Enhancing the health-status of processed meats through ingredient manipulation and its effects on sensory and physiochemical product attributes

An important component of this Ph.D. thesis was to determine the European consumers’ views on processed meats and bioactive compounds. Thus a survey gathered information form over 500 respondents and explored their perceptions on the healthiness and purchase-ability for both traditional and functional processed meats. This study found that the consumer was distrustful towards processed meat, especially high salt and fat content. Consumers were found to be very pro-bioactive compounds in yogurt style products but unsure of their feelings on the idea of them in meat based products, which is likely due to the lack of familiarity to these products. The work in this thesis also centred on the applied acceptable reduction of salt and fat in terms of consumer sensory analysis. The products chosen ranged in the degree of comminution, from a coarse beef patty to a more fine emulsion style breakfast sausage and frankfurter. A full factorial design was implemented which saw the production of twenty beef patties with varying concentrations of fat (30%, 40%, 50%, 60% w/w) and salt (0.5%, 0.75%, 1.0%, 1.25%, 1.5% w/w). Twenty eight sausage were also produced with varying concentrations of fat (22.5%, 27.5%, 32.5%, 37.5% w/w) and salt (0.8%, 1%, 1.2%, 1.4%, 1.6%, 2%, 2.4% w/w). Finally, twenty different frankfurters formulations were produced with varying concentrations of fat (10%, 15%, 20%, 25% w/w) and salt (1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, 3% w/w). From these products it was found that the most consumer acceptable beef patty was that containing 40% fat with a salt level of 1%. This is a 20% decrease in fat and a 50% decrease in salt levels when compared to commercial patty available in Ireland and the UK. For sausages, salt reduced products were rated by the consumers as paler in colour, more tender and with greater meat flavour than higher salt containing products. The sausages containing 1.4 % and 1.0 % salt were significantly (P<0.01) found to be more acceptable to consumers than other salt levels. Frankfurter salt levels below 1.5% were shown to have a negative effect on consumer acceptability, with 2.5% salt concentration being the most accepted (P<0.001) by consumers. Samples containing less fat and salt were found to be tougher, less juicy and had greater cooking losses. Thus salt perception is very important for consumer acceptability, but fat levels can be potentially reduced without significantly affecting overall acceptability. Overall it can be summarised that the consumer acceptability of salt and fat reduced processed meats depends very much on the product and generalisations cannot be assumed. The study of bio-actives in processed meat products found that the reduced salt/fat patties fortified with CoQ10 were rated as more acceptable than commercially available products for beef patties. The reduced fat and salt, as well as the CoQ10 fortified, sausages were found to compare quite well to their commercial counterparts for overall acceptability, whereas commercial frankfurters were found to be the more favoured in comparison to reduced fat and CoQ10 fortified Frankfurters.

Recueil de documents relatifs principalement aux guerres de religion en France, en 1587 et 1591, et aux négociations pour la paix entre les Pays-Bas et l'Espagne, en 1607 et 1608.

Contient : 1 « Prothocolle journal... dressé par [PHILIPPE DE] LA HUGUERIE,... de toutes les actions, deliberations et conseils du dernier voyage de guerre fait en France pour le secours des eglises reformées dudit royaulme » par le baron Fabien de Donaw ; 2 Lettres écrites au baron de Donaw ou en sa faveur ; 1 à 8 Huit lettres de « HENRY » IV ; 1 à 6 au baron de Donaw ; 1 « De Castelgeloux, ce 17 febvrier 1586 ». Copie ; 2 « 25 janvier 1587 ». Copie ; 3 « 12 may 1587 » ; 4 « 3 juin 1587 » ; 5 « A Baugency, ce 21 may 1589 ». Copie ; 6 « Escrit au camp devant Noyon, ce 8 jour d'aoust 1591 ». Copie ; 7 « à Mr l'electeur palatin [Frédéric IV]... Escrit au camp de Marueil, le 12 jour de juillet 1591 ». Copie ; 8 « à Mr le marquis d'Anspach,... Escrit au camp de Marueil, 12 juillet 1591 ». Copie ; 9 Lettre de « HENRY DE BOURBON,... prince DE CONDE,... A S. Jean d'Angely, le 20 may 1587 ». Copie ; 10 « Copie de la « lettre de [FRANÇOIS DE COLIGNY, seigneur DE] CHASTILLON [gouverneur de Montpellier]... à Mgr le duc Casimir,... A Monpelier, ce 17 fevrier... 1588 » ; 3 Pièces concernant le baron de Donaw et sa famille ; 1 à 5 Recueil de pièces relatives au rôle joué par le baron de Donaw en France, durant l'année 1587 ; 1 Protestation du baron DE DONAW contre un libelle diffamatoire. En allemand et en latin ; 2 Explication de la conduite du duc Jean Casimir pendant la guerre de Cologne, en 1583, et pendant la guerre de France, en 1587. Cette pièce paraît avoir été placée ici principalement pour la justification du baron de Donaw, qui fut un des chefs de l'armée étrangère dans l'expédition de 1587. En latin. Copie ; 3 Autre justification de la conduite du baron de Donaw pendant l'expédition de 1587. Copie ; 4 Factum portant pour titre : « Reistres d'Auneau ». Ce factum est dirigé contre Philippe de La Huguerie et le baron de Donaw, accusés de la défaite d'Auneau. Copie ; 5 Lettre de JEAN DE CHAUMONT, seigneur DE « QUITRY,... à Mr de Higny, à Francfort... De Geneve, ce 26 decembre 1587 ». Cette lettre porte pour titre : « La deffaicte d'Auneau et aultres particularités » ; 6 « Fidele et sommaire Recit... pour representer aux yeux de tout le monde le commancement et progres de l'accusation dont on a voulucharger le Sr Henry... de Duna et le docteur Laurent Biderman, chancelier » des princes d'Anhalt, « à cause d'un coup d'harquebuze, qu'on dit avoir esté tiré apres Mr l'electeur de Saxe [Christian II], au [8] d'avril [1603], à Graven Heiniguen, bourg scitué gueres loing de la principaulté d'Anhalt ». Du 8 avril 1603 au mois d'avril 1604. Copie ; 7 et 8 « De familia burgraviorum et baronum a Dona... ex MATHAEI DRESSERI isagoge millenarii 6 ». En latin. Copie ; 8 « De Donaeis baronibus ». En latin. Copie ; 4 « Extrait de la capitulation de la lieutenance generale de Mgr le prince Christian d'Anhalt,... comte d'Ascanie, seigneur de Zerbst et Bernbourg », chef de l'armée de secours envoyée à Henri IV par les princes allemands. 24 avril 1591. Copie ; 5 Pièces concernant Élisabeth, reine d'Angleterre ; 1 « Extraict de la lectre de la roine d'Angleterre [ÉLISABETH] à son ambassadeur en France », en faveur du duc de Bouillon, accusé de complicité avec le duc de Biron ; 2 « In foelicem memoriam Elisabethae, Angliae reginae ». Éloge de la reine Élizabeth, attribué par une note du manuscrit à François Bacon. En latin. Copie ; 6 Pièces relatives aux négociations pour la paix entre l'Espagne et les Pays-Bas. 1607 et 1608 ; 1 « Substance de la declaration qui a esté faicte par le Sr audiancier VERREICKEN, en l'assemblée de messeigneurs les Estatz generaulx des provinces unyes des Pays Bas, apres que le sieur de Neyen, commissaire general, avoit faict sa harangue, le matin sur l'unze heures, en la mesme assemblée de mesd. seigneurs Estats, le XXXme jour d'octobre 1607 ». Traduction ; 2 Déclaration « presentée en l'assemblée de messeigneurs les Estats generaulx des provinces unyes du Pays Bas par B. I. NEIJEN, commissaire general, le [25e] octobre 1607 ». Traduction ; 3 Ratification par PHILIPPE III, roi d'Espagne, des ouvertures de paix ou trêve à long terme, faites par les archiducs Albert d'Autriche et Claire-Isabelle-Eugénie aux États généraux des Pays-Bas. Madrid, 18 septembre 1607. Traduction ; 4 Relation d'une conférence « touchant ce qui concerne la voye de paix », entre le prince Maurice de Nassau et un ambassadeur français. Copie ; 5 « Memoire des plus importantes raisons pour lesquelles les seigneurs Estatz ne doibvent aucunement quitter le trafficq et navigation des Indes ». Copie ; 6 Déclaration faite aux États généraux des Pays-Bas par les « deputtez des roys » de France et d'Angleterre, sur la « trefve à longues années », proposée par lesdits députés et rejetée par « plusieurs du costé des Estats ». Copie ; 7 et 8 Deux lettres de « MAURICE, prince D'ORANGE, comte DE NASSAU », aux États généraux des Pays-Bas, pour les détourner d'accepter les ouvertures de paix faites par les archiducs. La Haye, 21 septembre et 15 novembre 1608. Copies

Pen and sunlight sketches of scenery reached by the Grand Trunk Railway system and connections with summer routes and fares to principal points : including Niagara Falls, Thousand Islands, Rapids of the St. Lawrence, Montreal, Quebec, Parry Sound, Georgian Bay, Muskoka Lakes, Adirondacks, Lake St. John, Mackinac Island, Midland District Lakes, the White Mountains, the Suquenay River, Rangeley Lakes and the sea-shore.--

At head of title: "Great tourist route of America".

Letter - Henry O'Laughlin to H.K. Woodruff

Letter from Henry O’Laughlin, secretary of the Central Fire Station of St. Catharines, Ont. to H.K. Woodruff informing him that he was elected as an active member of the Citizens’ Hose Co. No. 1, March 14, 1883.

The Prince's Visit to St. Catharines Broadside, 1860

In 1860, the Prince of Wales, Albert Edward, Queen Victoria’s eldest son visited St. Catharines. He was 18 years old at the time. C.P. Camp, secretary who was the clerk and treasurer of the city council urged the citizens to show their affection for the Prince of Wales this was reflected in the broadside which he put out in which he noted that The Saint Catharines Volunteer Artillery Company would fire a royal salute and British Cheers would be given by the assembled throng.

Reflections of reflections : authors, narrators and worlds inside and outside of autobiographical fiction

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Pervaporation dehydration of isopropyl alcohol with NaY zeolite incorvorated hybrid membranes

With a solution technique, NaY zeolite incorporated, tetraethylorthosilicate-crosslinked poly(vinyl alcohol) membranes were prepared. The resulting membranes were tested for their ability to separate isopropyl alcohol/water mixtures by pervaporation in the temperature range of 30-50 degrees C. The effects of the zeolite content and feed composition on the pervaporation performance of the membranes were investigated. The experimental results demonstrated that both flux and selectivity increased simultaneously with increasing zeolite content in the membranes. This was explained on the basis of the enhancement of hydrophilicity, selective adsorption, and establishment of a molecular sieving action attributed to the creation of pores in the membrane matrix. The membrane containing 15 mass % zeolite exhibited the highest separation selectivity of 3991 with a flux of 5.39 X 10(-2) kg/m(2) h with 10 mass % water in the feed at 30 degrees C. The total flux and flux of water were close to each other for almost all the studied membranes, and this suggested that the membranes could be used effectively to break the azeotropic point of water/isopropyl alcohol mixtures to remove a small amount of water from isopropyl alcohol. From the temperature-dependent diffusion and permeation values, the Arrhenius activation parameters were estimated. The activation energy values obtained for water were significantly lower than those for isopropyl alcohol, and this suggested that the developed membranes had a higher separation efficiency for water/isopropyl alcohol systems. The activation energy values for total permeation and water permeation were found to be almost the same for all the membranes, and this signified that coupled transport was minimal because of the highly selective nature of the membranes. Positive heat of sorption values were observed in all the membranes, and this suggested that Henry's mode of sorption was predominant. (c) 2008 Wiley Periodicals, lnc.

Recognition of two morpho-types in eastern South American brackens (Pteridium-Dennstaedtiaceae-Polypodiopsida)

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Variação nômade: Henry Miller, filosofia e o combate contra o juízo

We discuss Henry Miller's novel Tropic of Cancer based on the concept of nomadism, as coined by Deleuze and Guattari. The relation between philosophy and literature is very productive for both. A phenomenon of dual capture between these two areas that is characteristic of a nomadic thinking: literature that engenders philosophy which, in turn, engenders literature, establishing connections, new relations between terms in a distinct nomad variation that dismisses the classical image of thought of its eminence: a perspective between philosophy and literature as form of discussing the nomadism in Miller's novel. Thus, the linkage between philosophy and literature aims to capture the Millerian paths on this new space of thought, which is achieved by giving up any origin, human or divine, and stands as productive thought that affirms the real in a combat waged against the faculty of judgment, or simply of Judgment, in all its forms.

Hamlet's Ophelia: The Changing Perceptions of Suicide, Death, and Madness in the Elizabethan and Victorian Periods

William Shakespeare's Hamlet, Prince of Denmark has been the source of question, debate, and research since its theatrical debut. In the midst of readings performances and one particular question has remained open and unresolved: was Ophelia's death an accident or a suicide? Some see Ophelia's death as an accident; others see it as a suicide resulting from the accumulation of a series of unfortunate events: her rejection by her boyfriend, her father’s murder, and her possible pregnancy. This paper will explore that age-old question from the perspectives of two historically different audiences: those of sixteenth-century and nineteenth-century England. I will argue that, despite the 300-year expanse between these two audiences, both emerged with the same conclusion: Ophelia's death was accidental. However, cultural and scientific changes affected the reasons why each came to that conclusion.

Fellowship of the Concerned Reports - Accession 40 - M15 (25)

The Fellowship of the Concerned Reports consist of two reports presented before the Fellowship in Atlanta, with one report by Marion Allan Wright describing the civil rights situation in South Carolina and the other by Father Maurice Shean of the Oratory in Rock Hill describing the work of the Rock Hill Council on Human Relations to better race relations in the city. The Fellowship was founded in 1949 and dissolved in 1970. It was an organization of southern women affiliated with the Southern Regional Council and concerned with promoting civil rights.

Chemical and Sr isotopic compositions and timing of carbonate mineral precipitation, ODP Leg 115

The strontium isotope ratios of authigenic carbonates from Indian Ocean sea-floor basalts have been used to determine the timing of carbonate mineral precipitation and fluid flow. The samples include calcites from 57.2 Ma crust from Ocean Drilling Project (ODP) Site 715, and calcites, aragonites, and siderites from 63.7 Ma crust from ODP Site 707. At Site 715, calcite precipitation may have begun at any time after the basalts cooled, and it continued until approximately 31 Ma, or 26 m.y. after basalt eruption. At Site 707, aragonite and siderite did not begin to precipitate until about 36 Ma, almost 30 m.y. after basalt eruption, and continued to precipitate until at least 30 and 28 Ma, respectively. Calcite precipitation began at approximately 32 Ma and continued until 22 Ma. These ages suggest that vein mineral deposition and low-temperature fluid circulation in the ocean crust may continue for much longer periods of time than previously observed.