From Personal Network to Institution Building: The Lifanyuan and the Formalization of Manchu-Mongol Relations

The Qing emperors, who ruled over China from 1644-1911, managed to bring large parts of Inner Asia under their control and extended the territory of China to an unprecedented degree. This paper maintains that the political technique of patronage with its formalized language, its emphasis on gift exchange and expressions of courtesy is a useful concept for explaining the integration of Inner Asian confederations into the empire. By re-interpreting the obligations of gift exchange, the Qing transformed the network of personal relationships, which had to be reinforced and consolidated permanently into a system with clearly defined rules. In this process of formalization, the Lifanyuan, the Court for the Administration of the Outer Regions, played a key role. While in the early years of the dynasty, it was responsible for collecting and disseminating information concerning the various patronage relationships with Inner Asian leaders, over the course of the 17th and 18th centuries its efforts were directed at standardizing and streamlining the contacts between ethnic minorities and the state. Through the Lifanyuan, the rules and principles of patronage were maintained in a modified form even in the later part of the dynasty, when the Qing exercised control in the outer regions more directly. The paper provides an explanation for the longevity and cohesiveness of the multi-ethnic Qing empire. Based on recently published Manchu and Mongolian language archival material and the Maussian concept of gift exchange the study sheds new light on the changing self-conception of the Qing emperors.

Der mongolische Maskentanz (Tsam) in Vergangenheit und Gegenwart

Since the early 2000s the Mongolian Buddhist masked ritual dance, in the Khalkh-Mongolian language called Tsam, has been re-introduced to the Mongolian religious field. Nowadays a couple of Buddhist monasteries in Mongolia perform the Tsam once a year. This paper examines the Mongolian masked dance in its historical and contemporary aspects, with a special focus on the Khüree Tsam. It provides an overview of the Tibetan history of the masked ritual dance and its historical Mongolian developments, as well as an ethnographic study of the 2009 performance of the Khüree Tsam in Dashchoilin monastery of Ulaanbaatar. Whereas the historical part of this paper draws on Tibetan and Mongolian dance manuals and chronicles, the ethnographic part is methodologically based on participant observation, expert and semi-structured interviews. Finally, the paper discusses the changes and adaptations the Khüree Tsam underwent within and outside the monastic context in today’s Mongolia.

The Honey Bee Pathosphere of Mongolia: European Viruses in Central Asia

Parasites and pathogens are apparent key factors for the detrimental health of managed European honey bee subspecies, Apis mellifera. Apicultural trade is arguably the main factor for the almost global distribution of most honey bee diseases, thereby increasing chances for multiple infestations/infections of regions, apiaries, colonies and even individual bees. This imposes difficulties to evaluate the effects of pathogens in isolation, thereby creating demand to survey remote areas. Here, we conducted the first comprehensive survey for 14 honey bee pathogens in Mongolia (N = 3 regions, N = 9 locations, N = 151 colonies), where honey bee colonies depend on humans to overwinter. In Mongolia, honey bees, Apis spp., are not native and colonies of European A. mellifera subspecies have been introduced ~60 years ago. Despite the high detection power and large sample size across Mongolian regions with beekeeping, the mite Acarapis woodi, the bacteria Melissococcus plutonius and Paenibacillus larvae, the microsporidian Nosema apis, Acute bee paralysis virus, Kashmir bee virus, Israeli acute paralysis virus and Lake Sinai virus strain 2 were not detected, suggesting that they are either very rare or absent. The mite Varroa destructor, Nosema ceranae and four viruses (Sacbrood virus, Black queen cell virus, Deformed wing virus (DWV) and Chronic bee paralysis virus) were found with different prevalence. Despite the positive correlation between the prevalence of V. destructor mites and DWV, some areas had only mites, but not DWV, which is most likely due to the exceptional isolation of apiaries (up to 600 km). Phylogenetic analyses of the detected viruses reveal their clustering and European origin, thereby supporting the role of trade for pathogen spread and the isolation of Mongolia from South-Asian countries. In conclusion, this survey reveals the distinctive honey bee pathosphere of Mongolia, which offers opportunities for exciting future research.

La rebeldía ante la figura de autoridad en el relato fundacional del condado de Castilla

El mito fundacional del reino de Castilla incluye una serie de acontecimientos en los cuales la rebeldía de determinados héroes resulta fundamental en la operación de ruptura y distanciamiento respecto de la figura de autoridad. Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar y el conde Fernán González son los ejemplos más sobresalientes en una tradición de personajes heroicos que encuentra su origen en la leyenda de los Jueces de Castilla. Este arquetipo de héroe noble rebelde pervive en el imaginario popular y lo hallamos presente en numerosos romances de tema épico al tiempo que es recuperado en textos cronísticos redactados en centros nobiliarios con la finalidad de subrayar el rol preponderante de la nobleza en la historia castellana

Arquetipos populares, arquetipos cultos y sagrada escritura en la poesía popular española

En las coplas reunidas por Margit Frenk bajo el epígrafe: "Que si soy morena", así como en varias referidas a fiestas de la Virgen o agrupadas en otros temas, de índole amorosa, se cruzan varias tradiciones: el tema paneuropeo evocado por la misma investigadora de la afirmación del color moreno, la tradición asociada al nivel culto o noble de la belleza clara, incluso expresamente rubia y de ojos verdes estudiada desde Faral, Lecoy, Dámaso Alonso o María Rosa Lida y en fin una clara presencia bíblica, sobre todo del Cantar de los Cantares. Dada la intensa difusión y comentarios de este libro bíblico en los monasterios, especialmente benedictinos y cistercienses, y en la liturgia mariana, son muchas las vías posibles de interpenetración con la cultura popular.

La rebeldía ante la figura de autoridad en el relato fundacional del condado de Castilla

El mito fundacional del reino de Castilla incluye una serie de acontecimientos en los cuales la rebeldía de determinados héroes resulta fundamental en la operación de ruptura y distanciamiento respecto de la figura de autoridad. Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar y el conde Fernán González son los ejemplos más sobresalientes en una tradición de personajes heroicos que encuentra su origen en la leyenda de los Jueces de Castilla. Este arquetipo de héroe noble rebelde pervive en el imaginario popular y lo hallamos presente en numerosos romances de tema épico al tiempo que es recuperado en textos cronísticos redactados en centros nobiliarios con la finalidad de subrayar el rol preponderante de la nobleza en la historia castellana

Arquetipos populares, arquetipos cultos y sagrada escritura en la poesía popular española

En las coplas reunidas por Margit Frenk bajo el epígrafe: "Que si soy morena", así como en varias referidas a fiestas de la Virgen o agrupadas en otros temas, de índole amorosa, se cruzan varias tradiciones: el tema paneuropeo evocado por la misma investigadora de la afirmación del color moreno, la tradición asociada al nivel culto o noble de la belleza clara, incluso expresamente rubia y de ojos verdes estudiada desde Faral, Lecoy, Dámaso Alonso o María Rosa Lida y en fin una clara presencia bíblica, sobre todo del Cantar de los Cantares. Dada la intensa difusión y comentarios de este libro bíblico en los monasterios, especialmente benedictinos y cistercienses, y en la liturgia mariana, son muchas las vías posibles de interpenetración con la cultura popular.

Arquetipos populares, arquetipos cultos y sagrada escritura en la poesía popular española

En las coplas reunidas por Margit Frenk bajo el epígrafe: "Que si soy morena", así como en varias referidas a fiestas de la Virgen o agrupadas en otros temas, de índole amorosa, se cruzan varias tradiciones: el tema paneuropeo evocado por la misma investigadora de la afirmación del color moreno, la tradición asociada al nivel culto o noble de la belleza clara, incluso expresamente rubia y de ojos verdes estudiada desde Faral, Lecoy, Dámaso Alonso o María Rosa Lida y en fin una clara presencia bíblica, sobre todo del Cantar de los Cantares. Dada la intensa difusión y comentarios de este libro bíblico en los monasterios, especialmente benedictinos y cistercienses, y en la liturgia mariana, son muchas las vías posibles de interpenetración con la cultura popular.

La rebeldía ante la figura de autoridad en el relato fundacional del condado de Castilla

El mito fundacional del reino de Castilla incluye una serie de acontecimientos en los cuales la rebeldía de determinados héroes resulta fundamental en la operación de ruptura y distanciamiento respecto de la figura de autoridad. Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar y el conde Fernán González son los ejemplos más sobresalientes en una tradición de personajes heroicos que encuentra su origen en la leyenda de los Jueces de Castilla. Este arquetipo de héroe noble rebelde pervive en el imaginario popular y lo hallamos presente en numerosos romances de tema épico al tiempo que es recuperado en textos cronísticos redactados en centros nobiliarios con la finalidad de subrayar el rol preponderante de la nobleza en la historia castellana

(Table 1) Isotopic and geochemical parameters of gas phase from underground fluids of the Baikal rift and its framing

Results of studying isotopic composition of helium in underground fluids of the Baikal-Mongolian region during the last quarter of XX century are summarized. Determinations of 3He/4He ratio in 139 samples of gas phase from fluids, collected at 104 points of the Baikal rift zone and adjacent structures are given. 3He/4He values lie within the range from 1x10**-8 (typical for crustal radiogenic helium) to 1.1x10**-5 (close to typical MORB reservoir). Repeated sampling in some points during more than 20 years showed stability of helium isotopic composition in time in each of them at any level of 3He/4He values. There is no systematic differences of 3He/4He in samples from surface water sources and deeper intervals of boreholes in the same areas. Universal relationship between isotopic composition of helium and general composition of gas phase is absent either, but the minimum 3He/4He values occurred in methane gas of hydrocarbon deposits, whereas in nitrogen and carbon dioxide gases of helium composition varied (in the latter maximum 3He/4He values have been measured). According to N2/Ar_atm ratio nitrogen gases are atmospheric. In carbonic gas fN2/fNe ratio indicates presence of excessive (non-atmogenic) nitrogen, but the attitude CO2/3He differs from one in MORB. Comparison of helium isotopic composition with its concentration and composition of the main components of gas phase from fluids shows that it is formed under influence of fractionation of components with different solubility in the gas-water system and generation/consumption of reactive gases in the crust. Structural and tectonic elements of the region differ from the spectrum of 3He/4He values. At the pre-Riphean Siberian Platform the mean 3He/4He = (3.6+/-0.9)x10**- 8 is very close to radiogenic one. In the Paleozoic crust of Khangay 3He/4He = (16.3+/-4.6)x10**-8, and the most probable estimate is (12.3+/-2.9)x10**-8. In structures of the eastern flank of the Baikal rift zone (Khentei, Dauria) affected by the Mz-Kz activization 3He/4He values range from 4.4x10**-8 to 2.14x10**-6 (average 0.94x10**-6). Distribution of 3He/4He values across the strike of the Baikal rift zone indicates advective heat transfer from the mantle not only in the rift zone, but also much further to the east. In fluids of the Baikal rift zone range of 3He/4He values is the widest: from 4x10**-8 to 1.1x10**-5. Their variations along the strike of the rift zone are clearly patterned, namely, decrease of 3He/4He values in both directions from the Tunka depression. Accompanied by decrease in density of conductive heat flow and in size of rift basins, this trend indicates decrease in intensity of advective heat transfer from the mantle to peripheral segments of the rift zone. Comparing this trend with data on other continental rift zones and mid-ocean ridges leads to the conclusion about fundamental differences in mechanisms of interaction between the crust and the mantle in these environments.

A finding of Oligocene primates on the European continent

In this paper, we provide evidence that contrary to the current view, primates on the European continent did survive the dramatic extinction/origination event across the Eocene/Oligocene boundary 34 million years ago that severely affected the Eurasian mammal communities (the European “Grande Coupure” and the Asian “Mongolian Remodeling”). The survival of a mouse-sized omomyid for at least 2 million years, recorded in two localities of the Lower Stampian (Lower Oligocene) in a well dated stratigraphic series of fluviatile sediments in the north oriental sector of the Ebro Basin (Northeastern Spain), reflects the size-related survival pattern described recently for other coeval mammalian taxa.

Plasticity of the cochleotopic (frequency) map in specialized and nonspecialized auditory cortices

Auditory conditioning (associative learning) causes reorganization of the cochleotopic (frequency) maps of the primary auditory cortex (AI) and the inferior colliculus. Focal electric stimulation of the AI also evokes basically the same cortical and collicular reorganization as that caused by conditioning. Therefore, part of the neural mechanism for the plasticity of the central auditory system caused by conditioning can be explored by focal electric stimulation of the AI. The reorganization is due to shifts in best frequencies (BFs) together with shifts in frequency-tuning curves of single neurons. In the AI of the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) and the posterior division of the AI of the mustached bat (Pteronotus parnellii), focal electric stimulation evokes BF shifts of cortical auditory neurons located within a 0.7-mm distance along the frequency axis. The amount and direction of BF shift differ depending on the relationship in BF between stimulated and recorded neurons, and between the gerbil and mustached bat. Comparison in BF shift between different mammalian species and between different cortical areas of a single species indicates that BF shift toward the BF of electrically stimulated cortical neurons (centripetal BF shift) is common in the AI, whereas BF shift away from the BF of electrically stimulated cortical neurons (centrifugal BF shift) is special. Therefore, we propose a hypothesis that reorganization, and accordingly organization, of cortical auditory areas caused by associative learning can be quite different between specialized and nonspecialized (ordinary) areas of the auditory cortex.