. I det andra skedet anläggs en gång- och cykelled i byn Sisbacka och tätortsportar anläggs på båda sidorna av tätortsgränserna. I Lillby förlängs gång- och cykelleden söderut 1,1 km och den befintliga leden i centrum repareras. I det tredje skedet förnyas gångbron som korsar ån i Lillby och en ny gång- och cykelled anläggs till det planerade bostadsområdet i Yttre Härmälä. Vägavsnittet mellan byarna förses med vägbelysning. Genom åtgärderna förbättras speciellt säkerheten för den lätta trafiken både i vägens riktning men också i den korsande riktningen. En brist kvarstår dock i åtgärdsprogrammet. I programmet ingår inte byggande av en gång- och cykelled längs hela vägsträckan mellan byarna. Åtgärderna har ingen stor inverkan på naturmiljön eller kulturmiljön. Purmo kyrka i Sisbacka är ett objekt med värde, i vars närhet gång- och cykellederna placeras. På basen av planeutkastet bevaras kyrkans murar och hanteringen av området mellan muren och leden löses i den noggrannare planeringen. Förverkligande av gång- och cykellederna i Sisbacka förutsätter ändringar i detaljplanen. Maantie 741 on seututie, joka kulkee Sisbackan ja Lillbyn kylien läpi. Tie lähtee Lappajärvelä ja Tulee Kortesjärven kautta Pännäisiin ja Pietarsaareen. Tien liikennemäärä (KVL) on kylien kohdalla n. 1500 ajon/vrk. Isoimpana ongelmana asukkaat kokevat kevyen liikenteen väylän puuttumisen. Kylissä on asutusta ja uusia taloja rakennetaan tasaisesti muutaman talon vuosivauhtia. Tie on kapea ja osittain mutkainen, joten jalankulkijan ja pyöräilijän asema ei ole turvallinen. On myös liittymiä, joissa on huono näkemä ja kylien väliltä puuttuu n. 2 km valaistusta. Tieverkkosuunnitelman tavoitteena on selvittää tiekäytävän liikenteelliset parantamistarpeet ja tehdä esitys parantamisen toimenpideohjelmaksi. Selvitys on myös liikenteellinen taustaselvitys alueen kaavoitustarpeita varten. Parantamistoimenpiteet on jaettu kolmeen kiireellisyysluokkaan. Ensimmäisessä vaiheessa alennetaan molempien kylien ajonopeuksia ja tehdään nopeuden alentamista tukevia pieniä turvallisuustoimenpiteitä. Myös vaarallisimpia liittymiä parannetaan ja Lillbyn kevyen liikenteen väylää jatketaan etelään vajaat. 400 m. Toisessa vaiheessa rakennetaan Sisbackan kylään kevyen liikenteen väylä ja taajamaportit taajaman molemmille reunoille. Lilbyssä jatketaan kevyen liienteen väylää etelään 1,1 km lisää ja kunnostetaan nykyistä väylää keskustan kohdalla. Kolmannessa vaiheessa uusitaan Lillbyssä joen ylittävä kevyen liikenteen silta ja rakentaan kevyen liikenteen väylä suunnitellulle uudelle asuinalueelle Yttre Härmälään. Kylien välinen tieosuus valaistaan. Toimenpiteillä parannetaan erityisesti kevyen liikenteen liikenneturvallisuutta sekä tien suunnassa että tien poikki kuljettaessa. Puutteeksi jää edelleen se, että toimenpideohjelmaan ei mahtunut kevyen liikenteen väylää koko kylien väliselle osuudelle. Toimenpiteillä ei ole suuria vaikutuksia luonnonympäristön tai kulttuuriympäristöön. Purmon kirkko Sisbackassa on arvokohde, jonka läheisyyteen kevyen liikenteen väylät sijoittuvat. Suunnitelmaluonnoksen perusteella kirkon muurit säilyvät ja muurin ja väylän välisen alueen käsittely ratkaistaan tarkemmassa suunnittelussa. Kevyen liikenteen väylien toteuttaminen Sisbackassa edellyttää asemakaavan muuttamista.

Enzimas amilolíticas de mandioquinha-salsa (Arracacia xanthorrhiza Bancroft.)

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi de caracterizar as enzimas amilolíticas de mandioquinha-salsa (Arracacia xanthorrhiza Bancroft.). Foram realizados ensaios mediante a determinação da atividade enzimática, variando-se as condições do meio, tais como temperatura, pH e concentração de cátions. Em gel de eletroforese foram detectadas três bandas protéicas com intensa atividade hidrolítica. As enzimas apresentaram pH ótimo de atividade em torno de 6,0 e mostraram-se mais sensíveis a valores de pH alcalino quando pré-incubadas a 50oC. A temperatura ótima de ativação enzimática foi de 50oC, enquanto aos 70oC, a atividade amilásica foi reduzida em 80%. Em temperaturas altas temperaturas (60 e 70oC), a inativação enzimática ocorreu após 60 e 25min de incubação, respectivamente. Ensaios de estabilidade térmica mostraram que as amilases mantiveram alta atividade após 25h mediante a incubação a 20 e 30oC. Os valores de Km, Vmax e energia de ativação foram de 0,41mg/mL, 1,11mg/mL/min e 7,53kcal/mol, respectivamente. Constatou-se que a presença de Ca+2 ou Mg+2 provoca aumento na atividade amilásica, enquanto íons de Cu+2 causam uma diminuição. Apesar da discreta atividade amilásica apresentada, as enzimas demonstraram ter alta resistência e estabilidade térmicas.

Continuous Counter-current Solvent Extraction of Magnesium and Calcium from Lithium-rich Brine

Solvent extraction of calcium and magnesium impurities from a lithium-rich brine (Ca ~ 2,000 ppm, Mg ~ 50 ppm, Li ~ 30,000 ppm) was investigated using a continuous counter-current solvent extraction mixer-settler set-up. The literature review includes a general review about resources, demands and production methods of Li followed by basics of solvent extraction. Experimental section includes batch experiments for investigation of pH isotherms of three extractants; D2EHPA, Versatic 10 and LIX 984 with concentrations of 0.52, 0.53 and 0.50 M in kerosene respectively. Based on pH isotherms LIX 984 showed no affinity for solvent extraction of Mg and Ca at pH ≤ 8 while D2EHPA and Versatic 10 were effective in extraction of Ca and Mg. Based on constructed pH isotherms, loading isotherms of D2EHPA (at pH 3.5 and 3.9) and Versatic 10 (at pH 7 and 8) were further investigated. Furthermore based on McCabe-Thiele method, two extraction stages and one stripping stage (using HCl acid with concentration of 2 M for Versatic 10 and 3 M for D2EHPA) was practiced in continuous runs. Merits of Versatic 10 in comparison to D2EHPA are higher selectivity for Ca and Mg, faster phase disengagement, no detrimental change in viscosity due to shear amount of metal extraction and lower acidity in stripping. On the other hand D2EHPA has less aqueous solubility and is capable of removing Mg and Ca simultaneously even at higher Ca loading (A/O in continuous runs > 1). In general, shorter residence time (~ 2 min), lower temperature (~23 °C), lower pH values (6.5-7.0 for Versatic 10 and 3.5-3.7 for D2EHPA) and a moderately low A/O value (< 1:1) would cause removal of 100% of Ca and nearly 100% of Mg while keeping Li loss less than 4%, much lower than the conventional precipitation in which 20% of Li is lost.

The effect of hypoxia and reoxygenation in the response of mesangial cells to angiotensin II in vitro

INTRODUCTION: Mesangial cells (MC) may be involved in the glomerular alterations induced by ischemia/reperfusion injury. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the response of immortalized MC (IMC) to 30 minutes of hypoxia followed by reoxygenation periods of 30 minutes (H/R30) or 24 hours (H/R24). METHODS: The intracellular calcium concentration (&#91;Ca+2&#93;i) was measured before (baseline) and after adding angiotensin II (AII, 10-5 M) in the presence and absence of glybenclamide (K ATP channel blocker). We estimated the level of intracellular ATP, nitric oxide (NO) and PGE2. RESULTS: ATP concentration decreased after hypoxia and increased after reoxygenation. Hypoxia and H/R induced increases in basal &#91;Ca+2&#93;i. AII induced increases in &#91;Ca+2&#93;i in normoxia (97 ± 9%), hypoxia (72 ± 10%) or HR30 (85 ± 17%) groups, but there was a decrease in the response to AII in group H/R24 since the elevation in &#91;Ca+2&#93;i was significantly lower than in control (61 ± 10%, p < 0.05). Glybenclamide did not modify this response. It was observed a significant increase in NO generation after 24 hours of reoxygenation, but no difference in PGE2 production was observed. Data suggest that H/R injury is characterized by increased basal &#91;Ca+2&#93;i and by an impairment in the response of cells to AII. Results suggest that the relative insensibility to AII may be at least in part mediated by NO but not by prostaglandins or vasodilator K ATP channels. CONCLUSION: H/R caused dysfunction in IMC characterized by increases in basal &#91;Ca+2&#93;i during hypoxia and reduction in the functional response to AII during reoxygenation.

The study of ligand binding specificities of the lipid binding proteins : recombinant human a-tocopherol transport protein (a-ttp), supernatant protein factor (spf) and S. cerevisiae Sec 14p for vitamin e (rrr-a-tocopherol) and other hydrophobic ligands.

One of the various functions of proteins in biological systems is the transport of small molecules, for this purpose proteins have naturally evolved special mechanisms to allow both ligand binding and its subsequent release to a target site; a process fundamental to many biological processes. Transport of Vitamin E (a-tocopherol), a lipid soluble antioxidant, to membranes helps in the protection of polyunsaturated fatty acids against peroxidative damage. In this research, the ligand binding characteristics of several members of the CRALTRIO family of lipid binding proteins was examined; the recombinant human a-Tocopherol Transfer Protein (a-TIP), Supernatant Protein Factor (SPF)ffocopherol Associated Protein (TAP), Cellular Retinaldehyde Binding Protein (CRALBP) and the phosphatidylinositol transfer protein from S. cerevisiae Sec 14p. Recombinant Sec 14p was expressed and purified from E. coli for comparison of tocopherol binding to the two other recombinant proteins postulated to traffic a-tocopherol. Competitive binding assays using [3H]-a-tocopherol and Lipidex-l000 resin allowed determination of the dissociation constants ~) of the CRAL-TRIO proteins for a-tocopherol and - 20 hydrophobic ligands for evaluation of the possible biological relevance of the binding interactions observed. The KIs (nM) for RRR-a-tocopherol are: a-TIP: 25.0, Sec 14p: 373, CRALBP: 528 and SPFffAP: 615. This indicates that all proteins recognize tocopherol but not with the same affinity. Sec 14p bound its native ligand PI with a KI of381 whereas SPFffAP bound PI (216) and y-tocopherol (268) similarly in contrast to the preferential binding ofRRR-a-tocopherol by a-TIP. Efforts to adequately represent biologically active SPFff AP involved investigation of tocopherol binding for several different recombinant proteins derived from different constructs and in the presence of different potential modulators (Ca+2, Mg+2, GTP and GDP); none of these conditions enhanced or inhibited a-tocopherol binding to SPF. This work suggests that only aTTP serves as the physiological mediator of a-tocopherol, yet structural homology between proteins allows common recognition of similar ligand features. In addition, several photo-affmity analogs of a-tocopherol were evaluated for their potential utility in further elucidation of a-TTP function or identification of novel tocopherol binding proteins.

Geochemistry and petrogenesis of the Proterozoic Pater metavolcanic suite, Spragge, Ontario /

The Pater metavolcanic suite (PVS) was extruded as part O'f the basal Pater Formation of the Huronian Supergroup ca. 2.4 Ga. They Ars classified as wi thin-plate tholeiites associated with an immature ri-fting episode, and are inter layered with associated vol cani clastic and metasedimentary units. Post-solidif ication alteration caused redistribution o-f the alkalies, Sr, Rb, Ba, Cu, and SiO^. Ce, Y, Zr, CFezOs (as total Fe), Al^Os, TiOa, and, PaOa are considered to have remained essentially immobile in least altered samples. Petrogenetic modelling indicates the PVS was derived from the partial melting of two geochemical ly similar sources in the sub-continental lithosphere. Fractionation was characterized by an oli vine-plagioclase assemblage and a sub-volcanic plagioclase-clinopyroxene assemblage. A comparative study indicates that enrichment of the postulated Huronian source cannot be reconciled by Archean contamination. Enrichment is thought to have been caused by hydrous veined metasomatic heterogeneities in the sub-continental lithosphere, generated by an Archean subduct ion event before 2.68 Ga.

Mode of action of FMRFamide-like peptide on drosophila body wall muscle conractions

Neuropeptides are the largest group of signalling chemicals that can convey the information from the brain to the cells of all tissues. DPKQDFMRFamide, a member of one of the largest families of neuropeptides, FMRFamide-like peptides, has modulatory effects on nerve-evoked contractions of Drosophila body wall muscles (Hewes et aI.,1998) which are at least in part mediated by the ability of the peptide to enhance neurotransmitter release from the presynaptic terminal (Hewes et aI., 1998, Dunn & Mercier., 2005). However, DPKQDFMRFamide is also able to act directly on Drosophila body wall muscles by inducing contractions which require the influx of extracellular Ca 2+ (Clark et aI., 2008). The present study was aimed at identifying which proteins, including the membrane-bound receptor and second messenger molecules, are involved in mechanisms mediating this myotropic effect of the peptide. DPKQDFMRFamide induced contractions were reduced by 70% and 90%, respectively, in larvae in which FMRFamide G-protein coupled receptor gene (CG2114) was silenced either ubiquitously or specifically in muscle tissue, when compared to the response of the control larvae in which the expression of the same gene was not manipulated. Using an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) method, it was determined that at concentrations of 1 ~M- 0.01 ~M, the peptide failed to increase cAMP and cGMP levels in Drosophila body wall muscles. In addition, the physiological effect of DPKQDFMRFamide at a threshold dose was not potentiated by 3-lsobutyl-1-methylxanthine, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, nor was the response to 1 ~M peptide blocked or reduced by inhibitors of cAMP-dependent or cGMP-dependent protein kinases. The response to DPKQDFMRFamide was not affected in the mutants of the phosholipase C-~ (PLC~) gene (norpA larvae) or IP3 receptor mutants, which suggested that the PLC-IP3 pathway is not involved in mediat ing the peptide's effects. Alatransgenic flies lacking activity of calcium/calmodul in-dependent protein kinase (CamKII showed an increase in muscle tonus following the application of 1 JlM DPKQDFMRFamide similar to the control larvae. Heat shock treatment potentiated the response to DPKQDFMRFamide in both ala1 and control flies by approximately 150 and 100 % from a non heat-shocked larvae, respectively. Furthermore, a CaMKII inhibitor, KN-93, did not affect the ability of peptide to increase muscle tonus. Thus, al though DPKQDFMRFamide acts through a G-protein coupled FMRFamide receptor, it does not appear to act via cAMP, cGMP, IP3, PLC or CaMKl1. The mechanism through which the FMRFamide receptor acts remains to be determined.

DINOFLAGELLATE CYSTS FROM THE LATEST MIOCENE THROUGH MIDDLE PLEISTOCENE OF THE CARIBBEAN SEA, ODP SITE 1000: BIOSTRATIGRAPHY, PALEOCEANOGRAPHY, AND SHOALING OF THE CENTRAL AMERICAN SEAWAY

This is the first detailed study of organic-walled dinoflagellate cysts (dinocysts) and acritarchs for the latest Miocene–Middle Pleistocene of Ocean Drilling Program Site 1000 in the Caribbean Sea. Well-preserved and moderately diverse dinocysts and other palynomorphs reflect the interplay between neritic (carbonate-platform sourced) and oceanic species. The dinocyst biostratigraphy is tied to an existing marine isotope stratigraphy for the interval 5.5–2.2 Ma. For the interval 5.5–3.8 Ma, palynological samples are coupled to published sea-surface temperature estimates based on planktonic foraminiferal Mg/Ca. Changes in dinocyst assemblage composition are noted at ca. 4.6 Ma when shoaling of the Central American Seaway caused a temperature rise in the Caribbean, ca. 3.8–3.6 Ma, during the cold Marine Isotope Stage M2 when pronounced warming occurred, at ca. 2.7 Ma where possible weak cooling may reflect the onset of Northern Hemisphere glaciation, and in the Middle Pleistocene presumably reflecting global cooling and sea-level fall.

Mode of action of a Drosophila FMRFamide in inducing muscle contraction

Drosophila melanogaster is a model system for examining the mechanisms of action of neuropeptides. DPKQDFMRFamide was previously shown to induce contractions in Drosophila body wall muscle fibres in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner. The present study examined the possible involvement of a G-protein-coupled receptor and second messengers in mediating this myotropic effect after removal of the central nervous system. DPKQDFMRFamide-induced contractions were reduced by 70% and 90%, respectively, in larvae with reduced expression of the Drosophila Fmrf receptor (FR) either ubiquitously or specifically in muscle tissue, compared with the response in control larvae in which expression was not manipulated. No such effect occurred in larvae with reduced expression of this gene only in neurons. The myogenic effects of DPKQDFMRFamide do not appear to be mediated through either of the two Drosophila myosuppressin receptors (DmsR-1 and DmsR-2). DPKQDFMRFamide-induced contractions were not reduced in Ala1 transgenic flies lacking activity of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CamKII), and were not affected by the CaMKII inhibitor KN-93. Peptide-induced contractions in the mutants of the phospholipase C-β (PLCβ) gene (norpA larvae) and in IP3 receptor mutants were similar to contractions elicited in control larvae. The peptide failed to increase cAMP and cGMP levels in Drosophila body wall muscles. Peptide-induced contractions were not potentiated by 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, and were not antagonized by inhibitors of cAMP-dependent or cGMP-dependent protein kinases. Additionally, exogenous application of arachidonic acid failed to induce myogenic contractions. Thus, DPKQDFMRFamide induces contractions via a G-protein coupled FMRFamide receptor in muscle cells but does not appear to act via cAMP, cGMP, IP3, PLC, CaMKII or arachidonic acid.

Les conflits d’intérêts des groupes de défense de patients financés par l’industrie pharmaceutique : le cas du remboursement public des médicaments

Étude de cas / Case study

Un projet de recherche exempté d’évaluation éthique : une suggestion de clarification sur le processus d’évaluation éthique

Lettre à l'éditeur / Letter to the Editor

Réflexions sur la pratique de la bioéthique

Actes de colloque / Conference Proceedings

Professors and the Management of Unavoidable Conflicts of Interest: Don’t Always Need the Heavy Artillery of Policy

Article

For the Creative Spirits Out There: BioéthiqueOnline Inaugurates a Publication Venue for Creative and Artistic Works in Bioethics / Pour les esprits créatifs émergents: BioéthiqueOnline inaugure une section spéciale pour les travaux créatifs et artistiques en matière de bioéthique

Éditoral / Editorial

Ouvrir la porte à des pratiques euthanasiques? Pas aussi simple que les Rapports de la Société royale, du Barreau du Québec et de la Commission spéciale sur le mourir dans la dignité le laissent croire

[Préciser ici le type de document. Par défaut, dans Papyrus, tous les documents de la revue sont du type "Article":] Commentaire / Commentary Compte-rendu / Review Éditoral / Editorial Étude de cas / Case study Lettre à l'éditeur / Letter to the Editor Actes de colloque / Conference Proceedings